Thiel College Institutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee

Parenteral Injections

Injection of Laboratory Animals

The ability to administer materials by injection is essential for most experimental studies employing
laboratory animals. Anesthetics and analgesics, therapeutic agents, and test compounds must frequently
be administered to animal subjects by injection. There are five commonly used routes of parenteral
administration: subcutaneous (SC/SQ), intraperitoneal (IP), intravenous (IV), intradermal (ID), and
intramuscular (IM). Not all techniques are appropriate for each species. For example; IM injections are
avoided in rodents because the amount of material that can be injected into the rodent's limited muscle
mass is so small that the technique is not practical; IP injections are not administered to rabbits as other
techniques are more suitable.
It is essential that the appropriate parenteral site be selected. Systemic absorption and distribution differ
considerably between sites. Dosage and volume of material administered must be carefully considered
relative to the type of agent, site of injection, and species used. The size of syringe and needle must also
be considered. In order to assure the delivery of an accurate volume of injected material, the volume of
the syringe should, in general, not exceed the volume of material to be administered by 10 fold. The
length of the selected needle should be long enough that sufficient tissue penetration is achieved but not
be so long that it becomes unmanageable or is likely to be inserted too far. You do not need to advance
the needle to the hub; simply as far as is necessary to get the tip of the needle to the desired delivery site.
The volume and viscosity to the material to be injected directly impacts the selection of a particular
delivery system. The needle's size should be as small (highest gauge) as possible to limit tissue trauma
but should also be large enough that the injection can be made relatively rapidly, without applying
excessive pressure to the syringe plunger. Syringe and needles should be of the locking type in order to
prevent accidental dislodgement, which may result in back spray or the need for a second injection.
Proper disposal of used needles and syringes is essential. Needles should never be recapped, as the risk
of accidental injection is highest during recapping, and they should always be disposed of in a designated
sharps container.
Injection volumes provided in this document are general recommendations. Under some circumstances it
may be inappropriate to inject the recommended volume. For example, volumes should be reduced when
the agent is irritating, hypotonic, or hypertonic. Volumes may be increased when giving isotonic fluids for
rehydration and fluid maintenance. For example, rabbits, cats, and dog can receive 10 20 mL/kg (LRS
or 0.9%NaCl) subcutaneously for anorexia or surgery.
Good practice administration routes and volumes for mice, rats, and rabbits are indicated
inTable 1.
Recommended needle sizes and injection sites for various species are indicated in Table 2.

PROCEDURES
Mice
Subcutaneous injection
SC injections can be administered easily to mice. The needle is inserted between the folds of skin into the

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base of the triangle that is formed when traction is applied to the skin overlying the animal's scruff. The
syringe's plunger should be retracted to verify that a vacuum is created and no blood is aspirated.
Subsequently, the plunger is depressed to administer the material. Several sites over the animal's back
should be used if larger volumes must be administered. In general, needles should be the smallest
diameter possible for the solution to be administered.
Intraperitoneal injection
The administration of material into the peritoneal cavity is frequently performed in mice. The aim of this
technique is to administer material into the space surrounding the abdominal organs, avoiding injection
directly into any organ. Restrain mice with their abdomen exposed (uppermost) and their head pointed
downward, this causes the freely moveable abdominal organs to move towards the animal's diaphragm
making accidental puncture of organs less likely. The needle is inserted into the abdominal cavity in the
animals lower right quadrant to avoid the cecum and urinary bladder. The needle should be directed
towards the animal's head at an angle of 15 - 20 degrees and inserted approximately 5 mm. Aspiration
should be attempted to ensure that an abdominal organ (such as the bladder or intestines) has not been
penetrated. If bladder content or intestinal material is aspirated, the syringe must be removed and
discarded. Never inject GI tract contents or urine into the peritoneal cavity, as a bacterial or chemical
peritonitis will likely result.
Intravenous injection
The veins on the lateral aspects of the mouse's tail are excellent sites for IV administration. The principal
function of these veins is for thermoregulation. They will dilate when the mouse's body temperature rises
in order to dissipate heat. Application of heat to the whole animal or locally to the tail can be used to
cause vasodilatation making vascular access easier. Dilate the tail vessels by placing the tail in warm
water (37oC), never exceeding 40 - 44oC range, or under a heat lamp (25-30 cm away using a 60W
bulb). The animals body temperature should never exceed 104oF (40oC) for over 5 minutes. Animals
must be constantly monitored for signs of distress for these heat exposure techniques. The mouse should
be restrained so that its tail is accessible. A 25-28G needle is used. The vein is located, the needle
inserted by directing the needle into the vein with its bevel facing upward at an angle of approximately 20
degrees. The needle is inserted slowly. Visualize the needle as it enters the vein. Once the vein's wall has
been penetrated, decrease the needles angle and the needle should be directed cranially approximately
2 mm. Blood should be aspirated into the needle's hub before making an injection. During material
administration the vein should blanch and no material or swelling should be detectable at the injection
site. Material should be administered slowly to avoid vascular overload or rupture of the vein from excess
pressure. Pressure should be applied over the injection site by gently holding a piece of gauze over the
injection site for approximately 30 seconds to prevent hematoma formation. Preferably the needle should
be inserted into the vein midway down the tail, permitting additional attempts for venipuncture proximally
if the initial attempt is unsuccessful.
Rats
Subcutaneous
SC injections are performed in rats using the same technique as was described for mice.
Intravenous
Tail vein IV injection technique for the rat is similar to the mouse. However, the vessels are more difficult
to visualize, especially in adult rats. The skin overlying the vessels in adults becomes quite thick, making

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vascular access more difficult. For this reason the preferred site for vascular access is near the tail base.
The sublingual or the penile veins are also acceptable routes. Material should be administered slowly to
avoid vascular overload.
Intraperitoneal
The technique for IP injections in rats is virtually identical to mice. Rats should be restrained with their
abdomen exposed and their head held downward. The injection site and technique are as described for
mice.
Table 1.
Administration volumes considered good practice (and possible maximal dose volumes) a Journal
of Applied Toxicology; Species route and volumes (mL kg-1)

Mouse
Rat
Rabbit

Oral
10 (50)
10 (40)
10 (15)

s.c.
10 (40)
5 (10)
1 (2)

i.p.
20 (80)
10 (20)
5 (20)

i.m.
0.5b (0.1)b
0.1b (0.2)b
0.25 (0.5)

i.v. (bolus)
5
5
2

i.v. (slow)
(25)
(20)
(10)

Table 2. Needle Sizes and Recommended Injection Sites; Adapted from: Formulary for Laboratory
Animals, 3rd Ed., Hawk, Leary, Morris, 2005
Species

Injection Site
SC

IM

IP

IV

Feline

Scruff, back,
21 23G

Quadriceps, 23G

21 23G

Cephalic vein,
21 25G

Canine

Scruff, back,
21 23G

Quadriceps,
21 - 23G

21 23G

Cephalic vein,
21 25G

Ferret

Scruff,
21 23G

Quadriceps,
23 - 25G

21 23G

Cephalic vein,
21 25G

Guinea pig

Scruff, back,
23 25

Quadriceps, 25G

23 25G

Ear vein,
Saphenous vein, 25 27G

Hamster

Scruff,
25G

Quadriceps, 25G

23 25G

Femoral or jugular vein,

25 27G

Mouse

Scruff, back,
25G

Quadriceps, 27G

25 27G

Lateral tail vein,

26 28G

Primate
(small)

Scruff, back,
23 25G

Quadriceps,
23 - 25G

21 25G

Lateral tail vein,

21 25G

Primate
(large)

Scruff,
21 25G

Quadriceps, triceps,
23 - 25G

21 23G

Cephalic vein, recurrent

tarsal vein, jugular vein
21 25G

Rabbit

Scruff, flank,
21 25G

Quadriceps, lumbar
muscles, 25G

21 23G

Marginal ear vein,

23 25G

Rat

Scruff,
25G

Quadriceps, 25G

23 25G

Lateral tail vein,

21 23G

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Bird

Pectoral, interscapular
or inguinal fold 1 3%
BW bid or tid,
<21 G

Pectoral/per site 0.2

ml/<100g BW
0.2-0.5ml/100-500g
BW
0.5-1.0ml/>500g BW
<25G

Not
applicable

Cutaneous ulnar vein,

<25G, short bevel

Credits
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science
Harkness JE and Wagner JE, The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits & Rodents.
A Good Practice Guide to the Administration of Substances and Removal of Blood,
Including Routes and Volumes, Diehl, et.al., Journal of Applied Toxicology, 21, 1523 (2001)
Formulary for Laboratory Animals, 3rd Ed., Hawk, Leary, Morris, 2005, Blackwell Publishing
Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 2nd Edition, K. E. Quesenberry and I. W.
Carpenter, Saunders, (Elsevier), St. Louis, Missouri
University of Washington Training Series
Hawk, C. and Leary, S. (1995), Formulary for Laboratory Animals, Iowa State University Press, Ames.