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Transcript - Opening Cermony and

Keynote Speeches
Disclaimer
While every effort is made to capture a live speaker's words, it is possible at times that
the transcript contains some errors or mistranslations. APNIC apologizes for any
inconvenience, but accepts no liability for any event or action resulting from the
transcripts.
Sonak Kuoy: (Khmer/Cambodian spoken).
Excellencies, Lok Chumteav, honourable speakers, distinguished guests, ladies and
gentlemen.
First of all, I would like to introduce myself. My name is Sonak from ANANA Group and I
will be the MC today.
On behalf of the organisers, APNIC and MekongNet, I would like to extend my warm
welcome to all the guests to the APNIC 34 Conference being hosted for the first time in
the Kingdom of Cambodia.
On this occasion, I would like to invite the guests of honour to take the reserved seats
on the stage. His Excellency Chun Vat, Secretary General, National ICT Technology
Development Authority Cambodia, NiDA, please take a seat on the stage.
Next, may I invite Ms Sok Channda, president and CEO of MekongNet to come to the
stage.

Mr Paul Wilson, Director General APNIC; His Excellency Khiev Kanharith, Minister of
Ministry of Information Cambodia; And Mr Maemura Akinori, Chair, APNIC Executive
Council.
Thank you.
APPLAUSE Today we have an absence of his Excellency Touch Heng, Secretary of
State MPTC Cambodia.
Good afternoon. Excellencies, Lok Chumteav, honourable speakers, distinguished
guests, ladies and gentlemen.
On behalf of the organisers APNIC and MekongNet, we wish to extend our warm
welcome and thank you to all participants, guests of honour, delegates and renttives
from the Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Information, Ministry of Post and
Telecommunication, NiDA, and foreign and local participants to this APNIC 34
Conference in Cambodia.
Today we have about 200 participatants, industrial experts and professionals joining this
Conference and the participants come together here to discuss on Internet governance,
open debate on the policy and we hope to be able to conclude certain agendas in this
Conference today for the region at large.
Excellency, Lok Chumteav, ladies and gentlemen, to begin with, I would like to invite Ms
Sok Channda, the president and CEO of MekongNet, to deliver her welcome speech.
Ms Channda, please.
APPLAUSE
Sok Channda: Guests of honour, his Excellency, Minister, Ministry of Information, his
Excellency Chun Vat, Secretary General, Mr Paul Wilson, Director General APNIC, Mr
Maemura Akinori, Chair APNIC EC.
Honourable speaker, colleagues, ladies and gentlemen.
On behalf of MekongNet, as the local host, I would like to express my gratitude to the
presence of all delegates, speakers and participants in the Conference APNIC 34 and a
warm welcome to Cambodia We indeed hope to be hosting an APNIC event since 2007.
This year, we are excited to host and bring APNIC 34 for the first time in Cambodia and
the first time in APNIC history to have the workshop before the Conference. Today, we
have about 200 participants across Asia Pacific, making this Conference a truly
international one.
While Internet usage has been remarkably increasing, the community is also facing
many challenges from network design, security, prevention from cyber attack to IP

resource management and planning IPv4 is running out. I recognise this Conference as
the platform where experts and professionals from Internet will come together to share
practical knowledge, technology, openly debate on policies that best work for individual
operators and the community at large.
I'm optimistic that all participants will acquire new skill and knowledge from the five-day
Conference and I would encourage all participants to take active parts in the interesting
discussion to be able to conclude certain policies for the region.
In closing, I am very much thankful to APNIC and MekongNet team for their diligent
work in this project.
My special thanks to delegates from the Government of Cambodia, Ministry of
Information, Ministry of Post and Telecommunication, NiDA and Telecom Cambodia and
other sponsors for their great support to make this event possible. I wish all delegates
and participants a fruitful Conference and a joyful stay in this fascinating kingdom.
Thank you.
APPLAUSE
Sonak Kuoy: Thank you very much Ms Sok Channda for the remarkable speech.
Next I invite Mr Chun Vat, Secretary General of NiDA, to deliver a speech. Thank you
APPLAUSE
Chun Vat: Your excellency, Khiev Kanharith, Minister of the Ministry of Information, Mr
Paul Wilson, Director General of APNIC, Mr Maemura Akinori, Chair of APNIC
Executive Council, Ms Sok Channda, CEO and president of MekongNet, your
excellency, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon.
This is indeed the great pleasure for me to be with you here today on the occasion of
APNIC 34 Conference in the Kingdom of Cambodia.
On behalf of the National Information, Communication Technology Development
Authority, NiDA, I would like to take this opportunity to warmly welcome you all.
I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation to the APNIC and MekongNet for
organizing this Conference to explore business opportunity sharing knowledge and
experiences which are contributed by experts and professionals from different corners
of the world.
In this conjunction, I would like to share some of my thoughts.
First, in the 21st century, one of the iconic figures is the Internet. The concept was
introduced many decades ago and it's here to stay. It is up to the technology community
to nurture for the best interests of the invention.

Second, on demographic factors, the Internet penetration will exceed 2 billion and
mobiles are somewhere in the 5 billion range. The majority are here in Asia Pacific
region. IPv4 addresses are on the brink of exhaustion of all of its available space.
In global economic view, Asia Pacific region has the fastest growing Internet market in
the world. This market growth represents an opportunity for leading technology based
businesses. In the case of Cambodia, Internet offers an essential tool for overcoming
barriers to social and economic integration. It also plays a fundamental role in
developing our country. It brings information, education and health to the people in the
rural areas.
In response, the Royal Government of Cambodia has adopted ITC policy that meets the
millennium development goal. The key policies are to address social economic
development by encouraging public and private investment in the sector and to
effectively deliver public service to serve people better.
Fifth, Internet growth in Cambodia is strong and will continue in the large scale. This is
the factor to accelerate Cambodia integration into the region as well as to the world.
Sixth, the future of Internet IPv4 address exhaustion issue has been on the agenda for a
number of years. Therefore, APNIC 34 Conference today is proactively working on the
IPv4 address space exhaustion issue to minimise the problems and to be prepared for
the transition of both on the policy and technicalitychk .
Seventh, technology is changing the way we live and work. Connected and supported
by a global cyber infrastructure, technology may come and go, while some has become
officially obsolete.
Eighth, innovation has long been a part of human existence. The future success of
cyber community will depend on strengthening strategy, partnership with international
counterparts to serve a purpose which today is and should be a broader than a simple
growth of our economy.
It should assist us in a process now building a healthier, cleaner society, with more
social justice and where people feel happy.
To end my speech, please allow me to wish you all the best for your successful
deliberation in this Conference and particularly wish our distinguished guests from
abroad a safe, happy and memorable stay in Cambodia.
Thank you very much APPLAUSE
Sonak Kuoy: (Khmer/Cambodian spoken) Thank you, HE Chun Vat.
Next, I would like to invite Mr Paul Wilson, Director General of APNIC, to deliver a
welcome speech.

Thank you.
Paul Wilson: Good afternoon and thank you very much.
Excellencies from the Government of Cambodia, Mr Chun Vat from the National ICT
Development Authority, Mr Khiev Kanharith, the Minister of Information, our colleagues,
Madam Sok Channda, the CEO and president of MekongNet, who are our very
generous meeting host this week, Mr Chin Daro, my colleague, Akinori Maemura, the
Chair of the APNIC EC, to the other honoured guests, to a number of pioneers that we
have in the room here who have come to share their presence with us here, I would like
to recognise just a few: Mr Norbert Klein from Cambodia, Mr Toru Takahashi from
Japan, Kanchana Kanchanasut from Thailand, Rob Blokzijl and Nigel Titley, who are
joining us from RIPE NCC, and from LACNIC, Elise Gerich from the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority, Prof Ang Peng Hwa from Singapore.
To all members of the APNIC community, I really do sincerely thank you for joining us
here for the 34th APNIC Conference, the first time we have held the APNIC Conference
here in Cambodia. It really is a huge pleasure for all of us, I think, to be here in Phnom
Penh.
I have a couple of minutes, but I wanted to reflect on the significance of what we are
doing here at the APNIC Conference.
Today the world relies on the Internet, but we sort of take it for granted. We are building
huge infrastructures for broadband and mobile communication for content distribution in
the cloud. We are developing amazing technologies every day for devising applications
and services and these are facilities that are all designed to carry human
communications.
But none of them actually have any purpose at all without the Internet and very soon, I
think we know it, every telecommunications function and every transaction is going to
be carried by IP packets.
This has already been considered a sort of dynamic and changing environment for
some time, but it's now actually getting more dynamic and more changing.
We are coming to terms now with the reality of IPv4 exhaustion for more than a year
now, through successful rationing policies, through new policies for global IPv4 transfers
which are now allowed and these things actually happened here, these important
developments happened here in the policy discussions of APNIC Conferences.
That's just IPv4, because IPv6, as we should know, is absolutely now a prerequisite for
the Internet as we know it, as we love it, to keep growing into the future.
But in this meeting as well, in these Conferences we have developed the addressing
policies to support IPv6 and outside of this room, many of us and APNIC in particular, is

working very hard on supporting the IPv6 transition on encouraging transition through
training, human capacity building, through information sharing.
The point is that we really cannot reach the goals and the potential of the Internet from
today forward, and even for the next few years, without engaging fully in IPv6. That
really means all of us, because without IPv6, the Internet would gradually change, it will
gradually change, so that in 5 or 10 years, it actually looks nothing like the Internet that
we know and love today and it has lost what we have already heard about this
afternoon, the capacity for global communications, truly global communications and for
innovation.
In Cambodia, you have the opportunity here, which is shared with many developing
economies, to roll out IPv6 from the beginning in all of you knew networks. It's actually
not so hard and I hope that this meeting will make that clear and convince you of that.
But here, you have the opportunity to leapfrog over a costly transition and to build your
Internet with IPv6 from today onwards.
As I say, the IPv6 transition really does involve all of us here in this room and it's
something to start now.
To make that progress, we all need to keep listening and keep learning and, importantly,
to take action. At APNIC, we are looking forward to the findings of the latest APNIC
survey which you will hear about later this week, because this survey tells us what you
want APNIC to do. The APNIC EC and the executive leadership team are going to be
listening and learning, because we understand that APNIC, like even else in this
industry, needs to constantly evolve to meet changing needs and challenges.
With that, thank you again. Thanks to all of our Cambodian friends, in particular, for
welcoming us to your beautiful country. I look forward to meeting all of you soon and I
look forward to a very productive week this week.
Thank you.
APPLAUSE
Sonak Kuoy: (Khmer/Cambodian spoken) Thank you very much, Mr Paul Wilson, for a
meaningful speech.
Next, I would like to invite Mr Maemura Akinori, Chair APNIC Executive Council.
(Khmer/Cambodian spoken).
Thank you.
Maemura Akinori: Thank you very much. His Excellency, Mr Chun Vat, Secretary
General of National ICT Development Authority; His Excellency, Mr Khiev Kanharith,

Minister of Information; and Ms Sok Channda, the CEO and president MekongNet,
honourable guests and colleagues from the APNIC community, I would like to say
welcome on behalf of the APNIC Executive Council.
I'm really happy to have the great support from the Government of Cambodia for their
hosting this APNIC 34 here in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
I found that in your National ICT policy, you have the really strong emphasis on creating
regionally competitive ICT experts here in Cambodia. I am finding some colleagues say
that the Cambodians are capable engineers, already helping their industry, and I'm
really happy to hear, to make sure what is going on here.
This time, APNIC 34 is the very first Conference which includes the five-day workshops
within a standalone APNIC Conference, which is regularly held in August.
The workshops were held in last week and I'm really happy to have 84, mostly local
engineers, took this workshop to obtain new technology and skill for network security,
routing and campus networking area.
This is a week for the original format of the APNIC meeting and it is starting with some
tutorials, so these tutorials will deliver some additional knowledge to the local people.
I am really encouraging those who are relatively new to APNIC Conferences to have a
good experience in APNIC meeting and of course not only to hear and learn about
tutorial material, but also to make a question and have a talk with other APNIC guys,
APNIC community guys, to extend your networking, which will benefit in your capacity
building.
Also, I want to recognise our relationship with our local host, MekongNet. APNIC is
cooperating with MekongNet. Our histories began in 2007, when they generously
hosted the APNIC 20 course here in Cambodia.
Since then, MekongNet and APNIC retains quite firm partnership to do the training and
some other APNIC activities.
Additionally, we worked together to set the copy of the root server, which administered
by Net Node in year 2010. Needless to say, the root server is the really important part of
the Internet infrastructure that will benefit in establishing a new country's Internet.
I'm looking forward to the week ahead to have a lot of talk with you guys and then I
hope everyone here enjoys this week.
Thank you very much.
APPLAUSE

Sonak Kuoy: (Khmer/Cambodian spoken) Thank you, Mr Maemura Akinori, Chair

APNIC EC.
(Khmer/Cambodian spoken) Next I am honoured to invite His Excellency, Khiev
Kanharith, Minister of Information Cambodia, to deliver a welcome speech. Thank you.
Khiev Kanharith: Excellency, honourable foreign and national speakers, distinguished
guests, ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon.
Today I'm delighted to take part in APNIC 34 Conference being hosted in Cambodia with
participation of various experts and industry professionals around Asia Pacific region.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to APNIC for selecting Cambodia through
MekongNet support as the destination for this 34th international workshop and
Conference.
Information communication technology has played a vital role in national development
of all sectors. It has made the world get closer and communication faster.
The Royal Government of Cambodia has been concentrating on ICT development and
widely promoting its use in public service, in particular the Internet access used as a
medium to disseminate information and new local news locally and internationally.
Under the great leadership of Prime Minister Hunsen, ICT development education and
capacity building has been prioritised in the master plan of national development, what
we call the rectangular strategy.
Understanding of ICT is essential for it has made effective communication between
countries, especially it provides better coordination and efficiency between government
and official of all levels.
Having all cities, provinces and rural areas connected by a network with quick
distribution and information sharing and facilitate learning of economy, science, culture
to reach information around the world.
Despite the significant growth, the community including Cambodia is encountering
numerous challenges including fraud, misinformation, cyber crime and data security on
Internet, which could only be addressed by tight collaboration between relevant
regulators and operators and certain that this APNIC Conference will discuss, educate,
mitigate and plan ahead for the challenges.
Excellency, Khiev Kanharith, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of
the Ministry of Information and myself, MekongNet and APNIC to bring the 10-day event
in Cambodia ... provide learning opportunity to upgrade technical knowledge to
Cambodian professional.

Conclusively, I wish excellencies, honourable foreign and national speakers,

distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, great success in your works.
Thank you.
APPLAUSE
Sonak Kuoy: (Khmer/Cambodian spoken) Next, I would like to invite all guests of
honour to return to their reserved seats, as we are having the Peacock Pusat Dance to
commemorate this Opening Ceremony as well.
(Khmer/Cambodian spoken) The Peacock Pusat Dance is originated in Pusat, one of
the provinces in Cambodia. It usually played in the new year celebration to pray for the
rain and good crops in the next season.
His Excellency, ladies and gentlemen, please welcome our peacock performance.
Please give a round of applause for your performance.
Thank you.
APPLAUSE (Peacock Pusat Dance performance).
Sonak Kuoy: (Khmer/Cambodian spoken) Next, I would like to invite Ms Kanchana
Kanchanasut to give the keynote speech about the Greater Mekong Subregion and the
Internet.
She is a doctor from Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. Please, Ms Kanchanasut.
Thank you.
Kanchana Kanchanasut: Sawadi ka. This is the Thai greeting.
I'm part of this region, so I would like to take this opportunity to welcome foreign
participants to the region. Of course, I cannot speak on behalf of everyone, but it is for
me a great pleasure to see so many people from different parts of the world come to
Cambodia, in particular.
I'm trying to reflect on my own experience, by looking at this region with the Internet.
This region, it has been named the Greater Mekong Subregion. I think I try to trace back
who started to call the region as Greater Mekong Subregion. I think it came from ADB,
the Asian Development Bank.
The reason why they call this region GMS was because they're trying to build closer
collaboration between the six countries which were kind of separated apart due to very

long war in the past. You know about the Indo-China War, Vietnam War, all kinds of war
that was ongoing in the '60s and '70s.
The region was kind of torn apart by political problems. The Mekong itself starts from
the Tibetan plateau and it flows through China and it touch southern China and
Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, so there are six countries involved in
this subregion.
The region is very rich in terms of resources, because we have a lot of, you know,
Thailand and also resources which are still unexplored. They have found a lot of gas
and petroleums and all kinds of unexplored resources, including gold. You may have
heard of gold mining in Laos and many new discoveries ongoing.
So we can start from China, looking at China. Part of China we are looking at is Yunan,
which is the southern state province of China. Population of Yunan is 46.7 million where
the Internet user is 11.4 million.
Facebook is not available and Internet penetration is 24.8. I don't have any more figure
or story about China, because to me, to review China is the same -- whatever happen in
China is quite -- is strongly related to the whole China, not too much with the region.
The Internet progress in China is far above the rest of us, the remaining five countries.
So I would like to isolate China as a developed Internet country. We will have a look at
the other five.
Next is Myanmar. Go from China to Myanmar. Myanmar has 48.7 million and Internet
users is 110,000. So the penetration rate is very low, 0.98 per cent.
Myanmar, as we all know, has been a country which has been closed for a long time.
The email in Myanmar was in service, from what I heard, is by foreigner living in
Myanmar, expats. Finally took over by the government, by the Ministry of
Telecommunication.
Later on, government allow one ISP began cybertech in early 2000 and the service in
those days were very quite limited, so you can only send emails or use the Internet at
certain time of the day.
During that time, project in Japan also help connect universities in Myanmar. The
University of Computer Science,Yangon, was connected to the Internet by the satellite
network provided by wide project from Japan.
Right now, I was in Myanmar a month ago and everything was changing very fast. So
the Internet is everywhere and I think we need to do more data collection and update
ourselves. I think things are looking very exciting.

Next, Mekong flow through Laos, which is across the river from my own country,
Thailand. Laos is big in terms of area, but very small in terms of population, only 6.5
million. They say that there are more Lao speaking people in Thailand than in Laos,
which could be true. Even north-eastern part of Thailand is very densely populated and
in Laos, you have plenty of room.
In Laos, you can see that people are sifting for gold in the Mekong River, so Laos is
going to be very, very rich, because of the natural resources.
The telecommunication infrastructure in Laos became -- that sector became very active
in the 1990s, but the government allow for joint venture and many projects started to
build infrastructure, most of them connecting from infrastructure from Thailand.
Laos government did not pay attention to the Internet in the '90s. Again, expats living in
Laos could not wait for their Internet and they wanted to -- because the international
phone call is very expensive, so they would like to have email. They started to build
their own email system. At that time, they used dial-up service to the US. So they kind of
do based on the cost sharing basis. Until 1996, the IDRC, which is funded by Canada,
is the organization called -- I forget the full name. We all call IDRC. So they have the
project called Pan Asia Networking and that is the project that try to help Laos,
Cambodia and Vietnam to get started with the Internet.
So this project organised the email service in Laos and try to educate government
officials to appreciate Internet, so they registered .la, which is the domain name for
Laos.
That domain name was registered in 1996 and commercial service for the Internet
started in 1998 in Laos by using satellite link to the Philippines.
In terms of policy, Laos set up a committee called Laos National Internet Committee in
1999, which was very early as compared to other countries.
You can see that the Internet in Laos can set up by users, you know, which the expats,
actually by expats and as well as the Laosians overseas, because their university only
started in 1995, National University of Laos was set up in 1995, which was quite late.
Let's move across the river to Thailand.
This is the bridge, our friendship bridge linking Thailand and Laos, which was built by
Australian government. Right along the river is pretty much the same, whether Laos or
Thai. The population in Thailand is 65 million. Internet user is 18.3 and Facebook is very
popular. Internet penetration is 23.7, which is lower than the global average.
For in Thailand, we started much earlier than our neighbour to get involved with the
Internet much earlier than our neighbours. We did UUCP, we started to build, to be

connected with UUCP community in 1987. We connect by UUCP to University of

Melbourne in Australia and University of Tokyo in Japan and also to UUnet in the US.
.th was registered by AIT, my institute, in 1988.
So next year, we are going to celebrate 25 years in Thailand.
APPLAUSE I extend our invitation, but we haven't set a date yet.
The domestic academic network, called CSNT, was established with three active
members: AIT, Chulalongkorn University and Prince of Songkla University. This was
done because of the Australian Government. They offer us the software that we can run
kind of -- actually, it's similar to UUCP network, but they are using the software
developed in Australia.
So with that three universities, we connect to Australia by two gateways, one from my
institute, from AIT, another one from Prince Songkra University. Of course, Australia call
us. We could not afford to call them. So we thank Australian colleagues in this room,
because we know that is from Australian taxpayer that we manage to get our email
operation working in the past.
In 1992, the Chulalongkorn University decided to establish a permanent link, so we had
our first leased line to UUnet in the US and the second link was a service soon after that
by Ministry of Science and Technology, by the National Electronic Technology Agency
under the Ministry of Science.
These two links became our gateway and our academic network inside the country kept
expanding during that time.
So we were busy with our expanding our academic connection within the country and,
at the same time, we try to talk to the Communication Authority of Thailand who had the
monopoly of international gateway. So we try to tell them that we realise that we didn't
do -- we kind of did not obey the declaration. However, we did not plan to harm their
business and so on. So finally, we reached an agreement that they would allow
commercial ISP. We started to have commercial ISP in 1995 and two licences were
issued by the Communication Authority of Thailand. One is to the Ministry of Science.
They had an ISP called inet and another one is for university in Thailand, which is called
KFC.
Going down the river to Cambodia. This is where we are. If I make any mistake, I
apologise.
Population, from what I could find, was 14.5 million. Internet users is almost 500,000,
which is very high, you know, for the growing very fast, for the past few years.
Facebook is almost the same as the Internet users.

The penetration rate is now 3.1. The year before was less than half of this. So
Cambodia is growing very fast.
I really appreciate the hardship that our Cambodian friends has to go through, because
they have to start from almost nothing, because their communication infrastructure was
destroyed during the war and, you know, they manage to build up their educational
system as well as their telecommunication system. This is very hard job.
The reason why I say that, because I came to Cambodia I think more than 20 years ago
to interview students for my institute and I now really find the difference, that you have
made. Because 20 years ago, it was almost nothing. The students, educational system
also was totally destroyed and you had to start from scratch.
In Cambodia, the telecommunication infrastructure is using wireless, so it's kind of
biggest mobile telephone -- you have the biggest mobile telephone subscribers in this
region. In terms of Internet, email service started in 1994 by an NGO Open Forum, led
by Norbert Klein, so I'm happy to see him here. And .kh was also registered in 1996 and
commercial Internet started in 1997 by again with the assistance from IDRC.
The second commercial Internet was by Telstra Australia.
Next, at the mouth of the Mekong River is Vietnam.
Vietnam has the biggest population among the six members of GMS, 88 million, and the
number of Internet users is 30.5 million. A lot of people are using Facebook, 3 million
over, less than Thailand. Internet penetration is 35.07 per cent.
The development of the Internet in Vietnam is quite similar to Thailand. It's a bit, a few
years later, but take very similar pattern. It started from the academic sector, where they
started to build up dial-up email to Germany and ANU in Australia. The activity was
carried by Institute of Information Technology, IOIT, in Hanoi.
Then similar to Thailand, they also form VAREnet, Vietnam Academic Research and
Education Net, to share the services among the Vietnamese institutes. They
registered .vn, which is the ccTLD for Vietnam in 1994.
They even formed a company called NetNam to provide Internet service so they
became an ISP themselves. This is done by the support of IDRC again. So IDRC was
involved in three countries. They set up a connection apart from universities, they also
extend their membership to NGOs, non-profit organizations.
The first permanent Internet international connection was established in 1997. The
delay was due to the registration process. I found that Vietnamese government, they
are very active to support the Internet, but they need to understand what it is and really,
you know, pass a few laws before they allow you to the freedom to do what you like to

do, like deploying the Internet and so on. But even though they delay this process, once
the Internet started to reach Vietnam, everything expanded very fast.
In my observation, throughout these years, all of us, these five -- I would leave out
China, because they are so different from us -- the five countries in GMS all had very
high telephone tariffs and also insufficient coverage of telephone. So that was the main
motivation for us, particularly those from academic community, to push forward to get
Internet connection started, email and so on, in order to have a lower priced more
efficient communication with our colleagues outside the country.
Our telecommunication operators in those days were all State-owned, and they always
tried to go by their own pace. They didn't want anyone to push them to move faster, so
they want to -- they don't like to listen to us. But in Thailand in particular, we try to be
friendly with each other and we try to work with them.
Then I found that launching email and Internet in these countries were driven initially by
international communities in the country, either in the country or outside the country.
In Myanmar, the same thing.
In Laos, some expat community from LaoNet. In Cambodia, Open Forum is the -- I don't
think Norbert Klein is Cambodian. In N Thailand, even though I'm a Thai, but I work for
the Asian Institute of Technology, which is kind of outside the Thai system.
Somehow, I found that the first push came from expat, external forces.
All of us found that our government did not put priority on ICT in the late '80s/early '90s,
because there were many other issues, there were many kinds of expenditures that our
government had to deal with, like whether they build other infrastructure, try to get clean
water for people, instead of building ICT. So it's understandable that they could not
foresee that the Internet would be so important.
In Cambodia and Laos, the Internet was driven by expats and, since the market is very
small, this is one of the reasons why I feel that the penetration of the Internet was very
slow until last few years.
In Thailand and Vietnam, we had very strong academic community that took the
leadership and also tried to protect the way the Internet was shaping in our countries.
So this helped a lot in terms of the development of the Internet.
Again, I would like to thank the Australian universities that helped us in building our
knowledge and also help us in terms of connectivity.
Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam receive support from IDRC.

The key players in the development, the academic institutions like Asian Institute of
Technology, actual long Corn University in Thailand, IOIT in Vietnam and another
component of the key players are the expats and NGOs, like, for example, in LaoNet in
Cambodia, Open Forum of Cambodia, external agencies involved in IDRC; now I got
the full name, International Development Research Centre, which is supported by
Canada.
After we started to build our network, we had to try to convince our government that this
is something, you should support us. First of all, most of us would work with the Ministry
of Science and Technology. But the first application that in Thailand and Vietnam that
we propose to our government was for our tourism office.
We try to show the government that you can use the website to promote our countries
and so on and that was kind of very impressive for the policymakers in the old days.
Ministry of Health: a lot of doctors are very keen on using ICT, so we didn't have to try to
introduce anything to them. They came to us and want to use the network. And we also
try to convince the government through trying to develop a system for parliaments and
also in terms of education.
So after we try to talk to governments in the late '90s/early 2000, the government
started to be very excited, so they became involved and they started to discuss about
ICT policies, regulations and so on, with the help by ITU and Asian Development Bank
and UNESCAP and also Asia Pacific Telecommunication Office in Bangkok.
Governments started to do promotion, for example, many governments started to have
campaign to build broadband network and so on.
They also try to work on registration, try to pass laws that would support e-commerce
activity and how to handle cyber crimes. Some of the laws that they passed may be too
early and need a lot of amendment later on, because of the misunderstanding of the
technology.
Then government tend to set up new agency that handle ICT sector, you know, on its
own, which was not the case before 2000. Most of the governments in GMS region set
up what we call software park, except for Laos and Cambodia. Myanmar also have
software park. So everybody think that to motivate ICT, you need to have software park.
In terms of help that we got from various organizations, Internet organizations that, you
know, help us to develop the Internet in this region, I think I can classify them into three
categories. For capacity building, IDRC, with APAN project, is very useful for us to get
started in the early days.
The Internet Society had workshop for engineers to be trained. Many of the pioneers
were trained at the Internet Society workshop.

APRICOT Conference which I like to talk about in 1995 Conference which was held in
Singapore, I think.
It was the first time that all the pioneers from different countries in GMS countries met
and I think that APRICOT was really a melting pot for all of us to start collaborating.
APAN is Asian Pacific Advance Network community also have a lot of training and
tutorials. APNIC, of course, like what you are having now.
At my own institute, interlab/AIT, we also run a lot of training from Internet engineers
and we receive a lot of support from the Network Start-up Resource Centre from the
US, University of Oregon.
In terms of human networking, we had Asia Pacific Networking Group as an
organization that tries to bring people together. Without human network, the network
would not have happened.
Apart from APNG, we now have AP*, which is a place where all representatives from
different AP organizations come and meet to update and exchange information.
In terms of connectivity, again, we appreciate IDRC for helping Cambodia, Laos and
Vietnam. And AARNet Australia that help us, Vietnam and Thailand receive help from
AARNet. APAN, which allow us to use their link to the US. And the wide project, in
Japan, which set up the satellite link, satellite network for the region called AIII project.
With all those, I could not get any more recent graph on the ICT penetration in GMS.
This is the kind of most up-to-date one that I could find.
You may categorise the GMS region into two groups.
You have Thailand and Vietnam close together, and Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia.
Laos and Cambodia are close together and Myanmar is someone that really need a lot
of help.
So far, each individual country started their own activity and try to build their own
network. Now I would like to look at the region as a whole.
How can we work together as the subregion? As I mentioned earlier, that we live
through very long war, so after the war, even though the war already ended, people
were still not so friendly to one another.
So in particularly from Thailand, we were kind of different from our neighbours, so our
neighbours did not receive us so well. So the Thai Government in 1988 had a policy of
turning the battlefield to marketplace and kind of opening up the whole region to what it
is today.

Apart from that, ADB started in 1992 to launch GMS subregional project in order to push
for economic cooperation to enhance the relationship among the six countries.
From that kind of project, that kind of policy, there was one project under ADB called
Greater Mekong Subregion Information Superhighway. Some of you may not have
heard about it.
This project is supposed to build intrasubregion connectivity among the six countries.
So this is the fibre optic network that they build out of this project.
This project started in 2005 and the infrastructure was completed in 2010.
Now we are in phase 4, the last phase. Phase 4 is to develop all kinds of services and
applications, based on the infrastructure that they have constructed.
This is the infrastructure they have constructed, which is quite amazing. So this is the
map which I got from the Communication Authority of Thailand. They confirm that
everything has been done. So the physical network has been completed. The ADB
direct financial support already ended, so ADB asked each member country to
contribute and set up GMS ICT office to operate this network.
That still has not happened yet and, right now, the network is hardly utilised. It's utilised
by point-to-point connection, but not as the network. The pricing scheme has not been
agreed, so that was one of the main reasons why it's not fully utilised.
To me, with cultural heritage that we all share in the GMS region, I think the killer apps -this is my own guess -- killer apps for this GMS information superhighway, if it ever
operate at all, would be VoIP, because the telephone charge is very expensive, so if we
can use the network for VoIP call, and that would save a lot of money.
You can see that people in this region now move around, so you have a lot of people,
you know, from Vietnam now living in Thailand and so on, so telephone would be very
attractive.
Another thing is the mass media, like alternative media. This is very popular now,
because people don't follow the mainstream media. They wanted to read what their
peers are writing.
Entertainment and on-line games, because somehow people in this region, they like to
play games.
Another project that I like to mention is the research and education network among
GMS countries.
Actually, it's part of the big project by the European Union called Trans-Eurasia
Information Network, which is connecting all the national research and education

networks around the world, so the TEIN project is only for Asia Pacific and Europe. So
members in the GMS countries are enjoying the benefit of this project. So each country
is now setting up their own research and education network within their own country. So
it's a very good push from the outside to get each country to organize their research and
education network, apart from the commercial network.
So that is what I think is happening now and I think needs a lot of support from
government as well as the business sector.
Thank you very much.
APPLAUSE
Sonak Kuoy: (Khmer/Cambodia spoken) Thank you, Dr Kanchana, from AIT Thailand
for your presentation and the sharing of the keynote on Greater Mekong Subregion and
the Internet.
Next I would like to invite Mr Kuo Wei Wu for the keynote speech on the Internet
Evolution and Regulation Governance.
(Khmer/Cambodian spoken)
Kuo Wei Wu: I don't know if you want tea break or you want my presentation? Okay, I
do my best. I skip video. Actually, I thought about I can play the video for 20 minutes
and then I start to talk, but I think 20 minutes might be too long for you, though. So I skip
the video, I just go to my presentation slide.
My slide basically is just a number and name regulation and governance and I think
most of you here, you know what number is and I think some of you know name and
you don't like the name, but somehow it is easiest.
First of all, I think everybody know if you want to get access to the Internet contents, you
need to go to the Internet, the cloud. What is the importance of the cloud in the basic
structures? We know we need a DNS.
What is the information in the DNS? I think most of you know, in the DNS, basically
actually is the number and names. Of course, I know some of you and at least one of
my friend, he still using the IP address, so he don't need a name, he don't need to go
through that, but I doubt how many people still can use the number to access the
Internet contents.
I think that is current structure and that is how DNS is so important. But the problem is I
think most of you -- well, not you, I think the people outside of this community -- a lot of
people are not really familiar about the DNS operation or what about the DNS security
and the DNS, the routing issue and some kind like that.

I think for the number of you know that all RIRs, we all running like a membership
structure. This number is what I took from the website of ARIN, RIPE NCC, APNIC,
LACNIC and AfriNIC. We know if you want to be got the allocation of address, you need
to be the member to get the address from.
That is how the structure basically, you know, IETF delegate the block to the IANA; the
IANA of course go to the RIRs; and the RIRs go to the NIR; and LIR and go to the
users.
That is what I check from 1981 to 2011. I think you know that the last few blocks actually
is given to all RIR on January 2011. So this 256 actually is already depleted. If you like
to see which year how many blocks were assigned, I have a slide.
Basically, it's kind of interesting in 1999, if I remember in 1999, also in 1998, is a socalled Internet booming. We only allocate one or two block /8 and it's -- well, there's
interesting, maybe you can find why, but somehow that happens.
That is how I check the IPv6. What I did is actually I go to the 1 million most popular
websites and see how many of those 1 million popular websites provide v6 access. That
doesn't count the traffic. It just counts how many of those 1 million most popular
websites provide v6 access.
You can see I start to track this from 2010 November until now and it's kind of
interesting, last year, the Internet v6day, we have a jump, but then we drop immediately
just two days after. Then from June 6, we call the World IPv6 launch and now we jump
again, very rapidly to almost 30,000 and actually, I keep tracking until August, very nice,
the number didn't drop.
There's really great. The number didn't drop.
Then I use this IPv6 to go to check where those IPv6 sites turn on the v6 for the access
and originally it's Chinese, but I had the English name in there and I basically track by
the RIR.
In the past, we saw the RIPE NCC is number 1.
Unfortunately, after the World IPv6 Day, Asia jumped to the number 1. And if you want to
know why, I can tell you very easy. It's Google. Google turned on all its website with
IPv6 and surprising that Google IPv6 turned on, it's all the address actually is allocated
from APNIC, not from ARIN. So that's a number you can look and you can track. Even
from June 6 till now, the number is still growing, I think that might be is a good sign for
IPv6 launch.
This is a name and this is domain name market structure. This slide actually I took from
Kenny Huang and basically you know the ICANN Domain Name Authority we give the

registry to the gTLD and then of course ccTLD we working with, but that is solving the
issue related.
Registry actually goes through the registrars, if you want gTLD, if you are the ccTLD,
well, ICANN cannot control, ICANN fully respects what ccTLD is going to run.
The registrar basically goes through director, sell the domain name to the consumer or
go through the re-seller. I think this is basically market structures.
By April 2011, the total is, well, you call 307 of the TLDs, but actually 11 is testing and
one is .arpa and the really commercialised of the gTLDs is 21 and ccTLD total is about
274, and you might be question why it is 274, is not as a UN system is only 197 or
something like that. Well, because that is some kind of historical reason.
Under the slide of the left-hand side, you can see that is number given by the sign. They
do the quarterly report. Right now, the domain name registrations basically is across
almost 230 million. You can see that actually the dot-com dominates, almost roughly
about 40 per cent of the whole domain name registrations.
On the right-hand side, you can see that because ICANN open the new gTLD
applications, how much application form will you receive, we receive 1,930.
It's kind of interesting, 1,930. But actually, the unique new gTLD application is about
1,409, because many of them actually applied for the same name; eventually they need
to go through the bidding process.
I don't know how many are going to pass, but somehow if you add with 21, that means
eventually, by some time next year, or 2014, we have more registry than registrar. That
is really historic times.
This is now a given, I think here is example of WGIG working member here. And they
set out the so-called Internet governance issues. Somehow, the number and name and
server will be categorised and so-called critical Internet resources and so most of the
time we will be invited to talking about the issue regarding for critical Internet resources.
But what about the others? Are those other issues not related to us? To be honest, it's
not really true, because some of the issues it look like doesn't impact to the critical
resources, such as the number, name and DNS or the server But somehow, the political
people or the congress, the government or some industry people, they think in a
different way and they going to touch the DNS, they try to touch the number and name
and try to manipulate it and they actually doing kind of dangers to the whole Internet
infrastructure operation and that is basically I'm going to talk about regulation and
governance.
I think all of you know, early this year, the US Congress tried to bring the SOPA bill, and
you maybe heard it. You can see that on the right-hand side, that is on June 18. Most of

the congress members appreciate the SOPA bill, but, as you also know, by June 18, a
lot of Internet industry, also the Internet users, kind of get mad and million of the emails
sending to the congress to complain.
Just one day after January 19, you can see that a lot of congressmen actually switch,
swapping from the support to the deny.
Eventually, turn off the SOPA bill. Will it be killed? I don't know, but at least moment the
SOPA not going to talk and might be going to bring a new bill.
It's kind of interesting, you look at January, what the US Congress did and compare with
last month. You know, actually this month, August 3, the US House of Representatives
tell the world, say -- well, the political or government should hands off the Internet.
I think those House of Representatives maybe forgot what they did in January.
Anyway, nominate 414 of the congress members say hands off the Internet. Don't put
your hands into the Internet operation, infrastructure operations. This is kind of
interesting.
When they are talking about interest body and they have a different face. When they
talk to the foreigner, they have another face.
This is another interesting article. This is also interesting in all the government action is
called ACTA.
I think most of you know that ACTA actually is more than 20 some countries, the
government, signed agreement without -- well, not secretly, but at least not transparent,
not open the door, you know, and they pass an agreement.
But then when they go to the EC, European Commission, the people say no, this is a
bad regulation and the European Commission say, the parliament, they say this is not a
good bill, so they basically turn it off.
So this is the very controversial and very serious contradictions. You know, if you look,
no matter from SOPA or ACTA point of view, if you vow that IPR is not good behaviour,
but why is it being turned off? The ACTA is the same thing. It kind of violates the
counterfeit goods. And why happen? Because it also touch several of the very basic
thing, one of that is like human rights, Internet freedom.
Another thing is very important is it could be very dangerous for the future Internet
developments or the Internet basically infrastructure operations.
This is the one of the articles is Vint Cerf was being interviewed by the Wall Street
Journal regarding the Google operation in China. Vint Cerf say we have to figure out

what works and so does the Chinese Government. It has to figure out what works and
what is the best for its population.
I change the sentence a little bit. I say it should be we have to figure out what works. So
does the government and industries -- it has to figure out what works and what's best for
its population and consumers and particularly the Internet future.
So I think we all in the very interesting challenge, at these moments; how to make really
the future of Internet in the right direction is the fit to general public interest, the good to
the public interest.
I think this is challenge to government, to industry and to us. The people in this
community in the community for number and the community for name too.
We know the next IGF meeting will be in Baku and we all in here we knew the IGF
actually is just a follow up of the UN WSIS. We thought about IGF is going to be the
platform talking about Internet governance and we thought about somehow we can
resolve the Internet governance issue in this platform, perfectly. But it seems like some
people don't like it. Some people want to create a new channel or new platform. They
thought about IGF, it is just talking. The IGF don't make solutions.
So we have another interesting meeting called WCIT 12 that will be by end of the year
in Dubai. That is from ITU and ITR.
I think a lot of people see the comment and a lot of people put a community into the
WCIT in ITU regarding the dangerous of the WCIT, the ITR would be impact to the
Internet futures and I think not only the general government or the telecommunication
industry, I just took this opportunity to raise the issue for the community from the
number and name. I think this is also a chance for us to bring the problem or the
possible consequence or possible dangers to the whole Internet operation and the
future of the Internet and even further to the whole economy, the whole society and
most critical is for the future human civilisation.
Geoff Huston wrote a lot of articles, very good articles actually to be honest, the ICANN
board will read his article seriously. Geoff, you wrote a really good article. You know, we
quite enjoy it. Here I be honest to tell you, we read your article word by word.
So here I put something, a chart to map to the Geoff's articles. You can see that April
start and compare with AT&T stock and AT&T stock right now is around $30 something
per year. What about April? I think you know that yesterday, Apple reached record high,
around $700-something per share. The same thing Verizon, the share price is around
$40. What about Google? It's about $600 to $700.
So that would bring the industry in jealous. Well, the telecom is not going to be the
hotspot any more for the investor. Also, as Geoff wrote articles, telecom try to get some

money, some share from the Internet company. But somehow, what challenge to us, this
is the last two slides I try to keep you have time, have a tea break.
What challenge to us? I think in general in the past, the number, for example, the NIR,
NRO, IR, APNIC, RIPE NCC, we went to ITU quite often to communicate with them
about the dangerous or something like that. Of course, ccTLD and CCNS, so we went
to the IGF, try to convince the government what is importance of the DNS or something
like that.
But is that enough? It seems not really. Because the government actually not -- well,
they thought they talking about they are not going to touch the number and name, but
they use the IPR, for example, so Pao is basically IPR issues and they try to do the
filtering, censorship, they try to blocking all kind of things, you know, really dangerous of
DNS operations.
What is our other issue raised by like cultural difference as you know and something
about the issue raised by taxation, mail order regulations? What is related to the mail
order regulations? Happened about July last year in Taiwan, when the market
introduced into Taiwan and Taipei City government come out say based on the mail
order regulations, any people download app, you have to allow them to try seven days
for free. Then withdraw the market from Taiwan, because how can you do that? Can I
download a movie and see it six days, 6.5 days, and I return for free? I think the
consumer would love it, but problem is nobody want to do it.
Eventually, withdraw from Taiwan, but that mean you cannot end market any more? No,
that's not really.
That's not true, because they go to outside of Taiwan to download it. One myth in
Taiwan. Consumer, well, you don't have a government protection any more. The
government do not have tax from Google any more. So you kind of lost.
So is the last thing, I think there is many things we can work together, particularly the
number and ICANN, we can work together. I think that is couple of things, first of all, I
think both of us we have to enhance or increase or, you know, better communication
with the government in the ICANN GAC, in the ITU delegate, in the APAC tell, to allow
the government or at least to present to the government to understand how the DNS
operation and how the DNS is important to the whole Internet stability and security and
how the Internet is so important for the future economy, particularly the human
civilisations.
We also need to communicate with the Internet organization ITU, OECD, many of them.
Of course, we still need to communicate with industry, Internet industry, telecom
company, industry, well, is there any possible for the Internet industry and the telco
industry we shut them in the door and ask them to negotiate by themselves? Don't bring
the trouble issue to us. But I don't know.

I think we need more articles from Geoff Huston.

You know, I think this is good stuff. Because this gives more interpretation and
consequence to allow the government people, the congressmen, the industry, the
consumer, the Internet user, to understand the consequence.
Of course, explain the impact to the Internet user globally. If you really enjoy the
Internet, you have to stand out. You have to stand up and to tell what you think, what
you want.
The last thing I think NRO, the number people, you did a wonderful job to help the
developing countries.
I think to be honest, in ICANN board, I encourage the ICANN we need to do it and not
by ourselves. It's working with NRO, IRR peoples.
So I wish in the future we have more cooperation between ICANN and APNIC and
these number communities.
Let us work together to help the developing countries, and I very enjoyable for the NRO
decided to have NRO people meeting with ICANN board every ICANN meeting.
I really appreciate what you're doing and I think that is a very good start point and I think
we can work much better.
Thank you very much for giving me your time. After I quit APNIC EC, by 2010, I still
have chance to stand here on the platform. Thank you very much APPLAUSE
Sonak Kuoy: Thank you, Mr Kuo-Wei. Ladies and gentlemen, this is the end of the
Opening Ceremony. I am thankful to all guests of honour and participants to this
ceremony. We will have a coffee break, about 10 minutes, and we will come back to the
APOPS session.
Thank you.
APPLAUSE

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