A MINOR PROJECT REPORT ON NATIONAL HIGHWAY- 2 CONSTRUCTIONS Session 2007-2011

Under guidance of
Er. CHANDAN KUMAR H.O.D (CIVIL ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY ARUN KUMAR CHAUDHARY JAVID KHAN MANOJ KUMAR MANOJ KUMAR PRINCE SHIV
SHANKAR SUBMITTED TO Er. CHANDAN KUMAR H.O.D (CIVIL ENGINEERING) (07CE08) (07CE
27) (07CE36) (07CE37) (07CE44) (07CE51)

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY KHANDARI CAMPUS AGRA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ARUN KUMAR CHAUDHARY (07CE08), JAVID KHAN (07CE27), MANO
J KUMAR (07CE36), MANOJ KUMAR (07CE37), PRINCE (07CE44), and SHIV SHANKAR (07CE5
1) has complied this report on NATIONAL HIGHWAY-2 CONSTRUCTION under our supervi
sion. As a part of the course in B.E Final Year (7th Sem. Civil).
We are highly indelted to H.O.D CHANDAN KUMAR and all teachers of Department of
CIVIL Engineering foe their valuable guidance and the wish counsel in the comple
tion of this report.
Special thanks to our Parents and all our friends for the encouragement and supp
ort given to us in every phase of this report writing.

INTRODUCTION
In a National Highway-2 project, the engineer has to plan, design and construct
either a network of new roads or road link. Once a highway is constructed, devel
opment takes along the adjoining land and subsequent changes in alignment in geo
metric standards become very difficult. A badly aligned highway is not only a so
urce of potential traffic hazard, but also causes a considerable proper present
increase in transportation planning well as cost are the and most future strain
on the drivers and the passengers. Therefore, investigation day needs and as imp
ortant in a road project, keeping in view the development of the region

NATIONAL HIGHWAY 2 PROJECT

DEFINITIONS
In the contract the following words and expressions shall have the meanings here
by assigned to them, except where the context otherwise requires:
(i)
A BOLLARD is a short vertical post typically found where large
ships docks. While originally it only meant a post used on a quick for mooring,
the word now also describes a variety of structure to control or direct road tra
ffic. The term may be related to bole, meaning the lower trunk of a tree. (ii) A
BYEPASS up area, town, is a road or highway that avoids or bypasses a built or vi
llage, to let through traffic flow without
interference from local traffic, to reduce congestion in the built up area, and
to improve road safety. If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are
built a bypass, converting it into an avoid. (iii) A CURB or KERB is the edge wh
ere a raised pavement/footpath, road median, or road shoulder meets an unraised
street or other ordinary town road, and the bypass may eventually become as cong
ested as the local streets it was intended to

roadway. Typically made from concrete, asphalt, or long stones, the purpose is t
wofold: first as a gutter for proper drainage of the roadway, and second for saf
ety, to kee p motorist from driving into the shoulder, median, sidewalk, or pave
ment. (iv) EMPLOYERS means the person named as such in part II of these conditions
and the legal successors in title to such person. But not any assignee of such
person. (V) CONTRACTOR means the person whose tender has been accepted by the empl
oyer and the legal successors in title to such person. But not any assignee of s
uch person.
Contract means the conditions, the specification, the drawings, the bi
ll of quantity, the tender, the letter of acceptance; the contract agreement and
such further documents as may be expressly incorporated in Letter of Acceptance
or Contract Agreement.
Specifications means the specification of the work include
d in the contract and any modification therefore or addition.
Drawings means all d
rawings, calculations and technical information of a like nature provided by the
Engineer to the contractor under the contract and all drawings, Calculations, S
amples, Pattern, Models, Operations and maintenance, manuals and other technical
information of a like nature submitted by the contractor and approved by the En
gineer. Bill of Quantities means the priced and completed bill of quantities formi
ng part of tender. Section means a part of the works specifically identified in th
e Contract as a section.

Site means the places provided by the Employer where the works are to be executed
and any other places as may be specifically designated in the Contract as formin
g part of the site.
SETTING OUT
The contractor shall establish working Bench marks tied with the reference Bench
Mark in the soon after taking possession of the site. The reference Bench Mark
for the area shall be as indicated in the contract document of the values of the
same shall be obtained by the Contractor from the Engineer. The working bench m
ark shall be at rate of 4 per km and also at or near all drainage structures, ov
er bridges

and under passes. The working Bench Mark/levels should be got approved from the
Engineer. Check must be based on this Bench Mark once every month and adjustment
s, if any, got agreed with the Engineer and recorded. An up-to-date record of al
l Bench Mark including approved adjustments, if any, shall be maintained by the
contractor and also a copy supplied to the Engineer for his record. The lines an
d levels of formation, side slopes, drainage works,
carriageways and shoulders shall be carefully set out and frequently checked, ca
re being taken to ensure that correct gradients and cross sections are obtained
everywhere. In order to facilitate the setting out of the works, the centreline
of the highway must be accurately established by the contractor and approved by
the engineer. It must then be accurately referenced in a manner satisfactory to
the engineer, every 50m intervals in plain and rolling terrains and 20m interval
s in highly terrain and in all curve point as directed by the engineer, with mar
ker pegs and chainage boards sets in or near the fence line, and schedule of ref
erence dimensions shall be prepared and supplied by the Contractor to the Engine
er. These markers shall be maintained until the works reach finished formation l
evels are accepted by the Engineer. On construction reaching the formation level
stage, the centre line again be set out by the contractor and when approved by
the Engineer, shall be accurately referenced in a manner satisfactory to the Eng
ineer by markers pegs set at the outer limits of the formation. No marker pegs o
r markers shall be moved without the approval of the Engineer and and no earth w
ork shall be commenced until the centre line has been referenced.

The contractor will be the sole responsible party for safeguarding all survey mo
numents, bench marks, etc. The Engineer will provide the Contractor necessary fo
r setting out of the centre line. All dimensions and levels shown on the drawing
or mentioned in documents forming part of the or issued under the contract shal
l be verified by the Contractor on the site and he shall immediately inform the
engineer of any apparent error in such dimensions. The Contractor shall in conne
ction with the staking out of the canter line, survey the terrain along the road
and shall submit the engineer for his approval, a profile along the road centre
line and cross section at intervals as required by the Engineer. After obtainin
g approval of the engineer, work on earthwork can commence and the profile and c
ross section shall from the basis for measurements and payments. The work of set
ting out shall be deemed to be a part of general works preparatory to the execut
ion of work and no separate payments shall be made for the same..

TOPOGRAPHICAL PLAN
THE SALIENT FEATURE OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY - 2 ARE :

STRETCH DELHI NH No. LENGTH (Kms) FOUNDED BY CONTRACTOR AND and NATIONALITY
: : : : :
MATHURA 2 145 ADB MORTH through Haryana & UP PWD (IRCON).

TEST DONE IN PROJECT LABORATORY

TEST ON SUB GRADE SOIL (I) GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION:
Most of the method for the soil identification and classification are based on c
ertain physical properties of the soil. The commonly used properties for the cla
ssification are the grain size distribution liquid limit and plasticity index. T
hese properties have also been used in empirical design method for flexible pave
ment; and in deciding the suitable of sub grad soil. Grain size analysis also kn
own as mechanical analysis of soil is the determination of the percent of indivi
dual grain size present in the sample. The results of the test are of great valu
e in soil classification. In mechanical stabilization of soil and for designing
soil aggregates mixture the result of gradation test are used .correlation have
also made between the grain size distribution of soil and the general soil behav
ior as the sub grade material and the performance such as susceptibility to fros
t action, pumping of rigid pavement etc.also permeability characteristics, bearin
g capacity and some other properties, are approximately estimated based on grain
size distribution of the soil. The soil is generally divided into four parts on
the particle size. The fraction of the soil which is larger than 2.00 mm size i
s called gravel, between 2.00 mm and 0.06 mm is sand 0.002mm silt and that is

smaller than 0.002 mm size is clay. Two type of sieves are available, one type w
ith square perforation on plate to sieves course aggregate and gravel, the other
type being mesh sieves made of woven wire mesh to sieves finer particle such fi
ne aggregate and soil fraction consisting of sand silt and clay. However the sie
ves opening of the smallest mesh sieves commonly available is about 0.075 mm, wh
ich is commonly known as 200 mesh sieves therefore all soil particle consisting
of silt and clay which are smaller than 0.06 mm size will pass through the fine
mesh sieves with 0.075 mm opening. Therefore the grain size analysis of course f
raction of soil is carried out using sieves the principle of sedimentation in wa
ter. The sieves analysis is a simple test consisting of sieving a measured quant
ity of material through successively smaller sieves. The weight retain on each s
ieves. The weight retain on each sieve is expressed as a percentage of the total
sample. The sediment principle has been used for finding the grain size distrib
ution of fine fraction; two methods are commonly used pipette method and the hyd
rometer method. The grain size distribution of soil particle of size greater tha
n sieve opening placed one below the other and different size ranges. 63
micron is determine by sieving the soil on set of sieves of decreasing separatin
g out the
APPARATUS:
Various apparatus set of standard sieves of different sieves size, balance, and
For the fra
rubber covered pestle mortar, oven, riffle, sieves shaker. Procedure
ction retained on 2.0 mm sieves.

Sufficient quantity of dry soil retained on 2.0 mm sieves is weighed out. The qu
antity of sample taken may be increased when the maximum size of particle is hig
her. The sample separated into various fraction by sieving through the set of si
eves of size100, 63, 20, 6, 4.75, and 2 mm is sieves. After initial sieves, mate
rial retained on each sieves carefully collected and weighed.
For fraction passi
ng 2.0 mm sieves and retained on 0.63 mm size. The required quantity of soil sam
ple is taken by riffling or quartering method, dried in oven at 105 to 110 c and
is subjected to dry sieves analysis using a set of sieves with sieves opening 2
.0, 0.6, 0.425, 0.15, and 0.075 mm, pan lid. The material collected on the each
sieves and on the pan are separately collected and weighed.
CALCULATION:
The weight of dry soil fraction retained on each sieve is calculated as a percen
tage of the total dry weight of the sample taken. The gravel, sand , silt ,and c
lay contain in percentage.
RESULT:
The gravel, silt sand clay contents are marked as result.

(II)
CONSISTENCY LIMITS & INDICES
The physical properties of fine grained soil, especially of clay differ much at
different water content. Clay may be almost in liquid state, or it may snow plas
tic behavior or may be very stiff depending on the moisture content. Plasticity
is a property of outstanding importance for clayey soil, which may be explained
as the ability to undergo changes in shape without rupture.
Liquid limit it may be defined as the minimum content at which soil will flow un
der the application of a very small shearing force. The liquid limit is usually
determined in the laboratory using mechanical device. Plastic limit may define i
n general term, as minimum terms, as minimum moisture content at which the soil
remain in a plastic state.

The lower limit is arbitrarily defined and determined in the laboratory by presc
ribed test procedure. Plastic index is defined as the numerical difference betwe
en the liquid and plastic limit. p.i thus indicates the range of moisture conten
t over which the soil in
plastic condition. Consistency limit and plasticity index vary for different typ
e. Hence properties are generally used in the identification and classification
of soil
LIQUID LIMIT TEST:
Liquid limit is the moisture content at which 25 blow in standard liquid limit a
pparatus will just close a groove of standardized dimension cut in the sample by
grooving tool by a specified amount.
APPARATUS:
Mechanical liquid limit device consists of a cup and arrangement for raising and
dropping through a specified height, grooving tool. Other apparatus include spa
tula, moisture containers, and balance of capacity 200g sensitive to0.01 g oven
to maintain 105 to110c.
PROCEDURE:
About 120 g of dry pulverized soil sample passing 425 micron sieve is weighted,
and mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish to from a unif
orm thick paste. The liquid limit device is adjusted

to have a free fall of cup through 10mm.a portion of the paste is placed above t
he lowest spot, and squeezed down with the spatula to have a horizontal surface
. the specimen is trimmed by firm strokes of spatula in a such a way that the ma
ximum depth of soil sample in the cup is 10 mm. the soil in the cup is divided a
long the diameter through the center line pf the cam followed by firm strokes of
the grooving tool. So as to get a clean and sharp groove. The crank is rotated
at the rated at the rate of two revolutions per second by hand so that the cup i
s lifted and dropped. This continued till the two halves of the soil cake come i
n to contact at the bottom of the groove along a distance of 10 mm, and the numb
er of blows given is recorded . a representative soil is taken, placed in moistu
re container, lid placed over it and weighed. The container in dried in oven and
the dry weight determined the next day for finding the moisture content of the
soil. The operations are repeated for at least three more trial with slightly in
creased moisture content each time, nothing the number of blows so that there at
least four uniformly distribute reading of number of blows between 10 and 40 bl
ows.
CALCULATION:
the flow index The flow cure is plotted by taking the number of blows in the log
scale on the x-axis, and the water content in arithmetic scale on the y-axis, o
f format sheet .the flow curve is straight line drawn on semi-logrithmetic plot.
The moisture content corresponding to 25 blow is read from this curve rounding
off the nearest whole number and is reported as the liquid formula; w1 of the so
il. The slope of the straight line flow cure is flow index. It may be calculated
from the following

For index, If=

=
=w
Hence if the flow curve is extrapolated and moisture w10 and w100 corresponding
to 10and 100 blows respectively are found, then the difference in these water co
ntent would give of the soil.
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

Plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil when rolled in to thread o
f smallest diameter possible, start crumbling and has diameter of 3 mm.
APPARATUS:
Evaporating dish, spatula, glass plate, moisture containers, rod of 3 mm diamete
r , balance sensitive to 0.01 g, drying oven controlled at temperature 105 to110
c.
PROCEDURE:
About 20 g of dry, pulverized soil passing 425 micron IS sieve is weighed out. T
he soil is mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish till th
e soil paste is plastic enough to be easily molded with fingers. A small ball is
formed glass plate to a thread. The pressure just sufficient to roll into a thr
ead of uniform diameter should be used. The rate of rolling should be between 80
and 90 strokes per minute counting a stroke as one complete motion of hand forw
ard and back to starting position again. The rolling is done till the diameterof
thread
is 3 mm . then the soil
is kneaded together to a ball
and roller again to
from therad this process of alternate rolling and kneading is continude untill t
he thread. This process of alternate rolling and kneading is continude until th
ethread crumbles under prassure required for rolling and the soil can no longer
to roll into a thread.

If the crumbling start at diameter less than 3 mm, then moisture content is more
than the plastic limit and if the diameter is greater while crumbling starts, t
he moisture content is lower.
CALCULATION:
The plastic limit (w0) is expressed as a whole number by obtaining the mean of t
he moisture content of the plastic limit. Plastic index is calculated as the dif
frence between liquid limit and plastic limit. Plastic index = liquid limit plas
tic limit W1-wp

(III) COMPACTION TEST

Compaction of soil is a mechanical process by which by which the soil partical a
re constrained to be packed more closley together by reducing the air void. Soil
compaction causes decreases ia air void and consequently an increase in dry den
sity. This may result in increase in shearing strength., the possible of future
settelment or compressibility decrease. Degree of compaction is usually measured
quantitativily nby dry density.
APPARATUS:
(a) Cylindrical mould of capacity 1000 cc. with an internal diameter of
d height 12.73 cm. the mould is fitted with a detachable base plate and
e collar extension of about 6 cm hight. (b) For the light compaction, a
mmer having 5 cmdiameter circular face, and weight 2.6 kg is used which
oif 31 cm. For heavy compaction, the rammer has 5 cm diameter circular
t havin g weight 4.89 kh free drop of 45 cm.

10 cm an
removabl
metal ra
has drop
face, bu

(c) (d)
Steel straight edge having behaving beveled edge for trimming top Other accessor
ies include moisture container, balance of capacity
of the specimen. 10kg and 200kg, oven, sieves, mixing tools.
PROCEDURE:
In case of soil sample has particle bigger than 4075 mm sieve, about 20 kg of th
e representstive soil is air dried, mixed pulerized and sieved through 20 mm and
4.75 m sieve is not use in the test the percentage passing 20 mm sieve and reta
ined on 4075 mm sieve is noted and if this is less than 20 percen this sample is
used as such. It is more than this phenomenon is repeated. In case the sample p
asses 4075 sieves, than the bdry pulverized sample is sieved through 4.75 mm sie
ve and the portion passing this sievesis only used for the test. About 16 kg of
dry soil in total may be neccessery for the compaction test in the 1000 cc mould
. For compaction the soil in the mould every time the required quantity quantity
will depend on the soil type, size of mould, moisture content and amount of com
paction. As arough guidance, for each test 2.5 kg of soil may taken for light co
mpaction. As arough guidance, for each test 2.8 kg for heavy compaction, and tha
n the required water ia added. The estimated weight to be added to the soil ever
y time may be measured in in a jet graduated in cc. enough water is added to to
the specimen to bearing the moisture content to about 7% less than the estimated
o.m.c. for sandy soil and 10% less for clay soils. The processed soil stored in
an air tight container for about 10 to 20 enable moisture to spread uniform in
the soil mass.

The mould with base fitted in is weighed. The process soil water mixture through
ly and divided into eight equal part. (1) For light compaction the wet soil is c
ompacted into the mould in three equal layers, each layer being 25 blow of the 2
.6kg rammer. (2) For heavy compaction the wet soil mix is compacted in the mould
in five equal layer being 25 bloq of 4.89 kg hammer. The blow should be uniform
ly disributed over the surface of each layer. Each layer of the compacted soil
is scored with a spatula before placing the soil for the succeeding. The amount
of the soil used should be just sufficient to fill the mould leaving about 5 mm
to strike off on the top after compacting the final layer. The coller is removed
and the compacted soil is leveled to th top of the mould by mean of straight ed
ge. The mould and the soil are then weighed. The soil is then ejected out of the
mould and cut in the middle and a representative specimen the next day. is dete
rmine by finding the wet weight, keeping in the oven at 105c to 110c and finding
the dry weight
CALCULATION:
Let weight of mould copacted soil be = W1 g Weight of empty mould =W2 g Volume o
f mould = W Wet density = Then dry density =
(
g/cc
)

RESULT:
The result are dry density and wet density.
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
INTRODUCTION:

The California bearing ratio (CBR) test was developed by the California division
of highway as a method of classification and evaluating soilsubgrade and base c
ourse material for flexible pavements. Just after world war-2, the U.S.Crops of
engineers adopted the C.B.R. test for use in designing base course for air field
pavement. The test is empirical and result can not be related accurately with a
ny fundamental property of the material. The CBR is a measure of resistance of a
material to penetration of a standard plunger under controlled density and mois
ture conditions. The test procedure should be strictly adhered if high degree of
reproducibility is desired. The CBR test may be conducted in remould or undistu
rbed specimen in the laboratory. U.S. crops of engineers have also recommended a
test procedure for in-situ test. Many methods exist today which utilize mainly
CBR test value for designing pavement structures. The test is simple and has bee
n extensive investigated for field correlation of flexible pavement thickness re
quirement briefly, the test consist of causing a cylindrical plunger of diameter
50 mm to penetrate component material at 1.25 mm/minute. The loads, for 2.5 mm
and 5.0 mm are recorded. This load is expressed as a percentage of standard load
value at a respective deformation level to obtain CBR value.
APPARATUS:
Loading machine: Any compression machine which can operate at a constant rate of
1.25 mm/minute can be used for this purpose. If such machine is not available t
hen a calibrate hydraulic press with proving ring to measure load can be used. A
metal penetration

piston or plunger of a diameter 50 mm is attached to the loading machine.

Cylindrical moulds: Mould of 150 mm diameter and 175 mm height provided with a c
ollar of about 50 mm length and detachable perforated and base are used for this
purpose. A spacer disc of 148 mm diameter and 47.7 mm thickness is used to obta
in a exactly 127.3 mm height
Compaction rammer: The material is usually compacte
d as specified for the work, either by dynamic compaction or ISI are given in ta
ble bellow:TYPE OF NUMBER COMPACTION OF LAYERS
WEIGHT OF HAMMER, Kg 2.6 4.89
FALL, cm
NUMBER OF BLOWS
Light compaction Heavy compaction

Adjustable stem,

3 5
31 45
56 56
perforated plate,
tripod
and
dial
gauge: the
standard procedure require that the soil sample before testing should be soaked
in water to measure swelling. Annular weight: in order to stimulate the effect o
f the overlying pavement weight, annular weight each of 2.5 kg and 147 mm diamet
er are placed on the top of the specimen, both at the time of soaking and testin
g the sample, as surcharge.

Beside above equipment, coarse filte r paper, sieves, oven, balance, etc. Requir
ed
TEST ON CEMENT
(1) FINENESS TEST: INTRODUCTION:
The object of this is to check the proper grinding of cement. The rate of hydrat
ion depends on the fineness of cement. The finer is the cement, the earlier the
hydration and the faster and greater is the gaining of strength. This because of
hydration starts at the surface. Larger the surface area (i.e. finer the cement
), faster will be hydration. However, very fine cement is susceptible to air set
and deteriorates earlier. The grinding of cement shall be as fine as to conform
to the standard specification and also shall be uniformly fine .If the cement i
s not uniformly fine, the concrete made out of it will have poor workability and
will require a large quantity of water while mixing. Also bleeding of concrete
can occur i.e. even before the concrete is set , water will come out of the surf
ace due to the settlement of concrete particle. To check the fineness of the cem
ent IS: 4031-1998 gives three methods:

1. By drying sieving. 2. Blaine air permeability method. 3. By wet sieving.

First method is used to find the fineness of cement in the project laboratory.
DRY SIEVING METHOD:
The fineness of the cement depends on the particle size distribution. A small ma
ss of fine cement may have surface area have large surface area than a large mas
s of coarser particle of cement. It is therefore necessary to reduce the percent
age of coarse particles to get require fineness of cement .In this test mass of
coarser cement particle is found out which is limited to specified percentage fo
r various cements as per respective Indian standard. Take 100g of various cement
s from samples and breakdown any air set lumps with finger. Place it on a standa
rd IS sieve no.9. Continuously sieve the sample with a gentle wrist motion for 1
5 minutes. The mass of residue shall not exceed 10g in case of ordinary Portland
cement and 5g in case of rapid hardening cement.
CALCULATION AND RESULT:
The weight of cement retained is divided by weight taken and is multiplied by 10
0 so the percentage retained cement on 90 micron

sieve is calculated. Three trials are done and the average of percentage.
Cement retained is calculated. The average percentage of cement retained should
not be more than the specified limit.
(II) TEST FOR ONSISTENCY, INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT PASTE:
INTRODUCTION:
This test determines the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of
standard consistency for the use of other test. The vicat apparatus is used for
this purpose. The consistency of

standard cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the vicat
plunger 50mm long and having 10mm diameter to penetrate to a point 5mm to 7mm f
rom the bottom of the vicat mould. The unit of the consistency is percentage of
water by mass of dry cement and denoted by P.
PROCEDURE:
Take 400g cement and add to it 30% water on a glass plate or any non porous surf
ace. Mix thoroughly and fill the mould of vicat apparatus. The interval from the
time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould is kn
own as the time of gauging and must be not less than 3 minutes and not more than
5 minutes. Lower plunger gently to touch the surface of test block and quickly
release it, allowing it to sink into the paste. Note the settlement of the plung
er. The settlement of the plunger should be 5mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the m
ould. If not, repeat the procedure using fresh cement and other percentage of wa
ter until the described penetration of the plunger is obtained. The consistency
of standard cement paste is expressed as the amount of water as percentage by ma
ss of dry cement.
Let, m1= mass of cement taken m2= mass of water added when the plunger has a

penetration of 5mm to . 7mm from the bottom of the mould. Then the percentage of
water or standard consistency is P = (m2/m1)x100 Usually standard consistency P
lies between 26 to 33 percent.
TEST FOR SETTING TIMES
INTRODUCTION:
The change of the cement paste from fluid to rigid state may be referred to as s
etting. The gaining of strength of a cement of a set cement paste is known as ha
rdening. During the setting, cement acquires some strength, however it is not co
nsidered in definition to distinguished setting from hardening, where hardening
is gain of strength

of a set cement paste. Objects of these tests are:1. To find initial and final s
etting times of cement. 2. To distinguished between quick setting and normal set
ting types of
cement
3. To detect deterioration due to storage.
When water is added to cement and mixed properly. The chemical reaction soon sta
rts and the paste of cement remains plastic for a short period. During this peri
od, it is possible to remix the paste for a short period. During this period, it
is possible to remix the paste. This period is called initial setting time. It
is assumed that no hardening will starts in this period .As time lapses, the rea
ction is continued and cement begins to harden. At some stages it gardens also c
alled finally set and the time elapsed since the water was added is called final s
etting time. It is not possible to express the exact state of hardening and henc
e empirical measurements are taken. This is purely a conventional one and does n
ot relate to the setting and hardening of actual concrete.
PROCEDURE:
Mix 400g of cement with 0.85 P percentage of water where P is the consistency of
standard cement paste. Start the stop watch at the instant when water is added
to cement. Fill the vicat mould with this paste and smooth of the surface of the
paste making it level with the

top of the mould attach 1mm* 1mm square cross section needle to the vicat rod. L
ower the needle gently near the surface of the block. Note whether the needle pi
erces completely .If so, wait for a while drop the needle at a fresh place. Repe
at the procedure till the needle fails to pierce the block for 5 + 0.5mm measure
d from the bottom of the mould. The interval between the time when water was add
ed to cement and the time at which the needle fails to pierce the block by 5 + 0
.5mm is known as initial setting time.
Replace the needle by the needle which has a sharp pointing, projecting in the c
entre with a annular attachment and release it on the same test block as before.
Note the time when needle makes an impression, but the attachment fails to do s
o. The interval between these time and the time when water was added is known as
the final setting time.
The initial setting time for a ordinary Portland cement should not be less than
30 minutes and the final setting time should not more than 10 hours. For quick s
etting cement, the initial setting time should not be less than 5 minutes and th
e final setting not more than 30 minutes. The minimum limits on initial setting
are specified because: Concrete once placed should not be distributed after the
initial setting has taken place. There must be sufficient time for placing of se
cond batch which may be distribute the first batch of the concrete. The transpor
tation of concrete from the place where concrete is prepared to the placing of c
oncrete requires some finite time. The maximum limits of the final setting time
are specified because the

concrete should achieve the desired strength as early as possible so that the sh
uttering can be remove and reused.
TEST ON ROAD AGGREGATES
(I) AGGREGATES IMPACT TEST INTRODUCTION:
Toughness is the property of the materials to resist impact. Due to traffic load
s, the load stones are subjected to the pounding action or impacts and there pos
sibility of stones breaking into smaller pieces. The road stones should therefor
e be tough enough to resist fracture under impact. A test designed to evaluate t
he toughness of the stones therefore the resistance of the two fractures under r
epeated impacts may be called an impact test for road stones. Impact test may ei
ther carry out cylindrical stone specimens as in page impact test or stone aggre
gates as in a aggregate impact test. The aggregate test has been standardized by
the British Standard Institution and the Indian Standard Institution. The aggre
gate impact value indicates the a relative measure of the resistant of aggregate
to sudden shock or an impact, which in some aggregate differ from its resistant
to slow compressive load. The method of test covers the procedure for determine
the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates.
APPARATUS:

The apparatus consists of an impact testing machine, a cylindrical measure tempi

ng rod, IS sieve, balance and oven.
Impact Testing Machine : The machine consist of a matter
base with a plane lower surface supported well on a firm flour, without rocking
detachable cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 10.2cm and depth 5.0cm is
rigidly fastened centrally to the base plate. A matter hammer of weight between
13.5 and 14 kg having the lower and cylindrical in shape, 10cm in diameter and 5
.0 cm long, with 2.0 mm chamber at the lower edge is capable of sliding freely b
etween vertical guides, and fall concentric over the cup. There is an arrangemen
t for raising the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between vertical guides
from a height of 38 cm on the test sample in the cup, the height fall being adju
stable up to 0.5 cm a key is provided for supporting the hammer while fastening.
Measure: A cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter 7.5
cm and depth 5.0 cm for measuring aggregates.
Tamping rod: A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross
section, 1.0 cm in diameter and 23 m long, rounded at one end.
Sieve: IS sieve of size 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm for sieving the aggregates.
nce: A balance of capacity not less than 500g to weight
accurate up to 0.1g.
Oven: A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of
maintaining constant temperature between 100oC and 110oC.

Bala

PROCEDURE:
The test sample consist of aggregates passing 12.5mm sieves and retained on 10mm
sieve and dried in an oven 4 hours at a temperature 100oC to 110oC and cooled.
The aggregates are filled up to about one third full in the cylindrical measure
and tamped 25 times with rounded and of the tampering rod. Further quantity of a
ggregates is then added up to about two third full in the cylinder and 25 stroke
s of the tamping rod are given. The measure is now filled with the aggregates to
over flow, tamped 25 times. The surplus aggregates are stuck off using the tamp
ing rod as straight edge. The net weight of the aggregates in the measures deter
mined to the nearest gram this weight of the aggregates is used for carrying out
duplicate test on the same materials. The impact machine is placed with its bot
tom plate on the flour so that the hammer guide columns are vertical. The cup is
mixed firmly in position on the base of the test sample from the cylindrical me
asure is transferred to the cup and compacted by tamping with 25 strokes. The ha
mmer is raised until its lower face is 38 cm above the upper surface of the aggr
egates in the cup ,and allowed to fall freely on the aggregates. The test sample
is subjected to a total 15 such blows, each being delivered at an interval of n
ot less than one second. The crushed aggregates is then removed from the cup and
whole of it sieve on the 2.36mm sieve until no further significant amount passe
s. The fraction passing the sieve is also weighed accurate to 0.1gm.The fraction
retained on the sieve is also weighed and if the total weight of the fraction p
assing and retained on the sieve is added, it should not be less than the origin
al by 1g, the result should be discarded and a fresh test made

EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

These specification shall be apply to the construction of embankment including s

ub grade, earthen shoulders and miscellaneous backfills with improved material o
btained from the road way and drain excavation, borrow pits and other resources.
All the embankments, sub grades, earthen shoulders and miscellaneous backfills
shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of these specification
and in conformity with the lines, grade and cross section shown on the drawing o
r as directed by the engineer.
Material & general requirements:
Physical requirements:
The material used in the embankments, sub grades, earthen shoulders and miscella
neous backfills shall be soil, moorum, gravel, a mixture of these or any other m
aterial approved by the engineer. Such a material should be from log, stumps, ro
ots, rubbish or any other intrigent likely to be deteriorate or effect the stabi
lity of the embankment/sub grade The following types of material shall be consid
ered unsuitable for the embankment:
Material from swamps, marshes and bogs.
Peat, log, stumps and perishable materia
l; any soil that classifies as OL, OI, OH or Pt in accordance with IS:1498;
Mate
rial susceptible to spontaneous combustion; Clay having liquid limit exceeding 7
0 and the plasticity index exceeding 45;

Material with salt resulting in leaching in the embankment; The size of coarse m
aterial in the mixture of earth shall ordinarily shall not exceeded 75mm when be
ing placed in the embankment and 50mm when placed in sub grade. Ordinarily, only
the material satisfying the density requirements given in the table 1 shall be
employed for the construction of the embankment and for the sub grade.
Table 1.density requirement of embankment and sub-grade material.
S.No.
TYPES OF WORK
MAXIMUM LABORATORY DRY UNIT WEIGHT WHEN TESTED AS PER IS : 2720 (PART 8)

Embankment up to 3meter
Not less than 15.2kn/cu. m
1
height, not subjected to extensive flooding.
2
Embankment exceeding 3m height or embankment of any height subject to long perio
d of inundation. Not less than 16.0kn/cu. m
3
Sub grade and earthen backfill/shoulder/verges Not less than 17.5kn/cu. m
GENERAL REQUIREMENT: Borrow material:
The contractor shall obtain representative sample from each of the identified bo
rrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing prog
ram approved by the engineer. It shall be ensured that sub grade material when c
ompacted to the density requirements as in table 2 shall yield the design CBR va
lues of sub grade.

TABLE 2. Compaction requirements for embankment and sub grade

S.No.
TYPE OF WORK/MATERIAL
RELATIVE COMPACTION AT % OF MAXIMUM LABORATORY DRY DENSITY AS PER IS:2720 (PART
8)
1 2
Sub grade earthen shoulders NOT LESS THAN 97 Embankment NOT LESS THAN95
Construction operations:
Setting out:
After the site has been cleared, the limits of embankment/sub grade shall be mar
ked by fixing batter pegs on both sides of 10 meter intervals. The embankment/su
b grade shall be built sufficiently wider than the design dimension so that surp
lus material may be trimmed, ensuring that the remaining material is to desire d
ensity & in the position specified and conforms to the specified of the slope.

Compaction ground supporting:

Embankment/sub grade:
In case where the difference between the sub grade level and ground level is les
s than .5 m and the ground does not have 97% relative compaction with respect to
the dry density as given in table 2 the ground shall be loosened up to level .5
m below the sub grade level, watered and compacted in layer up to 97% of dry de
nsity.
Spreading material in layers and bringing to appropriate moisture content:
The embankment and the sub grade material shall be spread in layer of uniform th
ickness not exceeding 200 mm compacted thickness over the entire width of the em
bankment by mechanical means.
Compaction:
The compaction shall be done with the help of vibratory roller of 80 to 100 KN s
tatic weight with plain or pad foot drum or heavy pneumatic typed roller of adeq
uate capacity capable of achieving required compaction.
Finishing operation:

Finishing operation shall include the work of shaping and dressing the shoulder/
verge/road bed and side slope to confirm to the alignment, levels and cross sect
ion dimension shown n the drawing or as directed by the engineer subject to the
surface tolerance.
Surface finish and quality control of work
The surface finish of construction of surface of sub grade shall conform to the
requirement of heading 10. Control on the quality of material and work shall be
exercised in accordance with heading 11.
Measurement of payment
Earth embankment/sub grade construction shall be measured separately by taking c
ross at interval at the original position before the work starts and after it co
mpletion and the volume of the earthwork in cubic meter by the method of areas a
nd average.

GRANULAR SUB-BASE
Scope:
The work shall be should be consists of laying and compacting well graded materi
al on prepared sub grade in accordance with requirements of these specifications
. The material shall be laid in one or more layer as sub base or lower sub-base
and upper sub-base(termed as sub-base here in after) as necessary according to l
ines, grades and cross sections shown on the drawing or as directed by the engin
eer.
Material:
The material to be used for the work shall be natural sand, moorum, gravel, crus
hed stone or combination thereof depending upon the grading required. Material l
ike crushed slag crushed concrete, brick metal and

kankar may be allowed only with the specific approval of the engineer. The mater
ial shall be free from organic and other deleterious constituents and confirm to
one of the three grading in table 3.
Physical requirements:
The material shall have 10% fine value of 50 KN or more (for sample in soaked co
ndition when tested in compliance with BS: 812 (part 111). The water absorption
value of the coarse aggregate shall be determined as per IS:2386(part 3); if thi
s value is greater than 2% the soundness test shall be carried out on the materi
al delivered to site IS:383. For grading II and III material, the CBR shall be d
etermined at the density and moisture content likely to be developed in equilibr
ium conditions which shall be taken as being the density relating to a uniform a
ir void content of 5%.
TABLE 3 . GRADING FOR CLOSE-GRADED SUB-BASE MATERIAL

IS SIEVE DESIGNATION
75 mm 53 mm 26.5 mm 9.5 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 0.425 mm 0.075 mm
% by weight passing the sieve
GRADING I 100 80-100 55-90 35-65 25-55 20-40 10-25 3-10 30 GRADING II -------100
70-100 50-80 40-65 30-50 15-25 3-10 25
GRADING III
---------------100 65-95 50-80 40-65 20-35 3-10
CBR VALUE (MAX.)
20
Strength of sub-base:
It shall be ensured prior to actual execution that the material to be use in the
sub base satisfied the requirements of the CBR and other physical requirement w
hen compacted and finished.
When directed by the engineer , this shall verified by the performance CBR test
in the laboratory as required on specimens remolded at the field dry density and
moisture content and any other test for the quality of the material, as may be ne
cessary.

Construction operation: Preparation of sub-grade:

Immediately prior for the laying of the sub base, the sub-grade already finished
shall be prepared by removing all vegetation and other extraneous matter, light
ly sprinkled with water if necessary and rolled with two passes of 80-100kN smoo
th wheeled roller.
Spreading and compacting:
Immediately thereafter, rolling shall start. If the thickness of the compacted l
ayer does not exceed 100 mm, a smooth wheeled roller of 80kN to 100kN weight may
be used. For compacted single layer up to 225 mm the compact shall be done with
the help of the vibratory roller of minimum 80 to 100 kN static weight with pla
in drum or pad foot drum of heavy pneumatic tyred roller of minimum tyre pressur
e of 0.7kN/m2 or equivalent capacity roller capable of achieving the required co
mpaction. Rolling shall commence at the lower edge and proceed toward the upper
edge longitudinally for portion having unidirectional cross fall and super eleva
tion and shall commence at the edges and progress toward the center portion havi
ng cross fall on both side s. Each pass of the roller shall uniformly over lap n
ot less than one-third of the track made in the preceding pass. During the rolli
ng, grade and cross fall (camber) shall be the checked and any high spots or dep
ressions, which become apparent, corrected by removing of adding fresh material.
The speed of roller shall not exceed 5 km/hr.

Rolling shall be continued till the density achieved is at least 98% of the maxi
mum dry density for the material determined as per IS:2720 (par 8).The surface o
f any layer of material compaction shall be well closed, free from movement unde
r compaction equipment and from compaction planes, ridges, crack or loose materi
al. All loose, segregated or otherwise defected areas shall be made good to the
full thickness layer and re-compacted.
Surface finish and quality control of work:
The surface of the compaction shall confirm to the requirements of heading 10. C
ontrol on the quality of material and work shall be exercised by the engineer an
d accordance with heading 11.
Measurement of payment:
Granular sub-base shall be measured as finished work in position in cum. The pro
tection of edges of granular sub-base extended over the full formation as shown
in drawing shall be considered incidental to the work providing granular sub-bas
e and such no extra payment shall be made for the same.
Wet mix macadam sub-Basel base

SCOPE this work shall consists of laying of compacting clean, crushed, graded ag
gregated and granular, premixed with water, to a dense mass on a prepared sub gra
de/sub-base or existing pavement as the case may be in accordance with the requi
rements of these specifications. The material shall be laid in one or more layer
as necessary to line, grades and cross-section shown on the approved drawings o
r as directed by the engineer. The thickness of a single compacted Wet Mix Macad
am layer shall not be less than 75 mm. When vibrating or other approved types of
compacting equipment are used, the compacted depth of a single layer of the sub
-base course may be increased to 200 mm upon approval of the engineer.
Materials: Aggregates: Physical requirements:
Coarse aggregates shall be crushed stone. If crushed gravel/Shingle is used, not
less than 90 percent by weight of the gravel/Shingle pieces retained on 4.75 mm
sieve shall have at least two Fractured faces. The aggregates shall conform to
the physical requirement set forth in table 4 below.
Table 4 physical requirements of coarse aggregate for wet mix macadam for sub-ba
se /base coarse:

S.NO.
TEST
Los Angles Abrasion Value Or Aggregate Impact Value.
TEST REQUIREMENTS METHOD
IS:2386 (part 4) IS:5640 30% 40%
1.
2.
Combined Flakiness Elongation Test
IS:2386 (part1)
30%

Aggregate may satisfy requirements of either of the two tests. To determine this
combined portion, the flaky stone from a representative sample should first be
separate out. Flakiness index is weight of flaky stone metal divided by weight o
f stone sample. Only the elongated particles be separated out from the remaining
(non-flaky) stone metal. Elongation index is weight of elongated particles divi
ded by total nonflaky particle. The value of flakiness index and elongation inde
x so found are added up. If the water absorption value of the coarse aggregate i
s greater than 2 percent, the soundness test shall be carried out on the materia
l delivered to site as par IS: 2386 (part-S).
GRADING REQUIREMENTS:
The aggregate shall conform to the grading given in Table 5
TABLE 5. GRADING REQUIREMENTS OF AGGREGATES FOR WET MIX MACADAM:
Is sieve designation
% by weight passing the IS SIEVE
53.00 mm 45.00 mm 26.50 mm 22.40 mm
100 95-100 60-80

11.20 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 600.00 micron

40-60 25-40 15-30 8-22
75.00 micron
0-8
Material finer than
the final gradation
e to find and shall
e adjacent sieve or

425 micron shall have plasticity index (PI) not exceeding 6.

approved within these limits shall be well graded from coars
not very from the low limit on one sieve to high limit on th
vice versa..

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION : Preparation of base:

The surface of the sub-base/ base to receive the mix wet mix macadam coarse shal
l be prepared to the specific lines & cross falls (camber) & made free of dust&
other extraneous material.

PROVISION OF LATERAL CONFINEMENT OF AGGREGATES:

While constructing wet mix macadam, arrangement shall be made for the lateral co
nfinement of wet mix. This shall be done by laying material in adjoining shoulde
r along with that of Wet Mix Macadam layer.
Preparation of mix:
Wet mix macadam shall be prepared in an approved mixing plant of suitable capaci
ty having provision for controlled addition of water and forced! Positive mixing
arrangement like pug mill or pan type mixer of concrete batching plant. Optimum
moisture for mixing shall be determined in accordance with IS: 2720 (pait8) aft
er replacing the aggregate fraction retail 1ed on 22.4 mm sieve with material of
4.75 mm to 22.4 mm size. While adding water, due to allowance should be made fo
r evaporation losers. However, at the time of compaction, water in the wet mix s
hould not vary from the optimum value by more than agreed limits. The mixed mate
rial should be uniformly wet and no segregation should be permitted.
Spreading of mix:
Immediately after mixing, the aggregates shall be spread uniformly and evenly up
on the prepared sub-grade/sub-base/base in required quantities. In no case these
be laid nor shall their hauling over a partly completed stretch be permitted. T
he mix may be spread either by a paver finisher or motor grader. For portions wh
ere mechanical means cannot be used, manual means are

approved by the: Engineer shell be used. The motor grade shall be capable For po
rtions where mechanical means cannot be used, manual means are spreading the mat
erial uniformly all over the surface. Its blade shall have hydraulic control sui
table for initial adjustments and maintaining the same so as to achieve the spec
ified slope and grade.

The power finisher shall be self-propelled, having the following features:

(1) (2)
Loading hoppers and suitable distribution mechanism. The screed shall tamping an
d vibrating arrangement for initial compaction to the layer is it is spread with
out rutting or otherwise marring the surface profile.
(3)
The paver shall be equipped with necessary control mechanism so as to ensure tha
t the finished surface is free from surface blemishes.
COMPACTION:
After the mix has been laid to the: required thickness, grade and cross fall/ ca
mber the same shall be uniformly compacted, to the. Full depth with suitable rol
ler. If the thickness of single compacted layer does not exceed 100 mm, a smooth
wheel roller of 80 to 100kN weight may be used. for a compacted single layer up
to 200 mm, the compaction shall be done with the help of vibratory roller of mi
nimum static weight1 of 80 to 100kNor equivalent capacity roller. The speed of t
he roller shall not exceed 5 km/hr. In portions having unidirectional cross fall
/ super elevation, rolling shall commence form the lower edge and progress gradu
ally towards the upper edge. Thereafter, roller should progress parallel to the
centerline of the road, uniformly over-lapping each preceding track by at least
one-third width until the entire surface has been rolled.

Alternate trip of the roller shall be terminated at the stops at least 1 m away
from any preceding stop. I portion in camber, rolling should begin at the edge w
ith the roller running forward and backward until the edges have been firmly com
pacted. The roller shall than progress gradually towards the center line of the
road uniformly overlapping each of the preceding track at least one-third width
until entire surface has been rolled. Rolling shall be continued I till the dens
ity achieved is at least 98% of the maximum dry density of the material as deter
mined by the method outlined in IS: 2720 (part 8).
SETTING AND DRYING:
After final compaction of wet mix macadam course, the road shall be allowed to d
ry for 24 hours.
Opening to traffic
Preferably no vehicular traffic of any kind should be allowed Dn the finished we
t mix macadam surface till it has dried and the wearing course laid.
SURFACE FINISH AND QUALITY CONTROL OF WORK SURFACE EVENNESS:

The surface finish of construction shall conform to the requirements of heading

10.
QUALITY CONTROL:
Control on the quality of materials and work shall be exercised by the engineer
in accordance with heading 11.
MEASURMENT FOR PAYMENT:
Wet mix macadam shall measure as finished work in position in cubic meters.

PRIME COAT OVER GRANULAR BASE

SCOPE:
This work shall consist of the application of angle coat of low viscosity liquid
bituminous material to a porous granular surface. Preparatory to the superimpos
ition of bituminous treatment or mix.
MATERIALS:

PRIMER:
the choice of the bituminous primer shall depend upon the porosity characteristi
c of the surface to be primed as classified in Ire:16.
These are
1. Surface of low porosity, such as wet mix macadam and water bound macadam. 2.
Surface of medium porosity, such as cement stabilized soil base. 3. Surface of h
igh porosity, such as gravel base.
Primer viscosity:
The type and viscosity of the primer shall comply with requirements of IS: 8887,
as sampled and tested for bituminous primer in accordance with these standards.
Guidance in viscosity and rate of spray is given in TABLE.
Table 6. viscosity requirements and quantity of liquid bituminous primer
Types of surface Kinematic viscosity Quantity of liquid of primer at bituminous
material 60deg.C per 10 sq. m. centistokes

Low porosity medium Porosity

30-60
6 to9
70-140
9 to12
High porosity
250-500
12 to 15
Choice of primer:
The primer shall be bitumen emulsion, complying with of a type and grade as spec
ified in the contract or as directed by the engineer. The use of medium curing c
utback as per IS: 217 shall be restricted only for site at sub zero temperatures
or for emergency application as per directed by the engineer.
Weather and seasonal limitations:
Bituminous primer shall not be applied to wet surface during a dust storm or wea
ther is foggy, rainy or windy or when the temperature in shade is less than 10de
g. C. surface which are to receive emulsion primer should be damp, but no force
or standing water shall be present.
Construction:

Equipment:
The primer distributor shall be self-propelled or towed bitumen pressure sprayer
equipped for spraying the material uniformly at the specified rates and tempera
tures. Hand spraying of small areas, inaccessible to the distributor, or in narr
ow strips shall be sprayed with a pressure hand sprayer, or as directed by the e
ngineer.
Curing of primer and opening to traffic:
A primed surface shall be allowed to cure for at least 24 hrs. or such other per
iod as is found to be necessary to allow all the volatiles evaporate before any
subsequent surface treatment or mix is laid. Any unabsorbed primer shall first b
e blotted with an application of sand using the minimum quantity as possible. A
primed surface shall not be opened to traffic or other than that necessary to la
y the next course. A very thin layer of clean sand may be applied to the surface
of the primer, to prevent primer of picking up under the wheels of the paver an
d the trucks delivering bituminous material to the paver.
Quality control of work
For control of the quality of material supplied and the work carried out, the re
levant provision of heading 11 shall be applied.
Measurement of payment
Prime coat shall be measured in terms of surface area of application in square m
eters.

TACK COAT
SCOPE:
This work consists of the application of a single coat of low viscosity liquid b
ituminous material to an existing bituminous road surface preparatory to the sup
erimposition of bituminous mix, when specified by the Contract or instructed by
the Engineer.

MATERIALS: BINDER:
The binder used for tack coat shall be bitumen emulsion complying with IS: 8887
of a type and grade specified in the Contract of a directed by the Engineer. The
use of cutback bitumen as per IS:217 shall be restricted only for sites sub-zer
o temperatures or for emergency applications as directed by the Engineer.
WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMITATIONS
Bituminous material shall not be applied to a wet surface of during a dust strom
or when the weather is foggy, rainy or windy or when the temperature in the sha
de is less than 10c. Where the tack coat consists of emulsion, the surface shoul
d be slightly damp, but not wet. Where the tack coat is of cutback, the surface
shall be dry.
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
The tack coat distributor shall be self-propelled or towed bitumen pressure spra
yer, equipped for spraying the material uniformly at a specified rate. Hand spra
ying of small Areas, inaccessible to the distributor, of in narrow strips, shall
be sprayed with a pressure hand sprayer, or as directed by the Engineer.

APPLICATION OF TACK COAT:

The application of tack coat shall be at the rate specified in the Contract, and
shall be applied uniformly. If rate of application of tack coat is not specifie
d in the Contract then it shall be at the rate specified in Table 7. The normal
range of spraying temperature for a bituminous emulsion shall be 20C to 70C and fo
r a cutback, 50C to 80C if RC-70/MC-70 is used. The method of application of the t
ack coat will depend on the type of equipment to be used, size of nozzles, press
ure at spray bar, and speed of forward movement. The Contract r shall demonstrat
e at a spraying trial, that the equipment and the method to be used is capable o
f producing a uniform spray, within the tolerances specified.
TABLE 7 RATE OF APPLICATION OF TACK COAT
TYPE OF SURFACES
QUANTITY OF LIQUIDBITUMINOUS MATERIAL INKG. PER SQ. M. AREA
(I) Normal bituminous surface
0.20 to 0.25
(ii) Dry and hungry bituminous surface
0.25 to 0.30

(iii) Granular surfaces treated with primer

0.25 to 0.30
(iv) Non Bituminous surfaces) Granular base (not primed)b) Cement concrete pavem
ent
0.35 to 0.400.30 to 0.3
Where the material to receive an overlay is a freshly laid bituminous dyer that
has not been subjected to traffic of contaminated by dust, a tack coat is not ma
ndatory where the overlay is completed with two days.
CURING OF TACK COAT:
The coat shall be left to cure until all the volatiles have evaporated before an
y subsequent construction is started. No plant of vehicles shall be allowed on t
he tack coat other than those essential for the construction.
QUALITY CONTROL OF WORK
For control the quality of materials supplied and the works carried out, the rel
evant provision of heading 11 shall apply.

MEASUREMENT OF PAYMENT
Tack coat shall be measured in terms of surface area of application in square me
ters.
DENSE GRADE BITUMINOUS MACADAM SCOPE
This clause specifies the construction of Dense Grade Bituminous Macadam, (DBM),
for use mainly, but not exclusively, in base/binder and profile corrective cour
se. DBM is also intended for use as road base material. This work shall consist
of construction in a single of multiple layers of DBM on a previously prepared b
ase of sub-base. The thickness of a single layer shall be 50 mm to 100mm.
MATERIALS BITUMEN:
The bitumen shall be paving bitumen of penetration Grade complying with Indian S
tandard Specifications for Paving Bitumen IS: 73, and of the penetration indicated
in Table 10 for Dense Bituminous Macadam, or a appropriate grade of bitumen is
given in the manual for construction and Supervision of Bituminous Works.
COARSE AGGREGATES:
The coarse aggregates shall consist of crushed rock, crushed grave! Or other har
d material retained on the 2.36 mm sieve. They shall be clean, hard, durable, of
cubical shape, free from dust and soft or friable

matter, organic of other deleterious substances. Where the Contractors selected s

ources of aggregates have poor affinity for bitumen , as a condition for the app
roved anti-stripping agent, as per the manufacturers recommendations, without add
itional payment. Before approval of the source, the aggregates shall be tested f
or stripping. The aggregate shall satisfy the physical requirements specified in
Table 8, for dense bituminous macadam. Where crushed gravel is proposed for use
as aggregate, not less than 90% by weight of the crushed material retained on t
he 4.75 mm sieve shall have a least two fractured faces.
FINE AGGREGATES:
Fine aggregates shall consists of crushed or naturally occurring mineral materia
l, or a combination of the two, passing the 2.36 mm sieve and retained on the 75
micron sieve. They shall be dean, hard, durable, dry and free from dust, and so
ft or friable matter, organic or other deleterious matter. The fine aggregate sh
all have a sand equivalent value of not less than 50 when tested in accordance w
ith the requirement of IS: 2720 (Part 37). The plasticity index of the fraction
passing the 0.425 mm sieve shall not exceed 4. When tested in accordance with IS
: 2720 (Part 5)
TABLE 8. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE

AGC REGA THE DENSE GRADE BITUMINOUS MACADA

PROPERTY Cleanliness(dust) TEST SPECIFICATION Grain size an analysis Flakiness M
ax 5% passing 0.075 and Elongation Index (Combined) Particle Shape Strength Dura
bility Los Angles Abrasion value Aggregate Impact Value Soundness sodium sulphat
e Magnesium Water absorption Stripping Sulphate water Absorption Coatin and Stri
pping of Bitumen Water Sensitivity Aggregate Mixtures Retained Tensile Strength
Max 80% Max 2%Max retained coating 95% max 35% Max 27% Max 12%Max 18% mm sieve M
ax 30%
FILLER:
Filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, hydrate
d lime or cement approved by the Engineer. The filler shall be graded within the
limits indicated in Table 9
TABLE 9. GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR MINERAL

FILLER
ISSIEVE(MM) 0.6 0.6 0.075 CUMULATIVE PERCENT PASSINGBY WEIGHT OF TOTAL AGGREGATE
100 95-100 85-100
The filler shall be free from organic impurities and have a plasticity Index not
greater than 4. The Plasticity Index requirement shall not apply if filler is c
ement or lime. When the coarse aggregate is gravel, 2 percent by weight of total
aggregate, shall be Portland cement or hydrated lime and the percentage of fine
aggregate reduce accordingly, Cement or hydrated lime is not required when the
lime stone aggregate is used where the aggregates fail to meet requirements of t
he water sensitivity test in Table 8, then 2 percent by total weight of aggregat
e, of hydrated lime shall be added without additional cost.
AGREGATE GRADING AND DINDER CONTENT:
When tested in accordance with IS: 2386 Part 1 (wet sieving method), the combine
d grading of the coarse and fine aggregates and added filler for the particular
mixture shall fall within the limits shown in Table 10, for dense bituminous mac
adam grading 1 of 2 as specified in the contract. The type and quantity of bitum
en, and appropriate thickness, are also indicated for each mixture type.

MIXTURE DESIGN REQUIRMENT FOR THE MIXTURE:

A Part from conformity with the grading and quality requirements for individual
ingredients, the mixture shall meet the requirements set out in Table 11. Notes:
1. The normal maximum particle size is one size larger than the first sieve to
retain more than 10 percent. 2. Interpolate minimum voids in the mineral aggrega
te (YMA) for design air voids values between listed.
BINDER CONTENT:
The binder content shall be optimized to achieve the requirements of the mixture
set out in Table: 11 and traffic volume specified in the Contract. The Marshall
method for determining the optimum binger content shall be adopted as described
in The Asphalt Institute Manual Ms-2, replacing the aggregates retained on the
22.4 mm sieve, where approved by the Engineer. Where 40 mm dense bituminous maca
dam mixture is specified, the modified Marshall method described in MS-2 shall b
e used. This method requires modified equipment and procedures; particularly the
minimum stability value in Table 11 shall be multiplied by 2.25, and the minimu
m flow. Shall be 3 mm.
JOB MIX FORMULA:
The Contractor shall inform the Engineer in writing, at least 20 days before the
start of the work, of the job mix formula proposed for use in the works, and sh
all give the following details:

Source and location of all materials; Proportions of all materials expressed as

follows where each is applicable: Binder type, and percentage by weight of total
mixture; Coarse aggregate/fine aggregate/mineral filler as percentage by weight
of total aggregate: including mineral filler;
A single definite percentage passing each sieve Iv1 the mixed aggregate; The ind
ividual grading of the individual aggregate fractions, and the proportion of eac
h in the combined grading.
The results of tests enumerated in Table 11 as obtained by the Contractor. Where
the mixer is a batch mixer, the individual weights of each type of aggregate, a
nd binder per batch. Test results of physical characteristics of aggregates to b
e used;
Maxing temperature and compacting temperature. While establishing the job mix fo
rmula, the contractor shall ensure that it is based 011 a correct and truly repr
esentative sample of the materials that will actually re used in the work and th
at the mixture and its different ingredients satisfy the physical and strength r
equirements of these specifications. Approval for mix formula shall be

based on independent testing by the engineer for which samples of all ingredient
s of the mix shall be furnished by the Contractor as required by the Engineer. T
he approved job mix formula shall remain effective unless and until a revised jo
b Mix Formula is approved. Should a charge in the source of materials be propose
d, a new job mix formula shall be forwarded to the Engineer for approval before
the placing of the material.
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMTATIONS
Laying shall be done suspended while free-standing water is present on the surfa
ce to be covered, or during rain, fog and dust storms, After rain, the bituminou
s surface, Prime of tack coat, shall be blown off with a high pressure air jet t
o remove excess moisture, or the surface left to dry before laying shall start.
Laying of bituminous mixtures shall not be carried out when the air temperature
at the surface on which it is to be laid is below 100e or when the wind speed at
any temperature exceed 40 km/h at 2m height unless specifically approved by the
Engineer.
PREPARATION OF BASE:
The surface to which the bituminous work is to be laid shall be cleaned of all l
oose and extraneous matter by means of a mechanical broom or any other approver
equipment / method as specified in the contract. The use of a high-pressure air
jet from a compressor to remove dust or loose matter shall be available full tim
e on the site. Unless otherwise specified in the contract.

PRIME COAT:
Where the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to be laid is other
than bitumen bound layer, a prime coat shall be applied, as per specifications,
of as directed by the Engineer.
TACK COAT:
Where the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to be placed is bitu
men bound surface, a tack coat shall be applied, as per specifications, or as di
rected by the Engineer.
SPREADING:
Except in areas where a mechanical paver cannot access, bituminous materials sha
ll be spread, levelled and tamped by an approved selfpropelled paving machine. A
s soon as possible after arrival at site, the materials shall be supplied contin
uously to the paver and laid without delay. The rate of delivery of material to
the paver shall be regulated to enable the paver to operate continuously. The tr
avel rate of the paver: and its method of operations shall be adjusted to ensure
and even and uniform flow of bituminous material across the screen, free from d
ragging, tearing and segregation of the materials. In areas with restricted spac
e where the mechanical paver cannot be used, the material shall be spread, raked
and levelled with suitable hand tools by experienced staff, and compacted to th
e satisfaction of the Engineer. The minimum thickness of material laid in each p
aver pass shall be in accordance with the minimum values given in the relevant o
f these Specifications. When laying blinder course or wearing course approaching

an expansion joint of a structure, machine lying shall stop 300 mm short of the
joint. The remainder of the pavement up to the joint, and the corresponding area
beyond it, shall be laid by hand, and the joint or joint cavity shall be kept c
lear 6f surfacing materials. Bituminous material, with a temperature greater tha
n 145C shall not be laid or deposited on bridge deck waterproofing systems, unles
s precautions against heat damage have been approved by the Engineer.
ROLLING:
Bituminous materials shall be laid and compacted in layers which enable the spec
ified thickness, surface level, surface regularity requirements and compaction t
o be achieved. Compaction of bituminous materials shall commence as soon as poss
ible after lying. Compaction shall be substantially completed before the tempera
ture falls below the minimum rolling temperature started in the relevant part of
these specifications. Rolling of the longitudinal points shall be done immediat
ely behind the paving operation. After this, rolling shall commence at the edges
end progress toward the centre portions; it shall progress from the lower to th
e upper edge parallel to the centre line of the pavement. Rolling shall continue
until all roller marks have been removed from the surface. All deficiencies in
the paver before initial rolling is commenced. The initial or breakdown rolling
shall be done with 8-10 tones dead weight smooth-wheeled rollers. The intermedia
te rolling shall be done with 8- 10 tones dead weight or vibratory roller On wit
h a pneumatic typed roller of 12 to 15 tonnes weight having nine wheels, with a
tyre pressure of at least 5.6 kg/cm2 the finish rolling shall be done with 6 to
8 tonnes smooth wheeled tandem rollers.

Bituminous materials shall be rolled in a longitudinal direction, with the drive

n rolls nearest the paver. The roller shall first compact material adjacent to j
oints and then work from the lower to the upper side of the layer, overlapping o
n successive passes by at least one-third of the width of the near roll or, in t
he case of a pneumatic-tried roller, at least the nominal width of 300 mm. In po
rtions with super-elevated and unidirectional camber, after the edge has been ro
lled, the roller shall progress from the lower to the upper edge. Rollers should
move at a speed of not more than 5 km per hour. The roller shall not be permitt
ed to stand on pavement which has not been fully compacted, and necessary precau
tions shall be taken to prevent dropping of oil, grease, petrol or other foreign
matter on the pavement either when the rollers are operation or standing. The w
heels of rollers shall be taken moist with water, and the spray system provided
with the machine shall be in good working order, to prevent the mixture from adh
ering to the wheels only sufficient moisture to prevent adhesions between the wh
eels of rollers and mixture should be used. Surplus water shall not be allowed t
o stand on the partially compacted pavement.
OPENING TO TRAFFIC
The newly laid surface shall not be open to traffic for at least 24hrs after lay
ing and complete on of compaction, without the express approval of the Engineer
in writing.
MEASUREMENT FOR PAYMENT
Dense Grade Bituminous Materials, shall be measured as finished work either in c
ubic meters, tons or by the square meter at a specified thickness as detailed an
Contract drawings, or documents, or as directed

by the Engineer.
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SCOPE
This clause specifies the construction of bituminous concrete, for use in wearin
g and profile corrective courses. This work shall consist of construction in a s
ingle or multiple layers of bituminous concrete on a previously prepared bitumin
ous bound surface. A single layer shall be 25 mm to 100 mm in thickness.
MATERIALS BITUMEN:
The bitumen shall be paving of bitumen of penetration grade complying with India
n Standard Specification for Paving Bitumen, IS: 73 and of the penetration indic
ated in Table 15, for bituminous concrete, or as otherwise specified in the Cont
ract. Guidance on the selection of an appropriate grade of bitumen is given in T
he Manual for Construction and Supervision of Bituminous Works.
COARSE AGGREGATES:
The coarse aggregates shall consist of crushed
d material retained on the 2.36 mm sieve. They
, of cubical shape, free from dust and soft or
deleterious substances. Where the Contractors
poor affinity for

rock, crushed gravel or other har

shall be clean, hard, and durable
friable matter, organic or other
selected source of aggregates have

bitumen, as a condition for the approval of that source the bitumen shall be tre
ated with an approved anti-stripping agent, as per the manufacturers recommendati
ons, without additional payment. Before approval of the source, the aggregates s
hall be tested for stripping. The aggregates shall satisfy the physical requirem
ents specified in Table 13, for bituminous concrete.
FINE AGGREGATES:
Fine aggregates shall consists of crushed or naturally occurring mineral materia
l, of a combination of the two, passing the 2.36 mm sieve and retained on the 75
micron sieve. They shall be clean, hard, durable, dry and free from dust, and s
oft or friable matter, organic or other deleterious matter. The fine aggregate s
hall have a sand equivalent value of not less than 50 when tested in accordance
with the requirement of IS: 2720(Part 37). The plasticity index of the fraction
passing the 0.425 mm sieve shall not exceed 4. When tested in accordance with IS
: 2720 (part 5).
FILLER:
Filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, hydrate
d lime or cement approved by the Engineer. The filler shall be graded within the
limits indicated in Table 9. The filler shall be free from organic impurities a
nd have a Plasticity Index rot greater than 4. The plasticity Index requirement
shall not apply if filler is cement or lime. When the coarse aggregate is gravel
, 2 percent by weight of total aggregate, shall be Portland cement or hydrated l
ime and the percentage of fine aggregate reduce accordingly. Cement or

hydrated lime is not required when the lime stone aggregate is used. Where the a
ggregates fail to meet the requirements of the water sensitivity test in Table 1
3, then 2 percent by total weight of aggregate, of hydrated lime shall be added
without additional cost.
AGGREGATE GRADING AND BINDER CONTENT:
When tested in accordance with IS: 238C Part 1 (Wet grading method), the combine
d grading of the coarse and fine aggregates and adder filler shall fall within t
he limits shown in Table 15 for grading 1 or 2 as specified in the Contract.
MIXTURE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MIXTURE:
Apart from conformity with the grading and quality requirements for individual i
ngredients, he mixture shall meet the requirements set out in Table 16. The requ
irements for minimum in percent voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) are set out in
Table 12.
BINDER CONTENT:
The binder content shall be optimized to achieve the requirements of the mixture
set out in Table 16 and the traffic volume as specified in the Contract. The Ma
rshall method for determining the optimum binder content shall be adopted as des
cribed in the Asphalt Institute Manual

MS-2, replacing the aggregates retained on the 26.5 mm sieve and retained on the
22.4 sieve, where approved by the Engineer.
JOB MIX FORMULA:
The Contractor shall inform the Engineer in writing, at least 20 days before the
star of the work, of the job mix formula proposed for us, in the works, and sha
ll give the following details: Source and location of all materials; Proportions
of all materials expressed as follows where each is applicable: Binder type, an
d percentage by weight of total mixture; Coarse aggregate (fine aggregate/minera
l filler as percentage by weight of total aggregate including mineral filler; A
single definite percentage passing each sieve for the mixed aggregate; The indiv
idual grading of the individual aggregate factions, and the proportion of each i
n the combined grading. The results of tests enumerated in Table 16 as obtained
by the Contractor; Where the mixer id a batch mixer, the individual weights of e
ach type of aggregate, and binder per patch; Test results of physical characteri
stics of aggregates to be used; Mixing temperature and compaction temperature. W
hile establishing the job mix formula, the contractor shall ensure that it is ba
sed on a correct and truly representative sample of the materials that will actu
ally be used in the work and that the mixture and its different ingredients sati
sfy the physical and strength requirements of these specifications Approval of t
he job mix formula shall be based on independent testing by the engineer for whi
ch samples

of all ingredients of the mix shall be furnished

y a Engineer. The approved job mix formula shall
il a revised Job Mix Formula is approved. Should
ials be proposed, a new job mix formula shall be
pproval before the placing of the material.

by the Contractor as required b

remain effective unless and unt
a charge in the source of mater
forwarded to the Engineer for a

TABLE 13. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE FOR BITUMIENOUS CONCRETE PA
VEMENT LAYERS
PROPERTY Particle shape TEST Flakiness and Elongation Index Los Angeles Abrasion
Polishing Durability Value Soundness Sodium Sulphate Magnesium Sulphate Water a
bsorption Max 30%Max 24%Max 55% Water absorption Stripping Water Sensitivity TES
T 0.075mm sieve Max 30% Cleanliness (dust) Strength Grain Size analysis Value Ag
gregate Impact Caules Polished Stone Coation and Stripping of Bitumen Aggregate
Mixture Retained Tensile Strength
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS: WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMITATIONS:

Lying shall be done suspended while free-standing water IS present on the surfac
e to be covered, or during rain, fog and dust storms. After rain the bituminous
surface, prime of tack coat shall be blown off with a high pressure air jet to r
emove excess moisture of the surface left to dry before lying shall start. Layin
g of bituminous mixture shall not be carried out when the air temperature at the
surface on which it is to be laid is below 10 c or when the wind speed at any t
emperature exceeds 40 km/h at 2 m height unless specifically approved by the Eng
ineer.
PREPARATION OF BASE:
The surface to which the bituminous work is to be laid shall be cleaned of all l
oose and extraneous matter by means of a mechanical broom or any other approved
equipment / method as specified in the contract. The use of a high-pressure air
jet jorum a compressor to remove dust or loose matter shall be available full ti
me on the site, unless otherwise specified in the contract.
TACK COAT:
Where the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to Be placed is bitu
men bound surface, a tack coat shall be applied as per specifications, or as dir
ected by the Engineer.
MIXING AND TRANSPROTING OF THE MIXTURE:
Pre-mixed bituminous concrete shall be prepared in a hot mix plant of

adequate capacity and capable of yielding a mix of proper and uniform quality wi
th thoroughly coated aggregates. Appropriate mixing temperatures can be found in
Table 14 of these specifications; the difference in temperature between the bin
der and aggregate should at no time exceed 14C. In order to ensure uniform qualit
y of the mix and better coating of aggregates, the hot mix plant shall be calibr
ated from time to time.
TABLE MANUFACTURING AND ROLLING TEMPRATURES
BITUMEN PENETRAT 35 65 90 BITUME MIXING 160-170 150-165 140-160 AGGREAGAT MIXING 1
60-175 150-170 140-165 MIXEDMATE ROLING LAYING 170 165 155 100 min 130 min 90 min 1
25 min 80 min 115 min
Bituminous materials shall be transported in clean insulated vehicles, I and unl
ess otherwise agreed by the Engineer, shall be covered while in transit or await
ing tipping. Subject to the approval of the Engineer, a thin coation of diesel o
f lubrication oil may be applied to the interior of the vehicle to prevent stick
ing and to facilitate discharge of the material.
TABLE 15. COMPOSION OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE

PAVEMENT LAYERS
GRADING NOMINALAGGREGATE SIZE LAYER THICKNESS 1 19MM 50-65 MM 2 13MM 35-45 MM IS
SIEVE(MM) COMMULATIVE % BY WEIGHT OF TOTAL AGGREGATE POASSING 45 37.5 26.5 19 1
3.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 100 79-100 59-79 52-72 35-55 28-44 20-34 1527 13-20 13-14 100 79-100 79-88 53-71 42-58 34-48 26-38 18-28 13-20

SPREADING:
Except in areas where a mechanical paver cannot access, bituminous materials sha
ll be spread, levelled and tamped by a n approved selfpropelled paving machine.
As soon as possible after arrived at site, the materials shall be supplied conti
nuously to the paver and laid without delay. The rate of delivery of Material to
the paver shall be regulated to enable the paver to operate continuously. The t
ravel rate of the paver and its method of operations shall be adjusted to ensure
an even and uniform flow of bituminous material across the screed free from dra
gging, tearing and segregation of the materials. In areas with restricted space
where the mechanical paver cannot, be used, the material shall be spread, raked
and levelled with suitable hand tools by experienced staff and compacted to the
satisfaction of the Engineer. The minimum thickness of Material laid in each pav
er pass shall be in accordance with the minimum values given in the relevant par
ts of these Specifications. When laying binder course of wearing course approach
ing an expansion joint of a structure, machine lying shall stop 300 m short of t
he joint. The remainder of the pavement up to the joint, and the corresponding a
rea beyond it, shall be laid by hand, and the joint of joining cavity shall be k
ept clear of surfacing materials. Bituminous material, with a temperature greate
r than 145C, shall not be laid or deposited on bridge deck waterproofing systems,
unless precautions against heat damage have been approved by the Engineer.

ROLLING:
Bituminous materials shall be laid and compacted in layers which enable the spec
ified thickness, surface level, regularity requirements and compaction to be ach
ieved. Compaction of bituminous materials shall commerce as soon as possible aft
er laying. Compaction shall be substantially completed before the temperature fa
lls below the minimum rolling temperature started in the relevant part of these
specifications. Rolling of the longitudinal joints shall be done immediately beh
ind the paving operation. After this, rolling shall commence at the edges and pr
ogress towards the centre longitudinally except that on super elevated and unidi
rectional cambered portions, it shall progress from the lower to the upper edge
parallel to the centre line of the pavement. Rolling shall continue until all ro
ller marks have been removed from the surface. All deficiencies in the surface a
fter lying shall be made good by the attendants behind the paver, before initial
rolling is commenced. The initial of breakdown rolling shall be done with 8-10
tones dead weight smooth-wheeled rollers. The intermediate rolling shall be done
with 8-10 tones dead weight cr vibratory roller or with a pneumatic type roller
of 12 to15 tones weight having nine wheels, with a tyre pressure of at least 50
6 kg/sq.cm. The finish rolling shall be done with 6 to 8 tonnes smooth wheeled t
andem rollers. Bituminous materials shall be rolled in a longitudinal direction,
with the driven rolls nearest the paver. The roller shall first compact materia
l adjacent to joints and then work from the lower to the upper side of the layer
, overlapping on successive passes by at least one-third of the

width of the rear roll or, in the case of a pneumatic-tried roller, at least the
nominal width of 300 mm. In portions with super-elevated and uni-directional ca
mber, after the edge; has been rolled, the roller shall progress from the lower
to the upper edge. Rollers should move at a speed of not more than 5 km per hour
. The roller shall not be permitted to stand on pavement which has not been full
y compacted, and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent dropping of oil
, grease, petrol of other foreign matter on the pavement either when the rollers
are operating of standing. The wheels of rollers shall be taken moist with wate
r, and the spray system provided with the machine shall be in good working order
, to prevent the mixture from adhering to the wheels. Only sufficient moisture t
o prevent adhesion between the wheels of rollers and the mixture should be used.
Surplus water shall not be allowed to stand on the partially compacted pavement
.
OPENING TO TRAFFIC
The newly laid surface should not be open to traffic for at least 24 hours after
laying and completion of compaction, without the express approval of the Engine
er in wirting.
SURFACE FINISH AND QUALITY CONTROL
The surface finish of the completed construction shall conform to the requiremen
ts of heading 10. All materials and workmanship should comply with the provision
s set out in heading 11 of this specification.

MEASUREMENT OF PAYMENT
Dense Grade Bituminous M.1 trials, shall be measured as finished work either in
cubic meters, tons or by the square meter at a specified thick ness as detailed
the Contract drawings, or documents, or as directed by the Engineer.
METHODOLOGY OF PQC. SCOPE:
The work shall consist of construction of un-reinforced, dowel jointed plain cem
ent concrete pavements in accordance with the requirements of MOST specification
and in conformity with the lines grades and cross sections as shown on the appr
oved drawings. The work shall include furnishing of all plant and equipment, mat
erials and labour as directed by the Engineer.
MATERIALS: CEMENT:
Ordinary part land cement 43 grade confirming IS: 8112.
ADMIXTURES:
Admixtures used conforming to IS: 9625 and IS: 9103.

COARSE AGGREGATE:
The maximum size of aggregate is 20 mm. the coarse aggregate complying with IS:
383
FINE AGGREGATE:
As approved in mix design confirm to IS: 383.
WATER:
It shall meet the requirement as stipulated in IS: 456.
MACHINERY USED IN CONSTRUCTION
LIST OF PLANT & MACHINERY DEVELOPED AT SITE:

WMM Mixing plant Tailor Stone Crusher unit 100TPH Tipper (6/8) GSB Crusher unit
100 TPH Tipper (14cum) Weight Bridge Tractor

Concrete Batching Plant Plate Compactor Transit Mixer Concrete Mixer Motor Grade
r Generator set 250KVA Front end loader Generator set 180KVA Generator set 125KV
A Generator set 100KVA Generator set 22KVA Generator set 17.5KVA Generator set 5
KVA Excavator J.C.B Soil Compactor Sensor Pavers WMM Pavers Vibratory Tandem Rol
ler Static Roller Hydra Air Compressor Needle Vibrator Water Pump Bitumen Spryer
Welding set with Generator 8KVA Mechanical Boomer Vehicles Water Tanks

SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

1. Civil engineer should perform the work at their level best so that it will gi
ve better result and improve the production of the company. 2. Infrastructure of
Civil Contractor Cell should be more developed for giving the contract to the b
est contractor. 3. Welfare facilities should be increase in for civil engineers
of Construction Company. 4. For the safety of civil engineers at the constructio
n, company should give the best equipments of safety to the civil engineers. 5.
The hostel facility and amenities should be improved so that the civil engineers
could work with more efficiency. 6. The civil engineers are advised to do their
work in slot as they do it bulk which create adverse problems for example the r
oad was dug during the rainy season in one flow which resulted in heavy loss of
material, money and machinery of the company. The work should have been done in
small phases and according

to the circumstances. The clipping can be seen on the next page as to how destru
ction was made during the time when I was undergoing my training.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. I.S. specification book on highway. 2. Highway material testing book by 3. S.
K.Khanna, C.E.G Justo. 4. Organizations Laboratory. 5. Organizations Engineers.