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Answers for assignment 01

(01)
a)

Significant changes that bought about as a result of industrial revolution


Changed the way of life of people for an example cultural, behavior, changed their

living places
People moved to cities for employment.
Technological changes and industrial manufacturing. For an example Introducing the
stem engine by James Watt.
Human labour and energy were transferred to machines and industrial revolution for
an example excavation, production of goods, etc.
Transportation sector such as Railway, Shipping driven by stem engines.
Rapid growth of factories
b)

SWOT analysis
SWOT analysis is to improve productivity. SWOT is a distillation of all steps that
should be taken formulate an effective strategic plan
S Strength
W Weakness
O Opportunity
T Threats
All the strength of organization such as the resources should be utilized to the
optimum to products and services that are in demand
Organization should avoid investing into areas where the required resources are
weak
Threat affect the organization competitor.
Enterprises should look for new opportunities where the completion is less

c)

Leadership styles
Autocratic leadership
Participative leadership
Free rein or laissez leadership
Autocratic leadership
The authority leader gives order which must be obeyed by the subordinates. He
centralizes decision making power in himself. He takes decisions for the group
without consulting the group members and simply tells the group what members
have to do
Participative leadership
This style of leadership is also called consultative r democratic. A participative
leader is one who does everything after consulting the subordinates.
Limitations of participation:

The subordinates are uneducated and/or lack initiative


The subordinates do not want to share, responsibility with their superiors, and
They have a tendency to depend on their superiors for clear out orders and
instructions

Free rein or laissez faire leadership

Free rein or leissez faire leader uses his power very little if at all. Giving subordinates
a high degree of freedom in their operations. He depends largely on the group
members to establish their goals and the means of achieving them. his role in
maintaining contacts with the groups of external environment to bring the
information and inputs when the group needs.
d)

Function of a leadership

Initiating actionThe leader initiates various measurements that are necessary to put in to effect

the organizational objectives, policies, and programmes


Providing guidance
A leader guides the subordinates towards the achievements of organizational

objectives
Motivating employees
A good leader motivates the subordinates for better performance. Motivation is

necessary for getting the desired work from the subordinates


Creating guidance
A good leader takes the subordinates into confidence. Gives them all relevant
information and listen to what they say. He helps them to achieve higher

efficiency and to develop themselves.


Building morale
It is a function of a good leader to achieve and maintain high morale of his group.
Leader has to create a positive attitude in the subordinates, towards organization,
and management and their willingness to offer their capabilities to the
organization

02)
a)

Marketing mix
Marketing function operates within several factors. These factors known as marketing
variables could be categorized as

b)

Controllable variables
Uncontrollable variables

4ps

Product
Price
Promotion and
Place

Product:

A product is a physical and functional characteristics of a good pr a service offered

to a consumer.
A product can have tangible (measurable) and intangible (non measurable)

qualities in functional, social and psychological utilities and benefits.


A product can also be an idea, a service or a good or combination of all these

three. Also goods are tangible, and services are difficult to measure.
Goods can be categorized into two main categories. Hey are consumer goods and
industrial goods.

Price:

Price is the most flexible variable in the marketing mix. It can be changed quickly

to suit the marketing condition.


Price is the value paid for an exchange. Price affect the organizational profits.
Therefore survival of an organization depends on the pricing of the product.

Place:
Place in the marketing mix means the marketing channels or channels of distribution,
the channels through which the goods pass from producer to consumer.
Selection of pricing methods are, Cost plus pricing method and break even analysis
method.
Promotion;
There are several aspects such as advertising, sales promotion etc.

c)

Types of competition
Pure competition
In pure competition market consists of many buyers and sellers trading openly. A
seller cannot change more than the market price because the buyer can obtain any
amount from the market at the normal rate.
Monopolistic competition
In a monopolistic competitive market there are many buyers and sellers who
transtact over a range of prices rather than a single price. Goods of different qualities
are available at different prices. Seller and the buyer has a good choice. Seller can
develop different offers for different segments of the market.

(03)
a)

(i) Organization
An organizing represents a group of people who works together for a achievement of
common objectives. Organization is the process of identifying and grouping the work
to

be

performed,

establishing

defining

and

delegating

responsibility

and

authority

and

relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most

effectively together
(ii) Organizational structure
Organizational structure can be defined broadly in mechanisms that serve the
coordinate and control activities of organized member
Basic elements of organizational structure

The degree of work specialization


When work specialization is to high degree, we find individuals focusing
on one or few tasks
When work specialization is to a low degree, we find the individuals

performing many different tasks in the organization


The manner of departmentation
Departmentation is the grouping of jobs based on outline that managers
believe contribute to the coordination and control of activities. The six criteria

for grouping jobs may be include the following


Knowledge and skills
Work process
Time
Product
Customer
Location
The pattern of authority
A pattern of authority becomes in an organization. The distributing pf authority
through positions can be patterned into a centralized or decentralized
Span of control

Span of control is the number of subordinates reporting to a single supervisor.


Management should be consider the following factors when establishment of

span of control.
Mechanisms of activity coordination

b)
(i)

Dimensions that decide the structure of an organization


Functional organizational structure
Matrix structure

(i)

Types of organizational structure


Functional organizational structure
Matrix structure

(ii)

Advantages and disadvantages of organizational structure


Advantages of functional organizational structure
Grouping people together basis of their technical and specialist

c)

expertice. The organization can facilitate both their utilization and their

coordination in the service of whole enterprise


Better opportunities for promotion and career development

Disadvantages of functional organizational structure


Growth of sectional interest which may conflict with the needs of the

organization as a whole.
Large organization having wide range of products or services

(04)
a) (i) Motivation referred to an organization
Motivation is the set of energetic forces originating both within the outside the
individual. That initiates behavior and determines its for, directing intensity and
duration. The definition indicates the motivation represents a set of forces that drives
people to behave in certain ways

b) (i) Considerations behind the theories of motivation


Content theories- Focus on the underlying needs which motivate a person. We will
consider for example MaslowNeed Heirarchy Theory, Alderfers ERG Theory,
McCllelands Achivement Morivation Theory, etc.
Process theories-Consider the processes which lead a person to behave in a certain
way. Expectancy theory, Equity theory and Goal theory are three process theories
Reinforcement theories- Focus on the environmental events which influence
behavior, reinforcement are not discussed in this lesson.
(ii) Perspective does Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory falls
(iii) Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory
Maslow believed that human needs could be placed in five categories
Physiological
There are basic needs such as the needs for foods, water, sex, and air
Security
These include needs for safety, absence from illness and pain and stability
Social or affiliation
This category contains needs for belonging, interaction with others, friendship and
love
Esteem
Needs both for respect and recognition from others and for personal feelings of
accomplishment and self worth, are included here
Self actualization
These are needs to become all that one is becoming tto realize ones potential, Thet
are desires or growth, creativity and constructive accomplishment.
Maslow felt that these needs were arranged in a hierarchy from lowest to higher.
As needs at the lowest level-physiological-were satisfied those at the next higher
level.

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