Chapter One: Fourier Transform: Periodic Functions

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Lecture (1)
Engineering Analysis Lecture notes

Third year
Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa
Lecture (1)
Chapter One: Fourier Transform

Reference: Advanced Engineering Mathematics (By Erwin Kreyszig)
1.1 Periodic functions: A function f(x) is said to be periodic if it is
defined for all real x and if there is some positive number T such that
f ( x T ) f ( x)
This number T is called a period of f(x)
T 2
T 2
f ( x ) sin( x )
f ( x ) cos( x )
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1.2 Even and Odd Functions:

i)
y = f(x) is said to be even if

f(-x) = f(x) for all x and
T
f ( x ) dx 2 f ( x ) dx
ii)
If g(x) is odd function, then

g(-x)= -g(x) , and
T
g ( x ) dx 0
Example:
x , x 3 , x 5 , sin( x )
are odd functions
x 2 , x 4 , x 6 , cos( x )
are even functions
Example:
1
(e x e x )
2
1
e ( x ) ) (e x e x )
2
f ( x ) sinh( x )
1
(e x
2
1
(e
2
So the function is odd
f ( x )
ex) f (x)
(Homework sec. 10.1 Reference)
<<<>>> Trigonometric series:

Our problem in the first few sections of this chapter will be representation
of various functions of period T=2 in terms of the simple functions
sin( x ), cos( x ), sin( 2 x ), cos( 2 x ), , sin( nx ), cos( nx )
The series that will arise in this connection will be of the form
a 0 a 1 cos(
Where
x ) b 1 sin(
x) a
a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , , b1 , b 2 , ,
cos( 2 x ) b 2 sin( 2 x ), ,
are real constants such a series is
called a trigonometric series, and a n and b n are called coefficients of the

series. Using the summation sign
a [ a cos( nx ) b sin( nx )]
n
n
0
n1
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1.3 Fourier Series:

Euler formulas let as assume that f(x) is a periodic function of period 2.
Then f(x) can be represented by a trigonometric series:
f (x) a
cos( nx ) b n sin( nx )] ( 1 )
n1
1
a0
f ( x ) dx
2
1
an
( n 1 , 2 ,...)
f ( x ) cos( nx ) dx
[a
where
bn
f ( x ) sin( nx ) dx
Example:
Find the Fourier series of the function in the figure.
x 0
0 x
k
f (x)
k
Solution:
a
bn
T 2
0
k
dx
k dx 0
2
k cos nx dx k cos nx dx 0
k sin nx dx k sin nx dx
0
2k
k
0
cos nx ) (
cos nx 0 )}
( 1 cos
n
n
f ( x ) dx
2
1 0

1 0

1
k
{(
2k
b1
2
2k
2
3
2k
2
5
nx )
b2 0
b3
b4 0
b5
b6 0
f ( x ) b n sin nx
n 1
4k
4k
(sin 3 x )
(sin 5 x )
3
5
4k
1
1
[(sin
(sin 3 x )
(sin 5 x ) ]
f ( x )
x )
3
5
1
1
when
,
x
S 1

2
3
5
4k
and
f ( x ) k , k
S S
4
f ( x )
4k
(sin
x )
(Homework sec. 10.2 References)
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1.4 Dirichlets condition:

f ( x ) a [ a cos( nx ) b sin( nx )] ( 1 )
n
n
0
n1
, is good at every point of continuity. At a point of discontinuity, the
left side of eq. (1) is replaced by
f (x
1
2
) f ( x )
, i.e. the mean value at the discontinuity

Example: Given
x2
f (x) x
2
f (1 ) 1
x 1
x 1
1
2
, f (1 )
f (1 )
1
1
3
(1
)
2
2
4
<<<>>> Functions having arbitrary period:
Suppose that f(t) has period T. Then x
2
t and eq(1) will be
T
2n
2n
f
(
t
)
a
[ a n cos(
t ) b n sin(
t )]
n1
T
T
1
T
2
an
T
2
bn
T
a0
where
T /2
f ( t ) dt
T / 2
T /2
T / 2
T /2
T / 2
2n
t ) dt
T
2n
f ( t ) sin(
t ) dt
T
f ( t ) cos(
( n 1 , 2 ,...)
Example: Find Fourier series of the function in figure

0
f (x) k
0
a0
2 x 1
1 x 1
1 x 2
T 4
1
2
1 2
1 1
k
(
)
[
(
0
)
(
)
f
x
dx
dx
k
dx
( 0 ) dx ]
4 2
4 2
2
1
1
an
2 1
2n
2k
n
sin
x dx
k cos
4 1
4
2
n
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1. when n = even a n = 0
2. when n = odd = 1, 5, 9, a n = 2k/n
n = 3, 7, 11, a n = -2k/n
bn
1 1
n
n
k
n
) x dx
(cos
cos
) 0
k sin(
2 1
2
2
2
n
2k
k 2k
3
2k
5
x
x
cos x
cos
cos
2
3
2
2
5
2
1
k 2k
3
1
5
f ( x)
x cos
x
[cos x cos
2
3
2
2
5
2
1 1
when x 0 , S 1
3 5
k 2k
and
f ( x 0) k
S S
k
2
4
f ( x)
(Homework sec. 10.3 Reference 1)
1.5 Fourier Series of Even and Odd Functions

The Fourier series of an even function f(t) of period T is a
Fourier cosine series
f ( t ) a 0 a n cos(
n1
2n
t)
T
, where
2 T /2
f ( t ) dt
T 0
4 T /2
2n
an
t ) dt
f ( t ) cos(
T 0
T
a0
The Fourier series of an odd function f(t) of period T is a Fourier

sine series
2n
t)
, where
T
2n
f ( t ) sin(
t ) dt
T
f ( t ) b n sin(
n1
bn
T /2
T 0

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1.6 Half Range Expansions:

Suppose f(t) is defined on an interval 0 t l, and on this interval we
want to represent f(t) by a Fourier series. We may let 0 t l correspond
to 0 t T/2, that is we set T/2=l or T=2l using the Fourier cosine series
we construct the even periodic extension of f(t) of period T=2l and
f ( t ) a 0 a n cos(
n 1
n
t)
l
1l
a 0 f ( t ) dt
l 0
2l
n
a n f ( t ) cos(
t ) dt
l 0
l
, where
n 1, 2, 3, ...
Using the Fourier sine series we construct the even periodic extension
of f(t) of period T=2l and
n
t)
n 1
l
2l
n
bn f ( t ) sin(
t ) dt
l 0
l
f ( t ) bn sin(
, where
n 1, 2, 3, ...
The two extensions are called Half-range expansions of the given

function f(t).
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Chapter One: Fourier Transform: Periodic Functions

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University of Technology

Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng.

Engineering Analysis Lecture notes