COMPOSITES:

Composite materials (also called composition materials or shortened to composites)

are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different
physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics
different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and
distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:
common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter or less expensive when
compared to traditional materials.
A composite material can be defined as a combination of a matrix and a reinforcement, which
when combined gives properties superior to the properties of the individual components.
MATERIALS:
Concrete is the most common artificial composite material of all and typically consists of
loose stones held with a matrix of cement.
Reinforcement:
Reinforcement usually adds rigidity and greatly impedes crack propagation. Thin fibers can
have very high strength, and provided they are mechanically well attached to the matrix they
can greatly improve the composite's overall properties. Common fibers used for
reinforcement glass fibers carbon fibers cellulose (wood/paper fiber and straw) aramid (high
strength polymers)

Matrix:
The role of matrix is to support the fibers and bond them together in the composite
material. It transfers any applied load to the fibers, keep the fibre in their position and chosen
orientation. The matrix also determines environmental resistance and maximum service
temperature of a prepreg.Adhesive:
Adhesive is defined as a non-metallic binder that acts via adhesion and cohesion and
also it is a substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. Bonding
is the joining of two substrates using an adhesive. Adhesion is the adhering of similar or
different types of materials to each other. Cohesion is the inner strength of an adhesive as a
result of a variety of interactions within the adhesive. Adhesion makes an important
contribution to the strength of a bonded joint. Adhesives bond as a result of the following
three phenomenon

Phase changes
Intermolecular interaction
Wetting

Sandwich:
A sandwich construction consists of thin high strength prepreg skins bonded to a
thicker honeycomb, foam or balsa core. A self-adhesive prepreg does not require additional
adhesive layers and enables the production of light structures at reduced fabrication costs.

Figure 1.1 the manufacture of sandwich construction

Core material:
The essential property of any core material is that it increases the thickness of the
laminate, without causing a great weight increase (engineering theory shows that the flexural
stiffness of any panel is proportional to the cube of its thickness). The purpose of a core in a
composite laminate is therefore to increase the laminate stiffness by effectively thickening it
with a low density core material. This can provide a dramatic increase in stiffness for very
little additional weight.
1.4 Advanced composites:
Advanced composites are composite materials that are traditionally used in the
aerospace industries. These composites have high performance reinforcements of a thin

diameter in a matrix material such as epoxy and aluminum. Examples are graphite/epoxy,
Kevlar/epoxy and boron/aluminum composites. These materials have now found applications
in commercial industries as well.
Most common advanced composites:
The most common advanced composites are polymer matrix composites (PMCs)
consisting of a polymer (e.g. epoxy, polyester, urethane) reinforced by thin diameter fibers
(e.g. graphite, aramids, boron). For example, grapite/epoxy composites are approximately
five times stronger than steel on a weight basis. The reasons why they are the most common
composites include their low cost, high strength, and simple manufacturing principles.
PROCESS:
The following type of processes are generally used in the manufacturing of composite
material

Wet lay-up process

Clean room process (Advanced composite)

Ex no:

Analysis of composite laminated structure

Date:
Aim:
To design and analysis of composite laminated structure.
Commands used:
Element Table
Real constant
Material properties
Modeling
Meshing
Define loads
Solution
Post processing
Tools Required:
Ansys 14.5
Procedure
1. Open the ansys mechanical APDL.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory.
3. Select the element type in pre processor and select the required element. The element that can
be used for composites are Shell 99, Shell 91,Shell 181,Solid 46 and Shell 191.
4. Select the material properties option in pre processor and give the material properties for
various layups of composite materials.
5. Select the modeling option in pre processor and select shell and select layup for and create
required layups and orientation of the layups.
6. Select the modeling option in pre processor and select areas and provide the dimension for the
layup.
7. Select the meshing option in pre processor and select mesh tool and mesh the areas.
8. Select solution option and select define loads and select structural and provide the loads and
constraints as required.
9. Select solve option and give ok.
10. Select Post processing and select plot results and select deformed shape and undeformed.
11. Select Post processing and select contour plot for viewing the various stress and deformation
results.
12. Save the file in specified directory

Result:
Thus the composite laminate was designed and analysed using Ansys14.5 software.

Ex no:
Date:

Thermo structural analysis of composite laminated structure

Aim:
To design and thermal analysis of composite laminated structure
Commands used:
Element Table
Real constant
Material properties
Modeling
Meshing
Define loads
Solution
Post processing
Tools Required:
Ansys 14.5
Procedure
1. Open the ansys mechanical APDL.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory.
3. Select the element type in pre processor and select the required element. The element that can
be used for composites are Shell 99, Shell 91,Shell 181,Solid 46 and Shell 191.
4. Select the material properties option in pre processor and give the material properties for
various layups of composite materials.
5. Select the modeling option in pre processor and select shell and select layup for and create
required layups and orientation of the layups.
6. Select the modeling option in pre processor and select areas and provide the dimension for the
layup.
7. Select the meshing option in pre processor and select mesh tool and mesh the areas.
8. Select solution option and select settings and provide the uniform temperature, and select
structural and provide the structural loads and constraints as required.
9. Select solve option and give ok.
10. Select Post processing and select plot results and select deformed shape and undeformed.
11. Select Post processing and select contour plot for viewing the various stress and deformation
results.
12. Save the file in specified directory

Result:
Thus the composite laminate was designed and thermal analysis was done using Ansys 14.5
software.

Ex no:
Date:

Structural analysis of landing gear

Aim:
To design and analysis of Landing gear.
Commands used:
Element Table
Real constant
Material properties
Modeling
Meshing
Define loads
Solution
Post processing
Tools Required:
Ansys 14.5
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Open the ansys mechanical APDL.

Create the new file and save it in the directory.
Select the element type in pre processor and select the required element.
Select the material properties option in pre processor and give the material properties .
Select the modeling option in pre processor and select keypoints and create keypoints.
Select the modeling option in pre processor and select lines and create lines.
Select section option and create a beam section of required dimension.
Select the meshing option in pre processor and select mesh tool and mesh the lines.
Select solution option and select define loads and select structural and provide the loads and
constraints as required.
Select solve option and give ok.
Select Post processing and select plot results and select deformed shape and undeformed.
Select Post processing and select contour plot for viewing the various stress and deformation
results.
Save the file in specified directory

Result:
Thus the landing gear was designed and analysed using Ansys software.

Ex no:

Structural analysis of aircraft wing

Date:
Aim:
To design and analysis of aircraft wing.
Commands used:

Element Table
Real constant
Material properties
Modeling
Meshing
Define loads
Solution
Post processing
Tools Required:
Ansys 14.5
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Open the ansys workbench.

Create the new file and save it in the directory.
Select the structural analysis from tool box.
Select the engineering data select edit and provide the material properties.
Select the geometry and select import geometry and import the iges wing file.
Select the model option and select edit geometry
Select the meshing option and provide the necessary meshing parameters.
Select static structural and select analysis settings and provide the necessary constraints and
loads.
9. Select solution and select solve.
10. Select solution and select required stress and deformation for viewing the results.
11. Save the file in specified directory

Result:
Thus the wing was designed and analysed using Ansys software.

Ex no:

Structural analysis of fuselage structure

Date:
Aim:
To design and analysis of aircraft wing.
Commands used:
Element Table
Real constant

Material properties
Modeling
Meshing
Define loads
Solution
Post processing
Tools Required:
Ansys 14.5
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Open the ansys workbench.

Create the new file and save it in the directory.
Select the structural analysis from tool box.
Select the engineering data select edit and provide the material properties.
Select the geometry and select import geometry and import the iges wing file.
Select the model option and select edit geometry
Select the meshing option and provide the necessary meshing parameters.
Select static structural and select analysis settings and provide the necessary constraints and
loads.
9. Select solution and select solve.
10. Select solution and select required stress and deformation for viewing the results.
11. Save the file in specified directory

Result:
Thus the wing was designed and analysed using Ansys software.