Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3.
PD1602TheNewGamblingLaw
RA9287AnActIncreasingthePenaltiesforIllegalNumberGames,Amending
CertainProvisionsofPD1602andOtherPurposes
4.
5.
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8.
Reasonforprohibitingandpunishinggambling
- Gamblingisanactbeyondthepaleofgoodmorals,which,forthewelfare
oftheFilipinopeople,shouldbeexterminated
- Theperniciouspracticeisrightfullyregardedastheoffspringofidleness
and the prolific parent of vice and immorality, demoralizing in its
associationandtendencies,detrimentaltothebestinterestsofsociety,and
theencouragingwastefulness,thriftlenesss,andabeliefthatalivelihood
maybeearnedbyothermeansthanhonestindustry.
- Ithastheeffectofcausingpoverty,dishonesty,fraudanddeceit
Lottery
- Schemeforthedistributionofprizesbychance
- Schemebywhicharesultisreachedbysomeactionormeanstaken,andin
which result mans choice or will has no part, nor can human reason,
foresight,sagacityordesignenablehimtoknowordeterminesuchresult
untilthesamehasbeenaccomplished
- Lotteryembracestheelementsofprocuringthroughlotorchance,by
theinvestment ofasum ofmoneyorsomethingofvalue,somegreater
amountofmoneyorthingofgreatervalue
- Wheresmallamountsarehazardedtogainlargeamounts,andtheresultof
winningorlosingisdeterminedbychance,inwhichneitherchoicenorskill
canoperatetoinfluencetheresultthereisgamblingbylot,oraprohibited
lottery
- Schemewherebyone,onpayingmoneyorothervaluablethingtoanother,
becomesentitledtoreceivefromhimsuchareturninvalue,ornothing,as
someformulahimsuchareturninvalue,ornothing,assomeformulaof
chancemaydetermineisalottery
Whenapersonobtainsfullvalueforhismoney,thereisNOLOTTERY
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TobealotteryasdefinedbythatActtheplayermustpartwithhismoneyor
property,orsomeportionthereofonanakedchancetowin.
PunishableactsunderRA9287amendingPD1602
1.
2.
Actingasabettor
Actingasapersonnelorstaffofanillegalnumbersgameoperation
Allowingtheuseofhisvehicle,house,buildingorlandtobeusedinthe
operationoftheillegalnumbersgame
Actingasacollectororagent
Actingascoordinator,controller,orsupervisor
Actingasamaintainer,manager,oroperator
Actingasafinancierorcapitalist
Actingasaprotectororcoddler
Liabilityofgovernmentemployeesand/orpublicofficials:
Agovernmentemployeeand/orpublicofficialwhetherelectedorappointedwhoacts
as the collector, agent, coordinator, controller,, supervisor, maintainer, manager,
operator,financier,orcapitalistoranyillegalnumbergame===12YEARSAND1
DAYTO20YEARSandaFINERANGINGFROM3MTO5MandPERPETUAL
ABSOLUTEDISQUALIFICATIONFROMPUBLICOFFICE
Liabilityofparents/guardians:
Thepenaltyofimprisonmentfrom6monthsand1dayto1yearorafineranging
from100,000to400,000pesos
- depriveofauthorityoversuchperson
Effectofrecidivism
PenaltynexthigherindegreethanthatprovidedforunderSection3hereofshallbe
imposeduponrecidivist
Immunityfromprosecution
Anypersonwhoservesasawitnesssforthegovernmentorprovidesevidenceina
criminalcaseinvolvinganyviolationofthisAct,orwhovoluntarilyorbyvirtueofa
subpoena testificandum or duces tecum, produces, identifies, or gives testimony
SHALLBEIMMUNEFROMANYCRIMINALPROSECUTION,SUBJECTTO
THE COMPLIANCE WITH PROVS of PD 1732 DECREE PROVIDING
IMMUNITY FROM CRIMINAL PROSECUTION TO GOVERNMENT
WITNESSESANDTHEPERTINENTPROVSOFRULESOFCOURT
Section8allowsgovernmentinvestigatorsandprosecutorstograntimmunity
- allowsgovernmentinvstigatorsandprosecutorstoGRANTIMMUNITY
ApersonmaybecriminallyliableforviolationofRA9287andRPC
NopropertyorincomederivedfromviolationofRA9287maybealienatedor
disposedofduringthependencyofthecase
sameshallbeincustodialegisandnobondshallbeadmittedfortherelease
ofthesame
Forfeitureinfavorofgovernmentofallproceeds,gamblingparaphernaliaand
otherinstruments.
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Article200:GRAVESCANDAL
TheoffensepunishedinArticle201(3)isMALUMINSEinwhichacriminal
intentisanindispensableingredient
Exhibitindecentorimmoralplays,scenes,actsorshows
Dsplayingandofferingforsaletothepublickchainwitheyeappenderswhich
consistsofpicturesincolorsofnudewomenNOTVIOLATIVEbecauseitis
consideredworksofart
Test:Whetherthemotiveofthepicture,asindicatedbyit,ispureorimpure;or
whetheritisnaturallycalculatedtoexciteimpureimagination
Obsceneperformances
1.
2.
3.
Thereisnogravescandaliftheactswereperformedinaprivatehouseandseen
byonlyoneperson
doesnotconstitutethatdegreeofpublicity
TheactscomplainedSHOULDNOTbepunishableunderanyotherprovision
oftheRPC
Theauthorwhoknowinglypublishedthesame
Theeditorwhoknowinglypublishedthesame
Theowneroroperatoroftheestablishmentsellingthesame
MerenudityinpaintingandsculptureisNOTOBSCENITYastheyare
consideredworksofart
MaybetransformedintoanindecentandobseceneobjectbyPOSTURE,
and MOVEMENTS of such body whch produce PERCEPTIBLE AND
DISCERNIBLEREACTIONinthepublicoraudiencewitnessingthsame
ThereactionofpublicduringtheperformanceofXwhohadnothingexcept
nylonpatchesoverherbreasts.ThespectatorswerehowlingSigemuna
sige,nakakalibogDancingwasindecentanderotic
MerepossessionofobscenemaerialsisNOTPUNISHABLE
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withoutintentiontosell,exhibit,orgivethemaway
purposeoflaw:toprohibitthedisseminationofobscenematerialsinpublic
THELAWDOESNOTREQUIRE:thatapersoniscaughtintheactof
selling,givingawayorexhibitingobscenematerialstobeliableforaslong
asthesaidmaterialsareofferedforsale,displaysorexhibitedtothepublic
Whetherthepictureisobsceneornotdependsuponthecircumstances.The
cases and the questions will ultimately be decided by the judgment of the
aggregatesenseofthecommunityreachedbyit
AsobscenityisanunprotectedspeechwhichtheStatehastherighttoregulate,the
Stateinpuruingitsmandatetoprotectasaprenspatriae,thepublicfromobscene,
immoralandindecentmaterialsmustjustifuytheregulationorlimitation
Picturesdepictingtheinhabitantsintheirnativedressastheyappearinthe
regionswheretheyliveareNOTobsceneorindecent
Picturesofnudewomen,notforartssake,butforpurposesofprofitorgainis
VIOLATIONofArticle201
Showingofamanandwomaninactualactofcoitusinbedtopatronswhopay
feesconstituteimmoralorindecentshows
Givingimmoralorindecentliteraturetoasinglerecipientisnotpunishable
Only CPU and those softwares determined to be licensed and used for
legitimatepurposesshallbereturnedinfavorofthepetitioners
ObscenepublicationsandindecentshowsunderRA7610andindecentshows
underRA7610(Childexploitation)
Article202:Prostitutes
Prostitutioncrimeagainstpublicmorals,committedbyawomanwhethermarried
ornotwhoformoneyorprofithabituallyindulgesinsexualintercourseoflascivious
act
ESSENTIALELEMENT:existenceofpecuniaryorfinancialgainasinducementto
orconsiderationforthatwomansengaginginsexualactivities
Adultery natureofaprivateoffensecommittedbyamarriedwomanwhoshall
havesexualintercoursewithamannotherhusband
AntiTraffickingLaw
Actsthatpromotetraffickinginpersons
(a)Toknowinglyleaseorsublease,useorallowtobeusedanyhouse,buildingor
establishmentforthepurposeofpromotingtraffickinginpersons;
(b)Toproduce,printandissueordistributeunissued,tamperedorfakecounseling
certificates,registrationstickersandcertificatesofanygovernmentagencywhich
issuesthesecertificatesandstickersasproofofcompliancewithgovernment
regulatoryandpredeparturerequirementsforthepurposeofpromotingtraffickingin
persons;
(c)Toadvertise,publish,print,broadcastordistribute,orcausetheadvertisement,
publication,printing,broadcastingordistributionbyanymeans,includingtheuseof
informationtechnologyandtheinternet,ofanybrochure,flyer,oranypropaganda
materialthatpromotestraffickinginpersons;
(d)Toassistintheconductofmisrepresentationorfraudforpurposesoffacilitating
theacquisitionofclearancesandnecessaryexitdocumentsfromgovernment
agenciesthataremandatedtoprovidepredepartureregistrationandservicesfor
departingpersonsforthepurposeofpromotingtraffickinginpersons;
(e)Tofacilitate,assistorhelpintheexitandentryofpersonsfrom/tothecountryat
internationalandlocalairports,territorialboundariesandseaportswhoarein
possessionofunissued,tamperedorfraudulenttraveldocumentsforthepurposeof
promotingtraffickinginpersons;
(f)Toconfiscate,conceal,ordestroythepassport,traveldocuments,orpersonal
documentsorbelongingsoftraffickedpersonsinfurtheranceoftraffickingorto
preventthemfromleavingthecountryorseekingredressfromthegovernmentor
appropriateagencies;and
(g)Toknowinglybenefitfrom,financialorotherwise,ormakeuseof,thelaboror
servicesofapersonheldtoaconditionofinvoluntaryservitude,forcedlabor,or
slavery.
QualifiedTraffickinginpersons
Article203:Whoarepublicofficers
(a)Whenthetraffickedpersonisachild;
(b)WhentheadoptioniseffectedthroughRepublicActNo.8043,otherwiseknown
asthe"InterCountryAdoptionActof1995"andsaidadoptionisforthepurposeof
prostitution,pornography,sexualexploitation,forcedlabor,slavery,involuntary
servitudeordebtbondage;
(c)Whenthecrimeiscommittedbyasyndicate,orinlargescale.Traffickingis
deemedcommittedbyasyndicateifcarriedoutbyagroupofthree(3)ormore
personsconspiringorconfederatingwithoneanother.Itisdeemedcommittedin
largescaleifcommittedagainstthree(3)ormorepersons,individuallyorasagroup;
(d)Whentheoffenderisanascendant,parent,sibling,guardianorapersonwho
exercisesauthorityoverthetraffickedpersonorwhentheoffenseiscommittedbya
publicofficeroremployee;
(e)Whenthetraffickedpersonisrecruitedtoengageinprostitutionwithany
memberofthemilitaryorlawenforcementagencies;
(f)Whentheoffenderisamemberofthemilitaryorlawenforcementagencies;and
(g)Whenbyreasonoronoccasionoftheactoftraffickinginpersons,theoffended
partydies,becomesinsane,suffersmutilationorisafflictedwithHuman
ImmunodeficiencyVirus(HIV)ortheAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome
(AIDS).
itdoeseverypublicservantfromthelowesttothehighest
obliteratesdistinctionbetweenofficerandemployeeinthelawofpublic
officers
doesnotdistinguishbetweenpermanentandtemporary
*Customssecretservice
Publicworksinspector
Sanitaryofficer
Barriolieutenant
Laborerdischargingclericalfunctions
Emergencyhelper
Janitor
Oneremainstobeapublicofficeralthoughhisdutiestothepublichavebeen
confinedtonarrowlimits
Examplesofpublicofficers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GSISbranchmanager
Apoliceseniorinspector
A person appointed as a laborer but was given the work of preparing
motionsfordismissaloftrafficcases
Afiscalanalysts,anemployeeattheengineeringdepartmentofthecity
governmentandabarangaycouncilman
AcashclerkIIattheofficeoftheCityoftreasurerAbarriocaptain
Whomayfileacomplaintfortrafficking
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AnypersonwhohasPERSONALKNOWLEDGEofthecommissionof
anyoffenseunderthisACT
Thetraffickedperson:
o Parents
o Spouse
o Siblings
o Children
o Legalguardian
o MAYFILEACOMPLAINT
Article204:Knowinglyrenderingunjustjudgement
Thefelonymaybecommittedonlybyanindividualjudgebutnotbymembers
ofthecollegiatecourtsuchastheCourtofAppealsorSC
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Requisitesinorderthatajudgemaybeheldliableforknowinglyrenderingan
unjustjudgement
complainant must not only prove beyond reasonable doubt that the
judgementispatentlycontrarytolawornotsupportedbytheevidencebut
thatitwasalsomadewithdeliberateinenttointerpretationorapplicationof
thelawpersewillnotwarranttheimpositionofanadministrativesanction
againsthimfornooneisinfallible
AdecisionisNOTnecessarilyunjustsimplybecauseajudgeisdisqualifiedto
renderit
Thejudgemustrenderthejdugementwithconsciousanddeliberateintenttodo
an ijustice in order to hold him liable for knowingly rendering an unjust
judgement
Article205:judgementrenderedthroughnegligence
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mustbeshownthathefailedtoobserveintheperformanceofhisduty,that
diligence,prudenceandcarewhichthelawisentitledtoexactinrendering
anypublicservice
Abuseofdiscretiononthepartofthejudgedoesnotgiverisetoacrime
- Abuse ofdiscretioninissuinganorder doesnot necessarilyfollowthat
thereisbadfaithorthatsaidabuseofdiscretionsignifiesignoranceofhe
lawonthepartofthejudge
Article207:MaliciousDelayintheAdministrationofJustice
ThejudgeisNOTLIABLEfortheviolationofArticle207wherethedelaywas
causedbythedesireofthepartiestosettlethecaseamicably
Article208:Prosecutionofoffenses;Negligenceandtolerance
Whomaycommitthiscrime?
- Publicofficerorofficeroflawwhohastheofficialdutyofprosecutingor
causingtheprosecutionofaviolatorofthelaw
Examples:
1. Thechiefofpolice
2. Barriocaptain
3. ProvincialorCityprosecutorandtheirassistants
Thecrimecommittedbytheviolatorshouldbeprovedfirst
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necessarythatthecrimecommittedbythelawviolatorshouldbeproved
first
Abarriolieutenantwhoneglectshisdutyandfailstomovetheprosecution
of,andpunishmentfor,acrimeofarson,thecommissionofwhichheis
informed,would,incasetheallegedcrimewereafterwardsdulyprovenbe
guiltyofprevaricacion
Exampleofmaliciouslytoleratingthecommissionofoffense
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Article206:Unjustinterlocutoryorder
Thustheorderofthesandiganbayandenyingthemotiontoquashfiledby
petitionersisinterlocutoryinnaturebecauseitleavessomethingmoretobe
donebytheSandiganbayanbywayofresolvingthecaseonmerits
Denialofpetitionersmotiontoquashallowsthesamepetitionerstoentera
leas,fototrialwithoutprejudiceontheirparttorepresentspecialdefenses
theyinvokedint heri motionandifaftertrial onthemerits,anadverse
decisionisrenderedtoappealtherefromviaappealbycertiorari
policestationcommandergaveinstructiontohismennottoraidagambling
houseforthreedayssothathewillnotlosehisprotectionmoneyfora
similarperiod
Interlocutorydefined:
Article209:BetrayalofTrusybyanAttorneyorSolicitor
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CanonlybecommittedbyamemberofthePhilippineBar
Article210:DirectBribery
Thepublicofficerhimselfwillbeheldliablefordirectbribery,whiletheperson
whomadethepromise,offerorgavethegiftsorpresentsmaybeliableunder
212Corruptionofpublicofficials
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itisaxiomaticthatallconspiratorsarecriminallyliableascoprincipals
Physicialreceiptofthegiftmustbecoupledwithaclearintentiononthepartof
thepublicofficertotakethegiftandconsiderthesameashisown
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theremusteaclearitnetiononthepartofthepublicofficertotakethegift
soofferedandconsiderthesameashisownpropertyfromthenon,suchas
puttingawaythegiftforsafekeepingorpocketingthesame
thisalsoappliestodirectbribery
itissufficientifhereceivedthemoneyafterwardsinpurusuanceofaprior
arrangementoragreement
1. agreeingtoperformanactconstitutingacrime
DirectbriberyunderthefirstparagraphofArticle210isconsummatedbymere
agreement
Separateliabilityofthepublicofficerforthecrimeofdirectbriberyinthefirst
paragraphofArticle210andcrimeactuallycommitted
Example:
Ajailofficerwho,inconsidereationof100,000pesosagreedtoreleaseaninmate
whowasservingsentencefordrugtraffickingmaybeliablefordirectbriberyunder
firstparagraph
Ifthejailofficeractuallyreleasedtheconvict,heshallbeliableseparatelyforthe
crimeofconnivingwithandconsentingtoevasionofserviceofsentence
Toconstitutedirectbriberyinthefirstparagraph,theactagreedupontobe
committedmustbeacrime
TofallwithinthefirstparagraphofArticle210odirectbriberytheactwhichthe
publicofficerhasagreedtoperformmustbeacrime
Wherethepublicofficer,whoIajusticeofpeace,isallegedohaveagreedtodismiss
acriminalcomplaint,hisactdoesnotenxessarilyconstituteacriminalact,forthe
dismissalmaybeproper,therebeingnoallegationtothecontrary
Apublicofficercommittingdirectbriberymay alsobeliable separately for
violationofRA3019
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AfterLucitpaiddocumentarystampandcaptitalgaintxesdueonthesaleof
herrealpropertytoanother,percomputataionbyBIRofficeinTagbiliran
City,shereturnedtothesameofficetoapplyfortheissuanceofacertificate
authorizing registration (CAR)) and submitted all documents needed for
processing.
Revenue officer Juanito approved the application but call the prvate
complainanttodemand20kinexchangefortheapprovalofCAR
PrivatecomplainantreportedthemattertoPNP
ArrestedJuanito
ChargedwithandconvictedofDIRECTBRIBERYandVIOLATIONof
RA3019
Accptanceofthegiftbypublicofficerinconsiderationofexecutionofanact
thatdoesnotconstitutecrime
Mereacceptanceofgiftconsummatesthecrimeofdirectbriberyundersecond
paragraphofArticle210
Accomplishmentoftheactnotconstitutingacrimeisnotnexessary
notnecessarythatactnotconstitutingacrimebeactuallyaccomplished
Whethertheactisaccomplishedornotwillonlyaffectthepenaltytobe
imposduponaccused
Examplesofdirectbriberyinthesecondparagraphtheactagreedupontobe
committedDOESNOTCONSTITUTEACRIME
1.
2.
3.
Thereisnoquestionthataccusedwasapublicofficer.
a. Atthetimeoftheincident,hewasapolicesergeantassignedtothe
legazpipolicestation
b. HedirectlyreceivedthebribermoneyfromYuSoPong
c. Theactfreceivingmoneywasconnectedwithhisdutyasapolice
officer
Despitetheexecutionofanaffidavitofdesistancebythecomplainantina
homicidecaseinfavorofC,hestillremainedindetentionformorethan2
years
a. Provincial prosecutor demanded 15000 to Cs son in law for
dismissalofcase
b. NBIsetupanentrapmentoperationthatresultedtoarrest
Thomaswasaccusedofqualifiedtheft
a. Thecasewasassignedforinvestigationtotheaccusedcityfiscal.
b. Accusedcityfiscaldemanded4kfordismissal
c. NBIsetupanentrapment
Receiving the gift or promise with the object of making the public officer
refrainfromdoingsomethingthatwashisofficialdutytodo
1.
TheaccusedwerememebersofthesocalledLTflyingsquad
a. TheydemandedandcollectedfromJuan,ownerof10unitsoftaxi
amountof300pesos
b. LtodemandedformJuan300everyTuesdayasprotectionmoney
c. InorderthatitmaynotbeimpoundedforviolationofLTOrules
2. AninspectorfromBurearuofFireprotectionwhoacceptsacertainamount
fromtheownerofaboardinghouseforstudent
a. Inorderthathemaynotreport tohissuperiornoncompliance
withtthefiresafetyrequirementofhisofficemaybeliablefor
DIRECTBRIBERYunderthirdparagraph
ApplicabilityofprovisionsofArticle210topersonsotherthanapublicofficer
Article211:IndirectBribery
Indirctbriberyisconsummatebymereacceptanceofgift
Itisnotnecessarythatthepublicofficershoulddoanyparticularactoreven
promisetodoanact,asitisenoughthatheacceptgiftsofferedtohimbyreason
ofhisoffice
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Abraham,aclerkintheofficeofthelcerkofcourtaccepted200pesosgiven
tohimbyaprivatesupplierofofficesuppliesasatokenofgratitudefor
facilitatingtheapprovaloftherequestforthepurchaseofofficesupplies
herebygivinghimanopportunitytomakeabigprofit
Examplesofindirectbribery
1.
2.
afterpromulgationofajudgementofacquittalinacriminalcaseofestafa=
accused as a token of gratitude gave judge a refrigerator that the latte
raccepted
in anticipation of future favors, Land trnaportation franchising and reg
boardgaveitschairman3Mdollarsasadditionalpocketmoneyforhistrip
abroad
Article211AQualifiedBribery
Thedeathpenaltymaynotbeimposedalthoughthepublicofficerdemandedor
askedforthegiftorrepresent
Examples:
1.
2.
thepolicestationcommanderofatownhasrefusedtogiveinstructionsto
hismentoarrestthesonofthemayorwhocommittedrapewithhomicidein
considerationof100l.
The PDEA team leader wo released members of a drug syndicate they
apprehendedontheparkinglotofacertainmallintheactofsellinand
delivering5kilosofshabutotheirbuyerinconsiderationof500Kmaybe
liableforqualifiedBrbery
Maybemadetoassessors,arbitrators,appraisalandclaimcommissioners,expertsor
anyotherpersonsperformingpublicduties
Article212:CorruptionofpublicOfficials
Howiscorruptionofpublicofficialscommitted?
- Anyperson
- Makeoffersorpromisesorgivegiftsorpresentstoapublicofficer
Whomaybeheldliableforcorruptionofpublicofficials?
- ONLYthepublicofficerunder210
- Personwhoconspiredwithpublicofficer,whomadethepromise,offer,or
gavethegiftsorpresentsmaybeindictedonlyArticle212
o Regardlessofanyallegationofconspiracy
- PublicofficermaybeaccusedofDirectBribery whiletheprivateperson
maybechargedcorruptionofpublicofficials
Examplesofattemptedofcorruptionofpublicofficials
Failingvoluntarilytoissuereceipt
-
Collectingorreceivingthingsorobjectdifferentfromthatauthorizedbylaw
1.
2.
whentheprobationofficerDIDNOTACCEPTthe100pesosbillgivento
himbyprobationer
AccusedwaschargedinManilaCFIwhenheofferedtopatrolmensumof6
pesosinorderthatthealttermightregrainfromarrestingthepetitionerfora
violationofthePriceTagLaw.BUTTHEPUBLICOFFICERDIDNOT
ACCEPT.
PD749grantsIMMUNITYFROMPROSECUTIONTOBRIBEGIVERS AND
THEIRACCOMPLICESINBRIBERYANDOTHERGRAFTCASESAGAINST
PUBLICOFFICERS
Article213:Fraudsagainstthepublictreasuryandsimilaroffenses
Whoisoffendedparty?GOVERNMENT
FraudagainstthepublictreasuryisCONSUMMATEDbymereagreement
- mereagreementoruseofanyschemeprovidedthattheintentionofpublic
officialistodefraudthegovernment
- Itisnotnecessarythatthegovernmentbeactuallydefrauded
Demandinganamountdifferentfromthatauthorizedbylaw
-
Thisisafelonybyomission
PUNISHABLE:failuretoissueareceiptforthesumthepublicofficer
collectedofficiallyshouldbevoluntary
Example:FREE,INTELLIGENT,INTENTIONAL
Consummated:Bycollectingorreceivinganobjectorthingnotauthorized
bylaw,bywayofpaymentforlicenses,feesorimposts
MeredemandisNOTPUNISHABLEunderthisprovision
DoesnotapplyiftheoffenderisanofficeroremployeeoftheBIRorBOCinwhich
case,theprovisionsofAdminCodeshallbeapplied.
ThisisconsummatedbyMeredemandtocollectasumofdifferentfrom
orlargerthanthatauthorizedbylaw
Notnecessarythatthetaxpayeractuallypaystheamountsodemanded
Article214:Otherfrauds
AdditionalPenaltytobeimposeduponpublicofficerswhocommitswindling
andotherdeceitsunderArticles315,316,317,318RPC
-
uponpublicofficerwhotakingadvantageoftheirofficialposition
commitsswindlingorestafa
otherformsofswindling
swindlingaminor
otherdeceits
Example:
-
Ajusticeofpeacewhoinabuseofhisoffice,deceivedapartyincase
beforehim
Bymakinghimbelievethatheclaimagainsthimwas12pesos
Whenitwas6pesosonly
Anduponreceiving12pesos,pocketeddifferenceof6pesos
Intheestafacommitted,theadditionalpenaltyprescribedinthisArticlewas
imposed
Examples:
1.
2.
Article215:ProhibitedTransactions
Exampleofatransactionofspeculationorexchange
Regularlybuyingsharesofstockorsecuritiesforthepurposeofresellingthesame
forprofit
PurchasingsharesofstockinacorporationforinvestmentpurposesisNOT
PUNISHABLE
1.
ActprohibitedunderArticle216
Mannerofcommittingpossessionofprohibitedinterestbyapublicofficer
themunicipalmayorwhoawardedthecontracttobuildamunicipalbridge
tohisownconstructionfirmmaybeheldliableforviolationofArticle216
a. since it is his official duty to intervene oon behalf of the
municipalityintheconsructioncontractofmunicipalbridge
Themunicipalpresidentwhobecomesinterestedortakesdirectpartinthe
leaseofpropertyofthesamemunicipalityofwhichheformsapartandin
whichcontracthehastointervenebyreasonofhisoffice
a. Eventhough said contract may have been the continuation or
extension of one he had with the same municipality prior to
entering upon the duties of the office, openly violates the
provisionsinsaidSection28
Prohibitedinterestsofcertainpublicofficersunder1987Constitution
Article216:Possessionofprohibitedinterestbyapublicofficer
2.
NosenatorormemberofthehouseofrepresentativesmayHOLDanyother
officeoremployment intheGovernment,oranysubdivision,agencyor
instrumentality thereof including government owned or controlled
corporationsortheirsubsidiaries
a. Duringhistermwithoutforfeitinghisseat
b. Neithershallhebeappointedtoanyoffivewhichmayhavebeen
createdortheemolumentsthereofincreasedduringthetermfor
whichhewaselected
NosenatorormemberofthehouseofrepresentativemayPERSONALLY
appear as counsel before any court of justice or before the Electorl
Tribunalsorquasijudicialandotheradministrativebodies
a. Neithershallhedirectlyindirectlybeinterestedfinanciallyinany
contractwithorinanyfranchiseorspecialprivilegegrantedby
Governmentoranysubdivision
b.
3.
4.
5.
ApublicofficialisNOTresponsibleforpublicfundsorpropertyandwithout
authoritytosafeguardthesamecannotbeconvictedofmalversation
-
Governmentistheoffendedpartyentitledtothecivilliabilitiesoftheaccused
1.
2.
3.
appropriatethesame
takeormisspropriatethesame
consentorthruabondomentornegligencepermitanyotherpersontotake
suchpublicfundsorpropertywhollyorpartially
Malversationmaybecommittedeitherintentionallyorbynegligence
-
bydirectappropriationofthesamebypublicofficer
whenthroughnegligenceorlackofcarebythelattergovernmentfundsor
propertiesareunlawfullymisappropriatedbyothers
Apublicofficerchargedintheinformationwithintentionalmalversationmay
beconvictedofmalversationthrunegligence
canonlybecommittedbyapublicofficialwhohaschargeofpublicfunds
orpropertybyvirtueofhisofficialposition
Extentofapublicofficersobligationtoaccountforcashinhisaccountability
Article217:Malversationofpublicfundsorproperty
Waysofcommittingmalversationofpublicfundsorproperty
Confiscatedlogsarepublicproperty
-
Confiscated logs are considered public property since the same were
impressedwithpublicattributesorcharacterforwhichthepublicofficer
wasaccountable
Whiletheselogswerenotstrictlygovernmentproperty,theypartookofthe
natureofpublicproperty
Article 222 states that private property seized or deposited by public
authoritymaybetheobjectofmalversation.
10
ThemunicipaltreasurerisNOTACCOUNTABLEformoneythathedidnot
receive
-
Accusedthemunicipaltreasurerwasfoundguiltyofmalversationofpublic
fundsafterauditorsfoundacashstorage
Hedidnotreceivethecashwhichhewassupposedtoproduceoraccount
foratthetimefoaudit
Infact,theauditteamfoundthatthesumof170kintactinbillsandnotes
Nonttheless,auditorsdeclaredashortagebecauseaccusedJuancouldnot
produceascashitemsthecollectiblesandrecevibalesintheformofchits
andvales
Thisisanauditingerrorbecausethecollectibleandreceivablearenotcash
items
Moneydidnotreachhishands
ThereforeITISNOTPARTOFHISCASHACCOUNTABILITY
PrivatepropertycannotbethesubjectofMALVERSATION
Gunwasconfiscated
NOREASONtosurrenderitbecauseitislicensedtoaprivateperson.
Purposeof217
-
allthatisnecessaryforconcitionisPROOFthattheaccountableofficerhad
received the public funds and that he DID NOT HAVE THEM in his
possessionwhendemandthereforwasmadeandhecouldnotsatisfactorily
explainhisfailuresotoaccount
AccoutablepublicofficerMAYBECONVICTEDformalversationevenif
thereisNODIRECTevidenceofpersonalmisappropriation,whereheis
not been able to explain satisfactorily the absence of the public funds
involved.
Presumptionofconversionormisappropriationforfailuretoaccountforpublic
fundsorpropertyupondemand
thepresumptiontakestheplaceofaffirmativeproofsshowingtheactual
conversion
itobviatesthnecessityofprovingactsofconversion
athingmostextremelydifficulttodo
thedisappearanceofpublicfundsinthehandsoftheaccountablepublic
officerisprimafacieevidenceofitsconversion
Evidenceofshortageoffundsplusfailuretosatisfactorilyexplainsuchshortage
maybesufficientforconviction
- whichheisunabletoexplain
Nomalversationifthecashshortagecanbesatisfactorilyexplained
AccusedmunicipaltreasurerwasfoundGUILTYofmalversationofpublicfunds
afterauditorsfoundcashshortage
Hewasproperlyexaplainandaccountfullyforhiscashaccountabilityogpublic
fundsupondemandbytheauditors
THEASSUMEDSHORTAGEDOESNOTEXIST
Grantoffavororvalesoutofpublicfundsismalversation
-
thegrantofloansthroughthevalesystemisaclearcaseofanaccountable
officerconsentingtotheimproperorunauthorizeduseofpublicfundsby
otherpersons,whichispunishablebythelaw
totoleratesuchpracticeistofivealicensetoeverydisbursingofficerto
conductalendingoperationwiththeuseofpublicfunds
ThemunicipaltreasurerisNOTliableformalversationwhenthevalesorchits
weregiventothemunicipalemployeesbeforethecashcollectionswereturned
overtohim
Failure to retuen government firearms issued to a police officer constitutes
malversationofpublicproperty
Primafaciepresumptionofmisappropriation
-
proofthattheaccountableofficerhadreceivedpublicfundsandthathedid
nothavetheminhispossessionwhendemandthereforewasmade.
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Malversationthrunegligence
-
Accusedaseniorpaymasterwaschargedwithmalversationofpublicfunds
thrunegligence.
- Byhiwownaccount,peoplewerestartingtoentertheroomofAttykrepis
yet
READBOOK
Thereisnegligenceintransportingshabuworth5Millionwithoutproperpolice
escort
Testtodeterminenegligence
- Negligenceistheomissiontodosomethingwhichareasonableman,guided
by those considerations which ordinarily regulate te conduct of human
affairs,woulddoordoingofsomethingwhichaprudentandreasonable
manwoulddo.
-
DIDTHEDEFENDANTINDONGTHEALLEGEDNEGLIGENTACT
USE THAT REASONABLE CARE AND CAUTION WHICH AN
ORDINARYPRUDENTPERSONWOULDHAVEUSEDINTHESAME
SITUATION?
IFNOT:GUILTYOFNEGLIGENCE
thelawhereineffectadoptsthestandardsupposedtobesuppliedbythe
imaginaryconductofdiscreetpaterfamiliasofromanlaw
EXISTENCEOFnegligenceinagivencaseisNOTDETERMINEDBY
REFERENCETOTHEPERSONALJUDGEMENTOFACTORINTHE
SITUATIONBEFOREHIM
asactingmayor,accusedreceivedcashadvancesfromcitygov
100k,145k,300k,200krepectively.
Citytreasurermadedemandsonhimtosubmitliquidationofcashadvances
Accused failed to do so hence there is prima facie presumption that he
malversedfunds
PrimaFaciepresumptionofmalversationarisesonlywhenthereisNOISSUE
astothecorrectnessoraccuracyofauditfindings
-
becauseitmayonlmeananacknowledgementthatademandwasmadebut
not to the statement of her accountability as theexamination was not
complete
oronlyanacknowledgementofthedemandtoproduceallhiscash,money
andpaidvouchers
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itdidnotmeananadmissionofshortage
ThereisNOMALVERSATIONwhentheaccusedlostthemoneyforthesalary
ofthepersonnelofherofficebecauseshesufferedastrokeonherwaytothe
office
Goodfaithisadefenseinaprosecutionformalversationofpublicfundsor
property
ThereisNOmalversationwherethechefofagovernmenthospitalusedthe
hospital money collections as the revolving fund for the hospitals official
expenditures
-
because collections in the hospital were found to have been used as its
resolvingfundforsuchofficialexpenditures
ThereisNOmalversationwheredonatedlogswereusedfortheconstructionof
municipalprojects
When there is CONPIRACY, a private individual or a public official NOT
ACCOUNTABLE for public funds or property may be held liable for
malversation
PartialrestitutionofcashshortageisanIMPLIEDadmissionofmalversation
-
Accusedmunicipaltreasurerwasfoundtohaveacashshortage
Hewrotetotheprovincialauditorandofferedtorefundthemissingfunds
asfollows
- Andfailedtoremitbalanceofhisshortage
- Suchpartialrestitutionofconradoofcashshortageisanimpliedadmissive
misappropriationofmissingfunds
Payments,indemnificationorreimbursementof,orcompromiseontheamounts
or funds malversed or misappropriated after the commission of the crime
DOESNOTEXTNGUISHthecriminalliabilityoftheoffenderbutaffectsonly
thecivilliabilityoftheoffender
RestitutionisCONSIDEREDonlyasmitigatingcircumstance
- becausedamageisNOTANELEMENTofmalversation
Restitution is NOT mitigating when the offender returned the government
propertyafterseveralyearsandthepropertywasalreadyscrap
Apublicofficerwhomerelyhasaqualifiedchargeofgovernmentpropertyand
hasNOauthoritytopartwiththephysicalpossessionofthepropertywithout
authorityfromhisimmediatesuperiorcannotbeheldliableformalversation
Examplesofpublicfunds:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Redcross,antiTB,andBoyScoutsfundsdelivredtoanassistantcashierof
aprovincialtreasurerforhiscustodyacquiretheattributesofpublicfunds
AlthoughthefundsbelongingtotheNationalRiceCornCorp
Postalmoneyordersappropriatedbydfeendantwasincustody
Redemptionpricereceivedbysheriff
Moneyreceivedbysherifftoindeminifyhimagainstanyclaimfordamages
arisingfromlevymadbyhim
Proceedsofsaleofsweepstakesticket
Examplesofpublicproperty
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Governmentvehicles
Vehiclesandheavyequipmentofpublicworksandhighways
Explosivepowderseizedfrompersonsnotauthorizedtopossesthesame
whichareinthecustodyofpublicofficers
Proceedsofthecrime,instrumentsortoolsusedinthecommissionofcrime
andforfeited
Stocksofcorn,grainsriceandpalayintheNationalFoodAUhtority
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consistsinunlawfullyleavingorattemptingtoleavethecountrywithouta
certificatefrom theInsular auditorshowingthat hisaccountshave been
fullysettled
ThereisNOCRIMEcommittediftheactofleavingorattemptingtoleavethe
countryisauthorizedorlawful
Article218:Failureofaccountableofficertorenderaccounts
Gravemenofoffense
-
merefailuretotimelyliquidatethecashadvance
law seeks to compel the accountable officer, by penal provision, to
promptlyrenderanaccountingofthefundswhichhehasreceivedbyreason
ofhisoffice
MisppropriationisNOTANELEMENTofthiscrime
TheaccountablepublicofficerisNOTEXEMPTfromrenderinghisaccount
although thegovernmentfundsorpropertyforwhich heisaccountablehas
remainedintact
MeaningofTORENDERACCOUNTTOAPROVINCIALAUDITOR
- Account shouldberenderedat theofficeofProvincial Auditor,andthe
offenseoffailuretorendertheaccounttosaidofficialmustbedeemedto
havebeencommittedalsoinsameplave
PriordemandisNOTREQUIRMEENT
- wherenoneisprivded,courtmaynotintroduceexceptionsorconditions
AprosecutionforviolationofArtcle218theoffendercannotadvanceasan
excusethefacthewasbusypreparingforhiselectionandhisdefense
-
whenaskedwhyhedidnotliquidatethe1Maccusedgaveheexcusethathe
wastoobusy
heneversettledthedisallowedcashadvances
Article220:Illegaluseofpublicfundsorproperty
Itisnecessarythatpublicfundsorpropertybedivertedtoapublicuseother
thanthatprovidedbylaworordinance
Ifthereisconspiracy,apublicofficerwhoisnotinchargeofpublicfundsor
property,orevenaprivateindividualmaybeliableforillegaluseofpublicfnds
orproperty
CriminalintentisNOTANESSENTIALelementinillegaluseofpublicfunds
orproperty(ortechnicalmalversation)
-
ExampleofTechnicalMalversation
-
Article219:Failureofaresponsiblepublicofficertorenderaccountsbefore
leavingthecountry
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1.
WhenmayaprivateindividualbeliableforviolationofArticles:
217:Malversationofpublicfundsorproperty
218 : Failure of responsible officer to render accounts before leaving the
country
219:Failureofresponsibleofficertorenderaccountsbeforeleavingcountry
220:illegaluseofpublicfundsorproperty
221:Failuretomakedeliveryofpublicfundsorproperty
WHEN:
1.
2.
Exampleofaprivateindividualwhomaybeliableforalversation ofpublic
fundsunderArticle222
-
XYZbankwasauthorizedbyBIRtoreceiveincometaxpaymentsformtax
payers
However,thebanksbranchmanagertookandappropriatedforhispersonal
useapartofthetaxpaymentsamountingto5M
PRIVATEINDIVIDUALFORMALVERSATIONOFPUBLICFUNDS
Article222
Exampleofprivatepropertybeingthesubjectofmalversation
-
Article221:Failuretomakedeliveryofpublicfundsorproperty
Article222:Officersincludedntheprecedingprovisions
AprivateindividualfallingunderArticle222isNOTdeemedapublicofficer
hehasthechargeofpublicfundsorproperties
heisanadministratorordepositaryooffundsorpropertyattached,seized,
ordepositedbyapublicauthority,evenifsuchpropertybelongstoaprivate
individual
Article222involvesfailuretorenderanaccountnotbyapublicofficer,butbya
privateindividual
-
whohaschargeofanynational,provincial,ormunicalfunds,revenuesor
property
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