GamblingandBetting

3.

PD1602TheNewGamblingLaw
RA9287AnActIncreasingthePenaltiesforIllegalNumberGames,Amending
CertainProvisionsofPD1602andOtherPurposes

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Reasonforprohibitingandpunishinggambling
- Gamblingisanactbeyondthepaleofgoodmorals,which,forthewelfare
oftheFilipinopeople,shouldbeexterminated
- Theperniciouspracticeisrightfullyregardedastheoffspringofidleness
and the prolific parent of vice and immorality, demoralizing in its
associationandtendencies,detrimentaltothebestinterestsofsociety,and
theencouragingwastefulness,thriftlenesss,andabeliefthatalivelihood
maybeearnedbyothermeansthanhonestindustry.
- Ithastheeffectofcausingpoverty,dishonesty,fraudanddeceit
Lottery
- Schemeforthedistributionofprizesbychance
- Schemebywhicharesultisreachedbysomeactionormeanstaken,andin
which result mans choice or will has no part, nor can human reason,
foresight,sagacityordesignenablehimtoknowordeterminesuchresult
untilthesamehasbeenaccomplished
- Lotteryembracestheelementsofprocuringthroughlotorchance,by
theinvestment ofasum ofmoneyorsomethingofvalue,somegreater
amountofmoneyorthingofgreatervalue
- Wheresmallamountsarehazardedtogainlargeamounts,andtheresultof
winningorlosingisdeterminedbychance,inwhichneitherchoicenorskill
canoperatetoinfluencetheresultthereisgamblingbylot,oraprohibited
lottery
- Schemewherebyone,onpayingmoneyorothervaluablethingtoanother,
becomesentitledtoreceivefromhimsuchareturninvalue,ornothing,as
someformulahimsuchareturninvalue,ornothing,assomeformulaof
chancemaydetermineisalottery
Whenapersonobtainsfullvalueforhismoney,thereisNOLOTTERY
-

TobealotteryasdefinedbythatActtheplayermustpartwithhismoneyor
property,orsomeportionthereofonanakedchancetowin.

PunishableactsunderRA9287amendingPD1602
1.
2.

Actingasabettor
Actingasapersonnelorstaffofanillegalnumbersgameoperation

Allowingtheuseofhisvehicle,house,buildingorlandtobeusedinthe
operationoftheillegalnumbersgame
Actingasacollectororagent
Actingascoordinator,controller,orsupervisor
Actingasamaintainer,manager,oroperator
Actingasafinancierorcapitalist
Actingasaprotectororcoddler

Liabilityofgovernmentemployeesand/orpublicofficials:
Agovernmentemployeeand/orpublicofficialwhetherelectedorappointedwhoacts
as the collector, agent, coordinator, controller,, supervisor, maintainer, manager,
operator,financier,orcapitalistoranyillegalnumbergame===12YEARSAND1
DAYTO20YEARSandaFINERANGINGFROM3MTO5MandPERPETUAL
ABSOLUTEDISQUALIFICATIONFROMPUBLICOFFICE
Liabilityofparents/guardians:
Thepenaltyofimprisonmentfrom6monthsand1dayto1yearorafineranging
from100,000to400,000pesos
- depriveofauthorityoversuchperson
Effectofrecidivism
PenaltynexthigherindegreethanthatprovidedforunderSection3hereofshallbe
imposeduponrecidivist
Immunityfromprosecution
Anypersonwhoservesasawitnesssforthegovernmentorprovidesevidenceina
criminalcaseinvolvinganyviolationofthisAct,orwhovoluntarilyorbyvirtueofa
subpoena testificandum or duces tecum, produces, identifies, or gives testimony
SHALLBEIMMUNEFROMANYCRIMINALPROSECUTION,SUBJECTTO
THE COMPLIANCE WITH PROVS of PD 1732 DECREE PROVIDING
IMMUNITY FROM CRIMINAL PROSECUTION TO GOVERNMENT
WITNESSESANDTHEPERTINENTPROVSOFRULESOFCOURT
Section8allowsgovernmentinvestigatorsandprosecutorstograntimmunity
- allowsgovernmentinvstigatorsandprosecutorstoGRANTIMMUNITY
ApersonmaybecriminallyliableforviolationofRA9287andRPC
NopropertyorincomederivedfromviolationofRA9287maybealienatedor
disposedofduringthependencyofthecase

sameshallbeincustodialegisandnobondshallbeadmittedfortherelease
ofthesame

Forfeitureinfavorofgovernmentofallproceeds,gamblingparaphernaliaand
otherinstruments.
-

ALL ASSETS AND PROPERTIES OF THE ACCUSED WITHER

OWNEDORHELDBYHIMORHERINHISORHERNAMEORIN
THE NAME OF ANOTHER PERON FOUND TO BE MANIFESTLY
OUTOFPROPORTIONTOHISORHERLAWFULINCOMESHALL
BEPRIMAFACIEPRESUMEDTOBEPROCEEDSOFTHEOFFENSE
AND SHALL LIKEWISE BE CONFISCATED AND FORFEITED IN
FAVOROFTHESTATE
Witnessprotection
- anypersonwho:
- providesmaterialinformationwhethertestimonialordocumentary
- necessaryfortheinvestigationorprosecutionofindividuals
- shallbeplacedunderWITNESSPROTECTIONPROGRAM

Article200:GRAVESCANDAL

TheoffensepunishedinArticle201(3)isMALUMINSEinwhichacriminal
intentisanindispensableingredient
Exhibitindecentorimmoralplays,scenes,actsorshows
Dsplayingandofferingforsaletothepublickchainwitheyeappenderswhich
consistsofpicturesincolorsofnudewomenNOTVIOLATIVEbecauseitis
consideredworksofart
Test:Whetherthemotiveofthepicture,asindicatedbyit,ispureorimpure;or
whetheritisnaturallycalculatedtoexciteimpureimagination
Obsceneperformances
1.
2.
3.

Thereisnogravescandaliftheactswereperformedinaprivatehouseandseen
byonlyoneperson

doesnotconstitutethatdegreeofpublicity

TheactscomplainedSHOULDNOTbepunishableunderanyotherprovision
oftheRPC

Article 201 : IMMORAL DOCTRINES, OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS and

EXHIBITIONS,andINDECENTSHOWS
PUBLICITYisaCOMMONELEMENTinallmodesofviolatingArticle201
Whoarepunishedinobsceneliterature
1.
2.
3.

Theauthorwhoknowinglypublishedthesame
Theeditorwhoknowinglypublishedthesame
Theowneroroperatoroftheestablishmentsellingthesame

MerenudityinpaintingandsculptureisNOTOBSCENITYastheyare
consideredworksofart
MaybetransformedintoanindecentandobseceneobjectbyPOSTURE,
and MOVEMENTS of such body whch produce PERCEPTIBLE AND
DISCERNIBLEREACTIONinthepublicoraudiencewitnessingthsame
ThereactionofpublicduringtheperformanceofXwhohadnothingexcept
nylonpatchesoverherbreasts.ThespectatorswerehowlingSigemuna
sige,nakakalibogDancingwasindecentanderotic

MerepossessionofobscenemaerialsisNOTPUNISHABLE
-

withoutintentiontosell,exhibit,orgivethemaway
purposeoflaw:toprohibitthedisseminationofobscenematerialsinpublic
THELAWDOESNOTREQUIRE:thatapersoniscaughtintheactof
selling,givingawayorexhibitingobscenematerialstobeliableforaslong
asthesaidmaterialsareofferedforsale,displaysorexhibitedtothepublic

Whetherthepictureisobsceneornotdependsuponthecircumstances.The
cases and the questions will ultimately be decided by the judgment of the
aggregatesenseofthecommunityreachedbyit
AsobscenityisanunprotectedspeechwhichtheStatehastherighttoregulate,the
Stateinpuruingitsmandatetoprotectasaprenspatriae,thepublicfromobscene,
immoralandindecentmaterialsmustjustifuytheregulationorlimitation
Picturesdepictingtheinhabitantsintheirnativedressastheyappearinthe
regionswheretheyliveareNOTobsceneorindecent

Picture which depict the non Christian inhabitants of the Philippine

Isalandsastheyactuallylive,withoutattemptedpresentationofthem in
unusudalpostureofdress,areNOToffensicetochastity,orfoul,orfilthy
GENERALRULE:picturesportrayingtheinhabitantsofthecountryin
nativedressandastheyappearandcanbeseenintheregionsinwhichthey
live,arenotobsceneoindecent
DefendantACQUITTED

Picturesofnudewomen,notforartssake,butforpurposesofprofitorgainis
VIOLATIONofArticle201
Showingofamanandwomaninactualactofcoitusinbedtopatronswhopay
feesconstituteimmoralorindecentshows
Givingimmoralorindecentliteraturetoasinglerecipientisnotpunishable

PD 969 :Amendingcertain provisionsof presidential decree No.960 which

amendedarticle201ofRPC
Hard Disk drives containing pornographic materials and software used in
violatingArticle201oftheRPCshallbeforfeitedinfavorofgovernmentand
destroyed.
-

Only CPU and those softwares determined to be licensed and used for
legitimatepurposesshallbereturnedinfavorofthepetitioners
ObscenepublicationsandindecentshowsunderRA7610andindecentshows
underRA7610(Childexploitation)

Article202:Prostitutes
Prostitutioncrimeagainstpublicmorals,committedbyawomanwhethermarried
ornotwhoformoneyorprofithabituallyindulgesinsexualintercourseoflascivious
act
ESSENTIALELEMENT:existenceofpecuniaryorfinancialgainasinducementto
orconsiderationforthatwomansengaginginsexualactivities

Adultery natureofaprivateoffensecommittedbyamarriedwomanwhoshall
havesexualintercoursewithamannotherhusband

AntiTraffickingLaw
Actsthatpromotetraffickinginpersons
(a)Toknowinglyleaseorsublease,useorallowtobeusedanyhouse,buildingor
establishmentforthepurposeofpromotingtraffickinginpersons;
(b)Toproduce,printandissueordistributeunissued,tamperedorfakecounseling
certificates,registrationstickersandcertificatesofanygovernmentagencywhich
issuesthesecertificatesandstickersasproofofcompliancewithgovernment
regulatoryandpredeparturerequirementsforthepurposeofpromotingtraffickingin
persons;
(c)Toadvertise,publish,print,broadcastordistribute,orcausetheadvertisement,
publication,printing,broadcastingordistributionbyanymeans,includingtheuseof
informationtechnologyandtheinternet,ofanybrochure,flyer,oranypropaganda
materialthatpromotestraffickinginpersons;
(d)Toassistintheconductofmisrepresentationorfraudforpurposesoffacilitating
theacquisitionofclearancesandnecessaryexitdocumentsfromgovernment
agenciesthataremandatedtoprovidepredepartureregistrationandservicesfor
departingpersonsforthepurposeofpromotingtraffickinginpersons;
(e)Tofacilitate,assistorhelpintheexitandentryofpersonsfrom/tothecountryat
internationalandlocalairports,territorialboundariesandseaportswhoarein
possessionofunissued,tamperedorfraudulenttraveldocumentsforthepurposeof
promotingtraffickinginpersons;
(f)Toconfiscate,conceal,ordestroythepassport,traveldocuments,orpersonal
documentsorbelongingsoftraffickedpersonsinfurtheranceoftraffickingorto
preventthemfromleavingthecountryorseekingredressfromthegovernmentor
appropriateagencies;and
(g)Toknowinglybenefitfrom,financialorotherwise,ormakeuseof,thelaboror
servicesofapersonheldtoaconditionofinvoluntaryservitude,forcedlabor,or
slavery.

QualifiedTraffickinginpersons

Article203:Whoarepublicofficers

(a)Whenthetraffickedpersonisachild;
(b)WhentheadoptioniseffectedthroughRepublicActNo.8043,otherwiseknown
asthe"InterCountryAdoptionActof1995"andsaidadoptionisforthepurposeof
prostitution,pornography,sexualexploitation,forcedlabor,slavery,involuntary
servitudeordebtbondage;
(c)Whenthecrimeiscommittedbyasyndicate,orinlargescale.Traffickingis
deemedcommittedbyasyndicateifcarriedoutbyagroupofthree(3)ormore
personsconspiringorconfederatingwithoneanother.Itisdeemedcommittedin
largescaleifcommittedagainstthree(3)ormorepersons,individuallyorasagroup;
(d)Whentheoffenderisanascendant,parent,sibling,guardianorapersonwho
exercisesauthorityoverthetraffickedpersonorwhentheoffenseiscommittedbya
publicofficeroremployee;
(e)Whenthetraffickedpersonisrecruitedtoengageinprostitutionwithany
memberofthemilitaryorlawenforcementagencies;
(f)Whentheoffenderisamemberofthemilitaryorlawenforcementagencies;and
(g)Whenbyreasonoronoccasionoftheactoftraffickinginpersons,theoffended
partydies,becomesinsane,suffersmutilationorisafflictedwithHuman
ImmunodeficiencyVirus(HIV)ortheAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome
(AIDS).

itdoeseverypublicservantfromthelowesttothehighest
obliteratesdistinctionbetweenofficerandemployeeinthelawofpublic
officers
doesnotdistinguishbetweenpermanentandtemporary

*Customssecretservice
Publicworksinspector
Sanitaryofficer
Barriolieutenant
Laborerdischargingclericalfunctions
Emergencyhelper
Janitor
Oneremainstobeapublicofficeralthoughhisdutiestothepublichavebeen
confinedtonarrowlimits
Examplesofpublicofficers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

GSISbranchmanager
Apoliceseniorinspector
A person appointed as a laborer but was given the work of preparing
motionsfordismissaloftrafficcases
Afiscalanalysts,anemployeeattheengineeringdepartmentofthecity
governmentandabarangaycouncilman
AcashclerkIIattheofficeoftheCityoftreasurerAbarriocaptain

Whomayfileacomplaintfortrafficking
-

AnypersonwhohasPERSONALKNOWLEDGEofthecommissionof
anyoffenseunderthisACT
Thetraffickedperson:
o Parents
o Spouse
o Siblings
o Children
o Legalguardian
o MAYFILEACOMPLAINT

Article204:Knowinglyrenderingunjustjudgement
Thefelonymaybecommittedonlybyanindividualjudgebutnotbymembers
ofthecollegiatecourtsuchastheCourtofAppealsorSC
-

has no application to members of a collegiate court such as the

SnadiganbayanoritsDivisions,whoreachtheirconclusionsinconsultation
andaccordinglyrendertheircollectivejudgementafterduedeliberation

Requisitesinorderthatajudgemaybeheldliableforknowinglyrenderingan
unjustjudgement

Knowingly rendering an unjust judgement is BOTH a criminal and

administrativecase
Mereerrorcommittedbyajudgeingoodfaithcannotmakehimcriminally
liable
- Itiswellsettledrulethatajudicialofficer,whenrequiredtoexercisehis
judgementordiscretionisNOTLIBALEcriminallyforanyerrorwhichhe
commitsprovidedheactsingoodfaith
- BADFAITHISTHEGROUNDFORLIABILITY
Inthedefinitionofthefelonyofknowinglyrenderingunjustjudgement,thekey
wordisknowingly
-

complainant must not only prove beyond reasonable doubt that the
judgementispatentlycontrarytolawornotsupportedbytheevidencebut
thatitwasalsomadewithdeliberateinenttointerpretationorapplicationof
thelawpersewillnotwarranttheimpositionofanadministrativesanction
againsthimfornooneisinfallible

AdecisionisNOTnecessarilyunjustsimplybecauseajudgeisdisqualifiedto
renderit
Thejudgemustrenderthejdugementwithconsciousanddeliberateintenttodo
an ijustice in order to hold him liable for knowingly rendering an unjust
judgement

Article205:judgementrenderedthroughnegligence
-

mustbeshownthathefailedtoobserveintheperformanceofhisduty,that
diligence,prudenceandcarewhichthelawisentitledtoexactinrendering
anypublicservice
Abuseofdiscretiononthepartofthejudgedoesnotgiverisetoacrime
- Abuse ofdiscretioninissuinganorder doesnot necessarilyfollowthat
thereisbadfaithorthatsaidabuseofdiscretionsignifiesignoranceofhe
lawonthepartofthejudge

Article207:MaliciousDelayintheAdministrationofJustice
ThejudgeisNOTLIABLEfortheviolationofArticle207wherethedelaywas
causedbythedesireofthepartiestosettlethecaseamicably

Article208:Prosecutionofoffenses;Negligenceandtolerance
Whomaycommitthiscrime?
- Publicofficerorofficeroflawwhohastheofficialdutyofprosecutingor
causingtheprosecutionofaviolatorofthelaw
Examples:
1. Thechiefofpolice
2. Barriocaptain
3. ProvincialorCityprosecutorandtheirassistants
Thecrimecommittedbytheviolatorshouldbeprovedfirst
-

necessarythatthecrimecommittedbythelawviolatorshouldbeproved
first
Abarriolieutenantwhoneglectshisdutyandfailstomovetheprosecution
of,andpunishmentfor,acrimeofarson,thecommissionofwhichheis
informed,would,incasetheallegedcrimewereafterwardsdulyprovenbe
guiltyofprevaricacion

Exampleofmaliciouslytoleratingthecommissionofoffense
-

Article206:Unjustinterlocutoryorder

Thustheorderofthesandiganbayandenyingthemotiontoquashfiledby
petitionersisinterlocutoryinnaturebecauseitleavessomethingmoretobe
donebytheSandiganbayanbywayofresolvingthecaseonmerits
Denialofpetitionersmotiontoquashallowsthesamepetitionerstoentera
leas,fototrialwithoutprejudiceontheirparttorepresentspecialdefenses
theyinvokedint heri motionandifaftertrial onthemerits,anadverse
decisionisrenderedtoappealtherefromviaappealbycertiorari

policestationcommandergaveinstructiontohismennottoraidagambling
houseforthreedayssothathewillnotlosehisprotectionmoneyfora
similarperiod

Interlocutorydefined:

Article209:BetrayalofTrusybyanAttorneyorSolicitor
-

CanonlybecommittedbyamemberofthePhilippineBar

Article210:DirectBribery
Thepublicofficerhimselfwillbeheldliablefordirectbribery,whiletheperson
whomadethepromise,offerorgavethegiftsorpresentsmaybeliableunder
212Corruptionofpublicofficials
-

itisaxiomaticthatallconspiratorsarecriminallyliableascoprincipals

Physicialreceiptofthegiftmustbecoupledwithaclearintentiononthepartof
thepublicofficertotakethegiftandconsiderthesameashisown
-

theremusteaclearitnetiononthepartofthepublicofficertotakethegift
soofferedandconsiderthesameashisownpropertyfromthenon,suchas
puttingawaythegiftforsafekeepingorpocketingthesame
thisalsoappliestodirectbribery

There is no direct bribery where the act performed or agreed upon to be

performedisentirelyoutsideoftheofficialfunctionsofthepublicofficerto
whomthemoneyisoffered
Theagreementbetweenthepubicofficerandthebribegivermaybeexpress
orimplied
Itisnotnexessarythatthemoneyisreceivedbytheoffenderbeforeoratthe
timeheagreedtoperformorexecuteanact
-

itissufficientifhereceivedthemoneyafterwardsinpurusuanceofaprior
arrangementoragreement
1. agreeingtoperformanactconstitutingacrime
DirectbriberyunderthefirstparagraphofArticle210isconsummatedbymere
agreement
Separateliabilityofthepublicofficerforthecrimeofdirectbriberyinthefirst
paragraphofArticle210andcrimeactuallycommitted

Example:
Ajailofficerwho,inconsidereationof100,000pesosagreedtoreleaseaninmate
whowasservingsentencefordrugtraffickingmaybeliablefordirectbriberyunder
firstparagraph
Ifthejailofficeractuallyreleasedtheconvict,heshallbeliableseparatelyforthe
crimeofconnivingwithandconsentingtoevasionofserviceofsentence
Toconstitutedirectbriberyinthefirstparagraph,theactagreedupontobe
committedmustbeacrime

TofallwithinthefirstparagraphofArticle210odirectbriberytheactwhichthe
publicofficerhasagreedtoperformmustbeacrime
Wherethepublicofficer,whoIajusticeofpeace,isallegedohaveagreedtodismiss
acriminalcomplaint,hisactdoesnotenxessarilyconstituteacriminalact,forthe
dismissalmaybeproper,therebeingnoallegationtothecontrary
Apublicofficercommittingdirectbriberymay alsobeliable separately for
violationofRA3019
-

AfterLucitpaiddocumentarystampandcaptitalgaintxesdueonthesaleof
herrealpropertytoanother,percomputataionbyBIRofficeinTagbiliran
City,shereturnedtothesameofficetoapplyfortheissuanceofacertificate
authorizing registration (CAR)) and submitted all documents needed for
processing.
Revenue officer Juanito approved the application but call the prvate
complainanttodemand20kinexchangefortheapprovalofCAR
PrivatecomplainantreportedthemattertoPNP
ArrestedJuanito
ChargedwithandconvictedofDIRECTBRIBERYandVIOLATIONof
RA3019

Accptanceofthegiftbypublicofficerinconsiderationofexecutionofanact
thatdoesnotconstitutecrime
Mereacceptanceofgiftconsummatesthecrimeofdirectbriberyundersecond
paragraphofArticle210
Accomplishmentoftheactnotconstitutingacrimeisnotnexessary

notnecessarythatactnotconstitutingacrimebeactuallyaccomplished
Whethertheactisaccomplishedornotwillonlyaffectthepenaltytobe
imposduponaccused
Examplesofdirectbriberyinthesecondparagraphtheactagreedupontobe
committedDOESNOTCONSTITUTEACRIME
1.

2.

3.

Thereisnoquestionthataccusedwasapublicofficer.
a. Atthetimeoftheincident,hewasapolicesergeantassignedtothe
legazpipolicestation
b. HedirectlyreceivedthebribermoneyfromYuSoPong
c. Theactfreceivingmoneywasconnectedwithhisdutyasapolice
officer
Despitetheexecutionofanaffidavitofdesistancebythecomplainantina
homicidecaseinfavorofC,hestillremainedindetentionformorethan2
years
a. Provincial prosecutor demanded 15000 to Cs son in law for
dismissalofcase
b. NBIsetupanentrapmentoperationthatresultedtoarrest
Thomaswasaccusedofqualifiedtheft
a. Thecasewasassignedforinvestigationtotheaccusedcityfiscal.
b. Accusedcityfiscaldemanded4kfordismissal
c. NBIsetupanentrapment

Receiving the gift or promise with the object of making the public officer
refrainfromdoingsomethingthatwashisofficialdutytodo

1.

TheaccusedwerememebersofthesocalledLTflyingsquad
a. TheydemandedandcollectedfromJuan,ownerof10unitsoftaxi
amountof300pesos
b. LtodemandedformJuan300everyTuesdayasprotectionmoney
c. InorderthatitmaynotbeimpoundedforviolationofLTOrules
2. AninspectorfromBurearuofFireprotectionwhoacceptsacertainamount
fromtheownerofaboardinghouseforstudent
a. Inorderthathemaynotreport tohissuperiornoncompliance
withtthefiresafetyrequirementofhisofficemaybeliablefor
DIRECTBRIBERYunderthirdparagraph
ApplicabilityofprovisionsofArticle210topersonsotherthanapublicofficer

Article211:IndirectBribery
Indirctbriberyisconsummatebymereacceptanceofgift
Itisnotnecessarythatthepublicofficershoulddoanyparticularactoreven
promisetodoanact,asitisenoughthatheacceptgiftsofferedtohimbyreason
ofhisoffice
-

Abraham,aclerkintheofficeofthelcerkofcourtaccepted200pesosgiven
tohimbyaprivatesupplierofofficesuppliesasatokenofgratitudefor
facilitatingtheapprovaloftherequestforthepurchaseofofficesupplies
herebygivinghimanopportunitytomakeabigprofit
Examplesofindirectbribery
1.
2.

afterpromulgationofajudgementofacquittalinacriminalcaseofestafa=
accused as a token of gratitude gave judge a refrigerator that the latte
raccepted
in anticipation of future favors, Land trnaportation franchising and reg
boardgaveitschairman3Mdollarsasadditionalpocketmoneyforhistrip
abroad

Article211AQualifiedBribery
Thedeathpenaltymaynotbeimposedalthoughthepublicofficerdemandedor
askedforthegiftorrepresent
Examples:
1.
2.

thepolicestationcommanderofatownhasrefusedtogiveinstructionsto
hismentoarrestthesonofthemayorwhocommittedrapewithhomicidein
considerationof100l.
The PDEA team leader wo released members of a drug syndicate they
apprehendedontheparkinglotofacertainmallintheactofsellinand
delivering5kilosofshabutotheirbuyerinconsiderationof500Kmaybe
liableforqualifiedBrbery

Maybemadetoassessors,arbitrators,appraisalandclaimcommissioners,expertsor
anyotherpersonsperformingpublicduties

Article212:CorruptionofpublicOfficials
Howiscorruptionofpublicofficialscommitted?
- Anyperson
- Makeoffersorpromisesorgivegiftsorpresentstoapublicofficer
Whomaybeheldliableforcorruptionofpublicofficials?
- ONLYthepublicofficerunder210
- Personwhoconspiredwithpublicofficer,whomadethepromise,offer,or
gavethegiftsorpresentsmaybeindictedonlyArticle212
o Regardlessofanyallegationofconspiracy
- PublicofficermaybeaccusedofDirectBribery whiletheprivateperson
maybechargedcorruptionofpublicofficials
Examplesofattemptedofcorruptionofpublicofficials

Failingvoluntarilytoissuereceipt
-

Collectingorreceivingthingsorobjectdifferentfromthatauthorizedbylaw

1.
2.

whentheprobationofficerDIDNOTACCEPTthe100pesosbillgivento
himbyprobationer
AccusedwaschargedinManilaCFIwhenheofferedtopatrolmensumof6
pesosinorderthatthealttermightregrainfromarrestingthepetitionerfora
violationofthePriceTagLaw.BUTTHEPUBLICOFFICERDIDNOT
ACCEPT.

PD749grantsIMMUNITYFROMPROSECUTIONTOBRIBEGIVERS AND
THEIRACCOMPLICESINBRIBERYANDOTHERGRAFTCASESAGAINST
PUBLICOFFICERS

Article213:Fraudsagainstthepublictreasuryandsimilaroffenses
Whoisoffendedparty?GOVERNMENT
FraudagainstthepublictreasuryisCONSUMMATEDbymereagreement
- mereagreementoruseofanyschemeprovidedthattheintentionofpublic
officialistodefraudthegovernment
- Itisnotnecessarythatthegovernmentbeactuallydefrauded
Demandinganamountdifferentfromthatauthorizedbylaw
-

Thisisafelonybyomission
PUNISHABLE:failuretoissueareceiptforthesumthepublicofficer
collectedofficiallyshouldbevoluntary
Example:FREE,INTELLIGENT,INTENTIONAL

Consummated:Bycollectingorreceivinganobjectorthingnotauthorized
bylaw,bywayofpaymentforlicenses,feesorimposts
MeredemandisNOTPUNISHABLEunderthisprovision

When may collection of excessive fees constitute estafa, illegal exaction or

malversationofpublicfunds?
Ifamunicipaltreasurercollectedgreaterfeesforthebrandingofcattlebymeansof
deceit other than that authorized by law and he misappropriates the difference
between fees collected and legal fees, estafa and NOT illegal exaction is
COMMITTED
Ifexcessivefeeswhichwereaccountedforweremisappropriated,thepublicofficer
isliableforillegalexactionfordemandingandcollectingexcessivefeesaswellas
formalversationformisappropriatingthefeescollected.
Thedifferencebetweenthefeescollectedandlegalfeesformsapartalreadyofthe
publicfundsasthoseaccountedfor,hencethecrimeismalversationandNOTestafa
Article 213 DOES NOT APPLY TO OFFICERS or EMPLOYEES of the
BureauofInternalRevenueortheBureauofCustoms

DoesnotapplyiftheoffenderisanofficeroremployeeoftheBIRorBOCinwhich
case,theprovisionsofAdminCodeshallbeapplied.

ThisisconsummatedbyMeredemandtocollectasumofdifferentfrom
orlargerthanthatauthorizedbylaw
Notnecessarythatthetaxpayeractuallypaystheamountsodemanded
Article214:Otherfrauds

AdditionalPenaltytobeimposeduponpublicofficerswhocommitswindling
andotherdeceitsunderArticles315,316,317,318RPC
-

uponpublicofficerwhotakingadvantageoftheirofficialposition
commitsswindlingorestafa
otherformsofswindling
swindlingaminor
otherdeceits

Example:
-

Ajusticeofpeacewhoinabuseofhisoffice,deceivedapartyincase
beforehim
Bymakinghimbelievethatheclaimagainsthimwas12pesos
Whenitwas6pesosonly
Anduponreceiving12pesos,pocketeddifferenceof6pesos
Intheestafacommitted,theadditionalpenaltyprescribedinthisArticlewas
imposed

Examples:
1.

2.

Article215:ProhibitedTransactions
Exampleofatransactionofspeculationorexchange
Regularlybuyingsharesofstockorsecuritiesforthepurposeofresellingthesame
forprofit
PurchasingsharesofstockinacorporationforinvestmentpurposesisNOT
PUNISHABLE

1.

ActprohibitedunderArticle216

Mannerofcommittingpossessionofprohibitedinterestbyapublicofficer

themunicipalmayorwhoawardedthecontracttobuildamunicipalbridge
tohisownconstructionfirmmaybeheldliableforviolationofArticle216
a. since it is his official duty to intervene oon behalf of the
municipalityintheconsructioncontractofmunicipalbridge
Themunicipalpresidentwhobecomesinterestedortakesdirectpartinthe
leaseofpropertyofthesamemunicipalityofwhichheformsapartandin
whichcontracthehastointervenebyreasonofhisoffice
a. Eventhough said contract may have been the continuation or
extension of one he had with the same municipality prior to
entering upon the duties of the office, openly violates the
provisionsinsaidSection28

Prohibitedinterestsofcertainpublicofficersunder1987Constitution

Article216:Possessionofprohibitedinterestbyapublicofficer

Prohibits public officers from directly or indirectly becoming interested in any

contractorbusinessinwhichitishisofficialdutytointervene

Committed by a public officer who becomes interested in a contract or

businessinwhichhehasofficialdutytointervene
The public official who becomes interested in any kind of contract or
operationinwhichhemustintervenebyreasonofhisofficedsnothing
morethanviolateaprohibition
HencenoFRAUDexiststherein,
Butthereexiststhepossibilitythathemayperpetratefraud
Oratleastthathemaysubordinatethestatesinteresttohisown
THUSAPUBLICOFFICERWHOTAKESPARTINACONTRACTOR
BUSINESSWHICHHASNOCONNECTIONWITHTHEDUTIESOF
HIS OFFICE CANNOT COMMIT THIS CRIME OF PROHIBITED
INTEREST

2.

NosenatorormemberofthehouseofrepresentativesmayHOLDanyother
officeoremployment intheGovernment,oranysubdivision,agencyor
instrumentality thereof including government owned or controlled
corporationsortheirsubsidiaries
a. Duringhistermwithoutforfeitinghisseat
b. Neithershallhebeappointedtoanyoffivewhichmayhavebeen
createdortheemolumentsthereofincreasedduringthetermfor
whichhewaselected
NosenatorormemberofthehouseofrepresentativemayPERSONALLY
appear as counsel before any court of justice or before the Electorl
Tribunalsorquasijudicialandotheradministrativebodies
a. Neithershallhedirectlyindirectlybeinterestedfinanciallyinany
contractwithorinanyfranchiseorspecialprivilegegrantedby
Governmentoranysubdivision

b.

3.

4.

5.

He shall not intervene in any matter before any office of the

Governmentforhispecuniarybenefitorwherehemaybecalled
upontoactonaccountofhisoffice
The president, vp, members of cabinet and their deputies or assistants..
SHALLNOTunlessotherwiseprovidedinthisConstitution,holdanyother
officeoremploymentduringtheirtenure
a. Theyshallnotduringsaidtenuredirectlyorindirectlypracticeany
other preofession participate in any business or be financially
interested in any contract with or in any franchise or special
privilege
b. Theyshallstrictlyavoidconflictofinterestintheconductoftheir
office
Thespouseandrelativesbyconsanguinityoraffinitywithinfourthcivil
degree of President shall NOT DURING his tenure be appointed as
membersoftheConstitutionalCommissions,
a. OrofficeofOmbudsman
b. Secretaries
c. Undersecretaries
d. Charimenorheadsofbureausoroffices
Nomemberofaconstitutionalcommissionshallduringhistenure,holdany
officeoremployment
a. Neithershallheengageinthepracticeofanyprofessionorinthe
activemanagementorcontrolofanybusiness

ApublicofficialisNOTresponsibleforpublicfundsorpropertyandwithout
authoritytosafeguardthesamecannotbeconvictedofmalversation
-

Governmentistheoffendedpartyentitledtothecivilliabilitiesoftheaccused

1.
2.
3.

appropriatethesame
takeormisspropriatethesame
consentorthruabondomentornegligencepermitanyotherpersontotake
suchpublicfundsorpropertywhollyorpartially

Malversationmaybecommittedeitherintentionallyorbynegligence
-

bydirectappropriationofthesamebypublicofficer
whenthroughnegligenceorlackofcarebythelattergovernmentfundsor
propertiesareunlawfullymisappropriatedbyothers
Apublicofficerchargedintheinformationwithintentionalmalversationmay
beconvictedofmalversationthrunegligence

canonlybecommittedbyapublicofficialwhohaschargeofpublicfunds
orpropertybyvirtueofhisofficialposition

Extentofapublicofficersobligationtoaccountforcashinhisaccountability

Article217:Malversationofpublicfundsorproperty

Waysofcommittingmalversationofpublicfundsorproperty

Dolo or culpa present in the offense is only a MODALITY in the

perpetrationoffelony
Evenifthemodechargeddiffersfromthemodeproved,thesameoffenseof
malversationisinvolvedandconvictionthereofisPROPER
ItbearsmentionthatunliketheotherfeloniesintheRPCwhereinalower
penaltyisimposedwhentheoffenseiscommittedthrunegligence
Even while an information charges willful malversation, convictin for
malversationthrunegligencemay,neverthelessbeadjudgedastheevidence
soyields

An accountable officer under 217 MUST RECEIVE MONEY OR

PROPERTYOFTHEGOVERNMENTwhichheisBOUNDTOaccount
for
Itisthenatureofdutiesofnotthenomenclatureusedforortherelative
significanceofthetitletothepositionwhichcontrolsinthatdetermination
PublicofficermustreceivetheMONEYorPROPERTYandlaterfailto
accountforit
Doesnotincludecollectiblesandreceivablesorevenpromissorynotes
WhentheabsenceoffundsisNOTDUEtothepersonalusethereofbythe
accused,thepresumptioniscompletelydestroyed
PRESUMPTION:deemednevertohaveexistedatall

Confiscatedlogsarepublicproperty
-

Confiscated logs are considered public property since the same were
impressedwithpublicattributesorcharacterforwhichthepublicofficer
wasaccountable
Whiletheselogswerenotstrictlygovernmentproperty,theypartookofthe
natureofpublicproperty
Article 222 states that private property seized or deposited by public
authoritymaybetheobjectofmalversation.

10

ThemunicipaltreasurerisNOTACCOUNTABLEformoneythathedidnot
receive
-

Accusedthemunicipaltreasurerwasfoundguiltyofmalversationofpublic
fundsafterauditorsfoundacashstorage
Hedidnotreceivethecashwhichhewassupposedtoproduceoraccount
foratthetimefoaudit
Infact,theauditteamfoundthatthesumof170kintactinbillsandnotes
Nonttheless,auditorsdeclaredashortagebecauseaccusedJuancouldnot
produceascashitemsthecollectiblesandrecevibalesintheformofchits
andvales
Thisisanauditingerrorbecausethecollectibleandreceivablearenotcash
items
Moneydidnotreachhishands
ThereforeITISNOTPARTOFHISCASHACCOUNTABILITY

PrivatepropertycannotbethesubjectofMALVERSATION
Gunwasconfiscated
NOREASONtosurrenderitbecauseitislicensedtoaprivateperson.
Purposeof217
-

To protect the government and to penalize erring public officials and

conspiringprivateindividualsresponsibleforthelossofpublicfundsand
propertybyreasonofcorruptmotivesorneglectordisregardofduty
- ItsallencompassingprovisioncannotbelimitedbyaccusedPablosabsurd
interpretationoftheprovisionsofAdminCoderestrictingtheapplication
thereofonlytoGovernmentfundsandtobondedpublicofficials
Factstobeprovedtoestablishmalversationofpublicfundsofproperty
-

allthatisnecessaryforconcitionisPROOFthattheaccountableofficerhad
received the public funds and that he DID NOT HAVE THEM in his
possessionwhendemandthereforwasmadeandhecouldnotsatisfactorily
explainhisfailuresotoaccount
AccoutablepublicofficerMAYBECONVICTEDformalversationevenif
thereisNODIRECTevidenceofpersonalmisappropriation,whereheis
not been able to explain satisfactorily the absence of the public funds
involved.

Presumptionofconversionormisappropriationforfailuretoaccountforpublic
fundsorpropertyupondemand

thepresumptiontakestheplaceofaffirmativeproofsshowingtheactual
conversion
itobviatesthnecessityofprovingactsofconversion
athingmostextremelydifficulttodo
thedisappearanceofpublicfundsinthehandsoftheaccountablepublic
officerisprimafacieevidenceofitsconversion

Evidenceofshortageoffundsplusfailuretosatisfactorilyexplainsuchshortage
maybesufficientforconviction
- whichheisunabletoexplain
Nomalversationifthecashshortagecanbesatisfactorilyexplained
AccusedmunicipaltreasurerwasfoundGUILTYofmalversationofpublicfunds
afterauditorsfoundcashshortage
Hewasproperlyexaplainandaccountfullyforhiscashaccountabilityogpublic
fundsupondemandbytheauditors
THEASSUMEDSHORTAGEDOESNOTEXIST
Grantoffavororvalesoutofpublicfundsismalversation
-

thegrantofloansthroughthevalesystemisaclearcaseofanaccountable
officerconsentingtotheimproperorunauthorizeduseofpublicfundsby
otherpersons,whichispunishablebythelaw
totoleratesuchpracticeistofivealicensetoeverydisbursingofficerto
conductalendingoperationwiththeuseofpublicfunds

ThemunicipaltreasurerisNOTliableformalversationwhenthevalesorchits
weregiventothemunicipalemployeesbeforethecashcollectionswereturned
overtohim
Failure to retuen government firearms issued to a police officer constitutes
malversationofpublicproperty
Primafaciepresumptionofmisappropriation
-

proofthattheaccountableofficerhadreceivedpublicfundsandthathedid
nothavetheminhispossessionwhendemandthereforewasmade.

11

There is even no need of direct evidence of personal account and the

accusedcannotsatisfactorilyexplainthesame

Malversationthrunegligence
-

Accusedaseniorpaymasterwaschargedwithmalversationofpublicfunds
thrunegligence.
- Byhiwownaccount,peoplewerestartingtoentertheroomofAttykrepis
yet
READBOOK
Thereisnegligenceintransportingshabuworth5Millionwithoutproperpolice
escort
Testtodeterminenegligence
- Negligenceistheomissiontodosomethingwhichareasonableman,guided
by those considerations which ordinarily regulate te conduct of human
affairs,woulddoordoingofsomethingwhichaprudentandreasonable
manwoulddo.
-

DIDTHEDEFENDANTINDONGTHEALLEGEDNEGLIGENTACT
USE THAT REASONABLE CARE AND CAUTION WHICH AN
ORDINARYPRUDENTPERSONWOULDHAVEUSEDINTHESAME
SITUATION?

IFNOT:GUILTYOFNEGLIGENCE
thelawhereineffectadoptsthestandardsupposedtobesuppliedbythe
imaginaryconductofdiscreetpaterfamiliasofromanlaw
EXISTENCEOFnegligenceinagivencaseisNOTDETERMINEDBY
REFERENCETOTHEPERSONALJUDGEMENTOFACTORINTHE
SITUATIONBEFOREHIM

THERE IS NO PRESUMPTION OF MISAPPROPRIATION WHEN THE

ABSENCE OF FUNDS IS NOT DUE TO THE PERSONAL USE OF THE
PUBLICOFFICER
FUNCTIONOFPRIMAFACIEPRESUMPTION
- THEPRESUMPTIONOFMALVERSATIONTAKESTHEPLACEOF
AFFIRMATIVE PROOFS SHOWING THE ACTUAL CONVERSION
AND OBVIATES THE ENCESSITY OF PROVING ACTS OF
CONVERSION ON THE APRT OF ACCUSED, A THING ALMOST
ALWAYSEXTREMELYDIFFICULTTODO.

Failure to submit liquidation advances upon demand gives rise to a

presumptionofmisappropriation
-

asactingmayor,accusedreceivedcashadvancesfromcitygov
100k,145k,300k,200krepectively.
Citytreasurermadedemandsonhimtosubmitliquidationofcashadvances
Accused failed to do so hence there is prima facie presumption that he
malversedfunds

PrimaFaciepresumptionofmalversationarisesonlywhenthereisNOISSUE
astothecorrectnessoraccuracyofauditfindings
-

since the audit examination left much to be desired in terms of

througouhgnessandcompletenessastherewereaccountswhichwerenot
considered,thesamecannotbemadethebasisforholdingaccusedliable
formalversation
- shortageoffundswhichwasattributedtoaccusedhealthofficecahsierwas
not indubitably established considering that the autdit conducted was
incomplete,irregular,andinaccurateanddidnotfollowstandardauditing
procedurebyexcludingfromexaminationtheotheraccounatableofficersin
theofficeandfailingtoopentheothersafeusedintheoffice
Reauditiswarrantedonlyinmeritoriouscasessuchaswhentheauditreport
isrepietewitherrors
DemandtoproduceisNOTANELEMENTOFCRIME
- demandmerelyraisesrimafaciepresumptionthatmissingfundshavebeen
puttopersonaluse.
- DEMANITSELFisnotanelementofandnotindispensabletoconstitute
thiscrime
Primafaciepresumptionofmisapporpiationmaybeoverthrown
- notasinglecentabowasusedbyhimforpersonalinterest
- fundswereextendedascashadvancestocoemployeesingoodfaith
- nointenttogain
- ourofgoodwill
SigniningofauditreportisNOTCONSIDEREDprimafacieevidenceofguilt
-

becauseitmayonlmeananacknowledgementthatademandwasmadebut
not to the statement of her accountability as theexamination was not
complete
oronlyanacknowledgementofthedemandtoproduceallhiscash,money
andpaidvouchers

12

itdidnotmeananadmissionofshortage

ThereisNOMALVERSATIONwhentheaccusedlostthemoneyforthesalary
ofthepersonnelofherofficebecauseshesufferedastrokeonherwaytothe
office
Goodfaithisadefenseinaprosecutionformalversationofpublicfundsor
property
ThereisNOmalversationwherethechefofagovernmenthospitalusedthe
hospital money collections as the revolving fund for the hospitals official
expenditures
-

because collections in the hospital were found to have been used as its
resolvingfundforsuchofficialexpenditures
ThereisNOmalversationwheredonatedlogswereusedfortheconstructionof
municipalprojects
When there is CONPIRACY, a private individual or a public official NOT
ACCOUNTABLE for public funds or property may be held liable for
malversation
PartialrestitutionofcashshortageisanIMPLIEDadmissionofmalversation
-

Accusedmunicipaltreasurerwasfoundtohaveacashshortage
Hewrotetotheprovincialauditorandofferedtorefundthemissingfunds
asfollows
- Andfailedtoremitbalanceofhisshortage
- Suchpartialrestitutionofconradoofcashshortageisanimpliedadmissive
misappropriationofmissingfunds
Payments,indemnificationorreimbursementof,orcompromiseontheamounts
or funds malversed or misappropriated after the commission of the crime
DOESNOTEXTNGUISHthecriminalliabilityoftheoffenderbutaffectsonly
thecivilliabilityoftheoffender
RestitutionisCONSIDEREDonlyasmitigatingcircumstance
- becausedamageisNOTANELEMENTofmalversation
Restitution is NOT mitigating when the offender returned the government
propertyafterseveralyearsandthepropertywasalreadyscrap

return of funds malversed IS NOT A DEFENSE and will not an

EXEMPTING circumstance nor a ground for extinguishing the criminal
liabilityofaccused

Taking advantage of ones public position is an inherent aggravating

circumstanceinmalversationofpublicfundsorproperty
-

may constitute economic sabotage cannot be considered to aggravate

penalty

Apublicofficerwhomerelyhasaqualifiedchargeofgovernmentpropertyand
hasNOauthoritytopartwiththephysicalpossessionofthepropertywithout
authorityfromhisimmediatesuperiorcannotbeheldliableformalversation
Examplesofpublicfunds:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Redcross,antiTB,andBoyScoutsfundsdelivredtoanassistantcashierof
aprovincialtreasurerforhiscustodyacquiretheattributesofpublicfunds
AlthoughthefundsbelongingtotheNationalRiceCornCorp
Postalmoneyordersappropriatedbydfeendantwasincustody
Redemptionpricereceivedbysheriff
Moneyreceivedbysherifftoindeminifyhimagainstanyclaimfordamages
arisingfromlevymadbyhim
Proceedsofsaleofsweepstakesticket

Examplesofpublicproperty

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Governmentvehicles
Vehiclesandheavyequipmentofpublicworksandhighways
Explosivepowderseizedfrompersonsnotauthorizedtopossesthesame
whichareinthecustodyofpublicofficers
Proceedsofthecrime,instrumentsortoolsusedinthecommissionofcrime
andforfeited
Stocksofcorn,grainsriceandpalayintheNationalFoodAUhtority

Loans, misuse, diversion or dissipation of bank deposits, placemens, trust

accounts,assetsandrecordsseized,sequesteredandfrozenunderRA9372shall
bepunished

13

Criminal Liability of a public officer or employee for misappropriation,

misapplication or failure to account for the confiscated, seized and /or
surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled
precursors and essential chemicals, instruments/paraphernalia and/or
laboratory equipment including the proceeds or properties obtained from
unlawfulactcommitted

Essence offailureof aresponsiblepublicofficer torender accountsbefore

leavingcountry
-

consistsinunlawfullyleavingorattemptingtoleavethecountrywithouta
certificatefrom theInsular auditorshowingthat hisaccountshave been
fullysettled
ThereisNOCRIMEcommittediftheactofleavingorattemptingtoleavethe
countryisauthorizedorlawful

Article218:Failureofaccountableofficertorenderaccounts
Gravemenofoffense
-

merefailuretotimelyliquidatethecashadvance
law seeks to compel the accountable officer, by penal provision, to
promptlyrenderanaccountingofthefundswhichhehasreceivedbyreason
ofhisoffice
MisppropriationisNOTANELEMENTofthiscrime

TheaccountablepublicofficerisNOTEXEMPTfromrenderinghisaccount
although thegovernmentfundsorpropertyforwhich heisaccountablehas
remainedintact
MeaningofTORENDERACCOUNTTOAPROVINCIALAUDITOR
- Account shouldberenderedat theofficeofProvincial Auditor,andthe
offenseoffailuretorendertheaccounttosaidofficialmustbedeemedto
havebeencommittedalsoinsameplave
PriordemandisNOTREQUIRMEENT
- wherenoneisprivded,courtmaynotintroduceexceptionsorconditions
AprosecutionforviolationofArtcle218theoffendercannotadvanceasan
excusethefacthewasbusypreparingforhiselectionandhisdefense
-

whenaskedwhyhedidnotliquidatethe1Maccusedgaveheexcusethathe
wastoobusy
heneversettledthedisallowedcashadvances

Article220:Illegaluseofpublicfundsorproperty
Itisnecessarythatpublicfundsorpropertybedivertedtoapublicuseother
thanthatprovidedbylaworordinance
Ifthereisconspiracy,apublicofficerwhoisnotinchargeofpublicfundsor
property,orevenaprivateindividualmaybeliableforillegaluseofpublicfnds
orproperty
CriminalintentisNOTANESSENTIALelementinillegaluseofpublicfunds
orproperty(ortechnicalmalversation)
-

ExampleofTechnicalMalversation
-

Article219:Failureofaresponsiblepublicofficertorenderaccountsbefore
leavingthecountry

mala prohibita the prohibited act is NOT inherently immoral but

becomesacriminal offensebecausepositivelawforbidsitscommission
basedonconsideraionsofpublicpolicyorderconvenience

sanguniang bayan of lete approved resolution for supplemental feeding

program
appropriatedforthetownsmalnourishedchildren
rulesprovidethatthetargetclienteleare
o moderatelyandseverelyunderweight
o familiesofsixmmbers
theserulesprovdeassurancethatSFPwouldcateronlyromalnourished
amongitspeople
ACCUSED MAYOR DISREGARDED THE GUIDLEINES when he
approveddistributionofnutritiousdrinktothoseprovidingfreelaborfor
rebuildinghomes

14

There is NO TECHNICAL MALVERSATION in the absence of a law or

ordinanceappropriatingthepublicfundforaparticularpublicpurpose.

1.

in the absence of a law or ordinance appropraiating the public fund

allegedly technically malversed for the construction, rehabilitation and
conreting of barangay Jalung Road, the use thereof for another public
purpose, that isforthe payment of wagesof laborersworkingonother
projectswillnotmaketheaccusedguiltyofviolationof220.
a. Acquitted
b. Budgetfortheconstructionofroadwasnotappropriatedbyalaw
orbyanordinanceforthatspecifiedpublicpurpose
c. Re allocation of budget for use as paroll was not technical
malversation
2. AccusedservedasExcutiveOfficerofNationalBook
a. Shesupervisedissecretariatandmanageditsdaytodayaffairs
budget allocation was neither appropriated by law nor by
ordinance
Intechnicalmalversation,publicfundsorpropertymustbedevotedtoapublic
useotherthanthatprovidedbylaworordinance
Theaccusedcannotbeconvictedoftechnicalmalversationinaninformation
charginghimwihmalversationofpublicfunds
DamagetopublicserviceisNOTnecessaryintechnicalmalversation

WhenmayaprivateindividualbeliableforviolationofArticles:
217:Malversationofpublicfundsorproperty
218 : Failure of responsible officer to render accounts before leaving the
country
219:Failureofresponsibleofficertorenderaccountsbeforeleavingcountry
220:illegaluseofpublicfundsorproperty
221:Failuretomakedeliveryofpublicfundsorproperty
WHEN:

1.
2.

Exampleofaprivateindividualwhomaybeliableforalversation ofpublic
fundsunderArticle222
-

XYZbankwasauthorizedbyBIRtoreceiveincometaxpaymentsformtax
payers
However,thebanksbranchmanagertookandappropriatedforhispersonal
useapartofthetaxpaymentsamountingto5M
PRIVATEINDIVIDUALFORMALVERSATIONOFPUBLICFUNDS
Article222

Exampleofprivatepropertybeingthesubjectofmalversation
-

Article221:Failuretomakedeliveryofpublicfundsorproperty
Article222:Officersincludedntheprecedingprovisions

AprivateindividualfallingunderArticle222isNOTdeemedapublicofficer

hehasthechargeofpublicfundsorproperties
heisanadministratorordepositaryooffundsorpropertyattached,seized,
ordepositedbyapublicauthority,evenifsuchpropertybelongstoaprivate
individual

To satisfy judgement debt rendered by court against the defendant, the

sheriff attached two brand new refrigerators belonging to the defendant
whichweretemporarilystoresinthebodegaofathirdperson.
Withoutknowledgeofthepartiesandsheriff,theownerofbodegasoldhe
sametoanotherpersonatmuchlowerprice
OWNER OF BODEGA : Liable for malversation under 222 altough
propertyisaprivatepropbelongingtoprivateindi

Article222involvesfailuretorenderanaccountnotbyapublicofficer,butbya
privateindividual
-

whohaschargeofanynational,provincial,ormunicalfunds,revenuesor
property

15

16