1

InternShip Training Report

132 KV SubStation
Kamalabad ,IESCO
Submitted By:
Muntazir Mehdi
B.Sc Electrical Engineering
4Th Year
APCOMS affiliated with UET Taxila

Training Duration: Two Weeks ( 20 Aug 2015

to 04 Sep 2015 )

Islamabad Electric Supply

Company
Limited ( IESCO )
Sl.
Topic
No.
1.

132 KV SubStation Kamalabad ,IESCO

Page
No.
3

2.

Substation

3.

CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN

4.

SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS

5.

Transformer

6.

Circuit Breakers

7.

Isolators

10

8.

Bus Bars

11

9.

Insulators

11

10.

Relays

13

11.

Protection of Substation

15

12.

Three Phase Transformer Connections

17

13.

Capacitor Bank

21

14.

Conclusion

21

1. 132 KV SubStation Kamalabad ,IESCO

The 132 KV substation Kamalabad was commissioned in the year 1957.
There are two main 132 KV bus incoming for the substation. These buses
are:1. 132 KV Rawat Line
2. 132 KV Sandhani Line

2. SUBSTATION (Grid Stations)

Substation is an intermediate switching, transforming or converting station
between the generating station and the low tension distribution network
situated generally the consumers load centre.
The sub-station receives power from the generating station by a single or
more feeders at a high voltage, transform the same to the different
distribution voltages and sends to different consumers through distribution
network.
Substations are classified by two broad categories:1. According to the service requirement:

Transformer substation
Switch substation
Power factor correction substation
Frequency change substation
Converting substation
Industrial substation
Collector Substation
Convertor Substation
Switching Substation

2. According to the constructional features:

Indoor substation
Outdoor substation
Underground substation
Pole mounted substation

3. CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN

An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:
a) Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short
time currents.
b) Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These
forces comprise self-weight, and weight of other conductors and
equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind
and ice loading.
c) Should be corona free at rated voltage.
d) Should have the minimum number of joints.
e) Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
f) Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums.
Steel may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high
susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been
utilized, and these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors,
and Tubular Conductors.
STANDARD SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR 132 KV LINES
'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of
Aluminum of dia 3.00 mm.

4. SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS
1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant
outage does not necessarily result in loss of supply.
2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the
transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after
isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
3. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of
the substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty
circuit breaker.

4. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of

the circuit.

5. TRANSFORMERS
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating
current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low
voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It
works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is
called step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down
transformer.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Power Transformer
It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage greater
than 33 KV & 100% efficiency. It also having a big in size as compare to
distribution transformer, it used in generating station and Transmission
substation at high insulation level. They can be of two types: Single Phase
Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers.

2. Instrument Transformers
These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that points
where standard voltmeters and ammeters cannot be used. They are of two
types:a). CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current
transformer (CT)
is
used
for
measurement of alternating electric currents.
When current in a circuit is too high to apply
directly to measuring instruments, a current
transformer produces a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in the
circuit, which can be conveniently connected to
measuring and recording instruments. A current
transformer isolates the measuring instruments
from what may be very high voltage in the
monitored circuit.

b).POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential
transformers (PT)) are a parallel connected type of
instrument transformer, used for metering and
protection in high-voltage circuits or phasor phase
shift isolation. They are designed to present
negligible load to the supply being measured and to
have an accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate
metering. A potential transformer may have several
secondary windings on the same core as a primary
winding, for use in different metering or protection
circuits.

3. On the basis of working

On the above basis, transformers are of two types:
Step up Transformer
Step down Transformer

4.

Auto Transformers

An autotransformer is
an
electrical transformer with only one winding. The
"auto" prefix refers to the single coil acting on
itselfand not to any kind of automatic mechanism. In
an autotransformer, portions of the same winding act
as both the primary and secondary sides of the
transformer.
The
winding
has
at
least
three taps where electrical connections are made.
Autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter,and
cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers, but the disadvantage of not
providing electrical isolation.

5. Distribution Transformers
A distribution transformer is a transformer that
provides the final voltage transmission in the
electrical power distribution system, stepping
down voltage to the level used by customers.

6. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to
protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. There are different types
of circuit breakers which are:-

1.Low-voltage circuit breakers

Low-voltage (less than 1,000 VAC) types are common in
domestic, commercial and industrial application, and
include Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) and Molded Case
Circuit Breaker (MCCB).

2. Magnetic circuit breakers

Magnetic
circuit
breakers use
a solenoid (electromagnet) whose pulling force
increases with the current. Certain designs utilize

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electromagnetic forces in addition to those of the

solenoid.

3.Thermal magnetic circuit breakers

Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the
type found in most distribution boards, incorporate
both techniques with the electromagnet responding
instantaneously to large surges in current (short
circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding to less
extreme but longer-term over-current conditions. The
thermal portion of the circuit breaker provides an
"inverse time" response feature, which trips the
circuit breaker sooner for larger over currents.

4.Common trip breakers

Three-pole common trip breaker for supplying
a three-phase device. This breaker has a 2A
rating. When supplying a branch circuit with
more than one live conductor, each live
conductor must be protected by a breaker
pole. To ensure that all live conductors are
interrupted when any pole trips, a "common
trip" breaker must be used. These may either
contain two or three tripping mechanisms
within one case.

5. Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6) high-voltage circuit breakers

A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses
contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas

11

to quench the arc. They are most often used for

transmission-level voltages and may be
incorporated
into
compact
gas-insulated
switchgear.

6.Oil circuit breakers

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is
drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish
the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes
the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure
produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that
furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a
restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its
elongation upon parting of contacts and because
of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.
They are further of two types: Bulk Oil Circuit
Breaker (BOCB) and Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
(MOCB).

7. Air circuit breakers

Rated current up to 6,300 A and higher for
generator circuit breakers. Trip characteristics
are often fully adjustable including
configurable trip thresholds and delays.
Usually electronically controlled, though some
modelsare microprocessor controlled via an
integral electronic trip unit. Often used for
main power distribution in large industrial
plant, where the breakers are arranged in
draw-out enclosures for ease of maintenance.

12

7. ISOLATERS
Isolator can be rewritten as isolator is a
manually operated mechanical switch which
separates a part of the electrical power system
normally at off load condition.

8. BUS BARS
When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage
have to be directly connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common
electrical component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods operate at
constant voltage.
The following are the important bus bars arrangements used at substations:

Single bus bar system

Single bus bar system with section alisation.
Duplicate bus bar system

9. INSULATORS

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An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do

not flow freely, and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric
current under the influence of an electric field. The insulator serves two
purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current to
the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of
insulator is porcelain. There are several types of insulators

Shackle insulator

In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain

insulators. But now a day, they are frequently used for low
voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either
in a horizontal position or in a vertical

Pin type insulator

As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is

mounted on a pin on the cross-arm on the pole. There is
a groove on the upper end of the insulator. The
conductor passes through this groove and is tied to the
insulator with annealed wire of the same material as the
conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission
and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.
Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type
insulators become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

Suspension insulator

Strain insulator

For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual

practice to use suspension type insulators shown in
Figure. Consist of a number of porcelain discs
connected in series by metal links in the form of a
string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom
end of this string while the other end of the string is
secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number
of disc units used depends on the voltage.
A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used
where a straight section of line ends, or angles
off in another direction. These poles must
withstand the lateral (horizontal) tension of the

14

long straight section of wire. In order to support

this lateral load, strain insulators are used.
For low voltage lines (less than 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as strain
insulators. However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings of cap-andpin (disc) insulators are used, attached to the crossarm in a horizontal
direction. When the tension load in lines is exceedingly high, such as at long
river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.
position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a
bolt or to the cross arm.

10. RELAYS
In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does
occur somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the
system, it must be quickly detected and disconnected from the system.
Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of damage to it
and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high
voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of
automatic protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the
information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage,
frequency, current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on
the transmission line the current flowing in the line increases to the
enormous value. This result in a heavy current flow through the relay coil,
causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn closes the
trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the
faulty section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the
safety of the circuit equipment from the damage and normal working of the
healthy portion of the system.
Relay works on two main operating principles:

Electromagnetic Attraction
Electromagnetic Induction

RELAY
USED
SUBSTATION

.Differential Relay

IN

CONTROLLING

PANEL

OF

15

A differential relay is one that operates when vector

difference of the two or more electrical quantities exceeds
a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal
or greater than the pickup value, the relay will operate
and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

. Over Current Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit
exceeds the predetermined value. The actuating source is
the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a
current transformer. These relay are used on A.C. circuit
only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction.
This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

. Earth Fault Relay

This type of relay sense the fault between the lines
and the earth. It checks the vector sum of all the line
currents. If it is not equal to zero, it trips.

. Tripping Relay
This type of relay is in the conjunction with main
relay. When main relay sense any fault in the
system, it immediately operates the trip relay to
disconnect the faulty section from the section.

. Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by
glowing bulb or showing various flags.

16

11. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION

LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
A lightning arrestor is a device used in
power systems
and telecommunications systems to protect
the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning. The
typical
lightning
arrester
has
a highvoltage terminal and a ground terminal. When
a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is
very similar) travels along the power line to
the arrester, the current from the surge is
diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to
earth.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed.
Therefore chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however
the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the
transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate

17

automatic protection for transformers against possible faults. Various

protection methods used for transformers are:-

Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled
powertransformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil
reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective
device
sensitive
to
the
effects
of dielectric failure
inside
the
equipment.Depending on the model, the relay has multiple methods to
detect a failing transformer. On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to
slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates
in the top of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float switch in the relay
is used to initiate an alarm signal.
Depending on design, a second float may also
serve to detect slow oil leaks.If an arc forms, gas
accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into
the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch
attached to a vane located in the path of the
moving oil. This switch normally will operate
a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before
the fault causes additional damage

Conservator and Breather

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the
temperature, the oil level goes either up or down in
main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil
level up to predetermined value in the transformer
main tank by placing it above the level of the top of
the tank. Breather is connected to conservator tank for
the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the
insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction
and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through
breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt
chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and
replaced when necessary.

Marshalling box
It has two meter which indicate the temperature

18

of the oil and winding of main tank. If

temperature of oil or winding exceeds than
specified value, relay operates to sound an
alarm. If there is further increase in temperature
then relay completes the trip circuit to open the
circuit breaker controlling the transformer.

Transformer cooling
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the
removal of heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:
1. Air natural cooling
In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of
surrounding air is used for its cooling. This type of cooling is
satisfactory for low voltage small transformers.
2. Air blast cooling
It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition
that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and
winding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast.
3. Oil natural cooling
Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core
immersed in oil, which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating
medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the
oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil
from the bottom of the cooling tank.
4. Oil blast cooling
In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of
transformers immersed in oil.
5. Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank

19

to a cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

6. Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external
water heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling
tubes in the heat exchanger.

12. Three Phase Transformer Connections

Three phase transformer connections In three phase system, the three
phases can be connected in either star or delta configuration. In case you are
not familiar with those configurations, study the following image which
explains star and delta configuration. In any of these configurations, there
will be a phase difference of 120 between any two phases.

Three Phase Transformer Connections

Windings of a three phase transformer can be connected in various
configurations as (i) star-star, (ii) delta-delta, (iii) star-delta, (iv) delta-star, (v)
open delta and (vi) Scott connection. These configurations are explained

20

below.

Open Delta (V-V) Connection

Two transformers are used and primary and
secondary connections are made as shown in the
figure below. Open delta connection can be used
when one of the transformers in - bank is disabled
and the service is to be continued until the faulty
transformer is repaired or replaced. It can also be
used for small three phase loads where installation of
full three transformer bank is un-necessary. The total
load carrying capacity of open delta connection is
57.7% than that would be for delta-delta connection.

Star-Star (Y-Y)

Star-star connection is generally used for small, high-voltage

transformers. Because of star connection, number of required
turns/phase is reduced (as phase voltage in star connection is 1/3 times
of line voltage only). Thus, the amount of insulation required is also
reduced.
The ratio of line voltages on the primary side and the secondary side is
equal to the transformation ratio of the transformers.
Line voltages on both sides are in phase with each other.
This connection can be used only if the connected load is balanced.

Delta-Delta (-)

This connection is generally used for large, low-voltage transformers.

Number of required phase/turns is relatively greater than that for starstar connection.
The ratio of line voltages on the primary and the secondary side is
equal to the transformation ratio of the transformers.
This connection can be used even for unbalanced loading.
Another advantage of this type of connection is that even if one
transformer is disabled, system can continue to operate in open delta
connection but with reduced available capacity.

Star-Delta OR Wye-Delta (Y-)

The primary winding is star star (Y) connected with grounded neutral
and the secondary winding is delta connected.

21

This connection is mainly used in step down transformer at the

substation end of the transmission line.
The ratio of secondary to primary line voltage is 1/3 times the
transformation ratio.
There is 30 shift between the primary and secondary line voltages.

Delta-Star OR Delta-Wye (-Y)

The primary winding is connected in delta and the secondary winding
is connected in star with neutral grounded. Thus it can be used to
provide 3-phase 4-wire service.

This type of connection is mainly used in step-up transformer at the

beginning of transmission line.

The ratio of secodary to primary line voltage is 3 times the

transformation ratio.

There is 30 shift between the primary and secondary line voltages.

Above transformer connection configurations are shown in the following
figure.

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13. CAPACITOR BANK

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The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and
evening which increases the magnetization current. This result in the
decreased power factor. The low power factor is mainly due to the fact most
of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents. The low
power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting
in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a
supply system from engineering and economic stand point it is important to
have power factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the
power factor come device taking leading power should be connected in
parallel with the load. One of such device can be capacitor bank. The
capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the
lagging reactive component of load current.
Main

functions of Capacitor Bank are:Supply Reactive Power

Improve Terminal Voltage
Improve Power Factor

14. CONCLUSION
Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important
role in our life. Thats why various protective measures are taken to protect
the substations from various faults and its smooth functioning. At the end of
the training, I came to know about the various parts of substations and how
they are operated