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CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CONTENTS
5.1 GROUND IMPROVEMENT
5.2 FOUNDATIONS, TREES AND CLAY
5.3 STRIP AND MASS FILLED FOUNDATIONS
5.4 PILED FOUNDATIONS
5.5 RAFT FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
5.1
GROUND IMPROVEMENT
Workmanship
Design
The testing regime must be agreed with the Site Audit Surveyor prior to
commencement of work.
improvements techniques.
a workmanlike manner.
iv. The Developer shall ensure that adequate quality control procedures
are in place. The quality control must identify that site work meets the
conditions.
inspection.
Materials
iv. The ground improvement works must meet the relevant Building
Euro-Codes.
ii. All materials, products and building systems shall be appropriate and
iii. The structure shall, unless specifically agreed otherwise with the
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
5.1.1
Introduction
5.1.3
5.1.3.1 Introduction
Requirements.
5.1.2
Limitations of guidance
(30kN/m2 undrained);
anticipated;
the weak soil or fill again using its mass, air flush
40mm - 75mm.
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deposits.
work.
saturation.
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
Site workmanship
Management Regulations.
hazard.
as a foundation fill;
on the site.
5.1.4
Engineered Fill
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performance are:
Regulations.
compressible fill;
changes or vegetation.
unsuitable material.
to people.
cohesive fill.
settlement.
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CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
handling.
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CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
parameters:
investigation stage;
could be considered.
Small sites are generally more difficult to work than
includes:
investigation;
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
This test will not determine the design but will allow
requirements;
carried out.
ground water will rise into the fill at any time in the
Zone tests
5.1.5.3
Testing
placement;
investigation.
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5.1.7
5.1.9
accordingly.
Surveyor.
approval.
Fill materials
5.1.8
trenches:
Acid wastes;
Reactive materials;
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
5.2
Workmanship
Design
ii. Foundation type and depth must be suitable to resist movement from
a workmanlike manner;
Materials
iv. The design and construction of the foundations must meet the
ii. All materials, products and building systems shall be appropriate and
iii. The structure shall, unless specifically agreed otherwise with the
may have a lesser durability but not in any circumstances less than
15 years.
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CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
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5.2.1
Introduction
following sections.
5.2.4
Limitations of guidance
The soil
experienced expert:
cuttings;
Underpinning;
or shrinkage.
qualified expert.
5.2.3
The soil;
drying;
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
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5.2.7
Proximity
5.2.8
5.2.6
Size of tree
the leaf area and the vigour of the tree. With open
5.2.9
soil drying
relevant factor.
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details.
www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/britishnatural-
history/urban-tree-survey/identify-trees/tree-key/
index.html
apps.kew.org/trees/?page_id=17
twig characteristics)
www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/trees/index.htm
in future.
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
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5.2.10
Plasticity
index
Minimum depth if
no future tree/
shrub planting
likely (m)
> 40
1.5
1.0
20 40
1.25
0.9
10 - 20
1.0
0.75
5.2.3);
Distance of relevant tree to nearest part of
5.2.11
species of trees
5.2.5).
greatest depth.
5.2.12
Foundation design
water demand.
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Required
foundation
depth (m)
> 40
2.0 2.5
35
1.5 2.0
25
> 2.5
20 40
< 20
Thickness of void
on underside
of foundations
(mm)
Engineer design
> 2.5
Thickness
of lateral
compressible
material
(mm)
Plasticity
index of
soil
100
75
Engineer design
2.0 2.5
25
75
1.5 2.0
50
2.0 2.5
50
< 2.0
No special precautions
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
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5.2.13
Special situations
Plasticity
index
>40
20-40
Time since
tree felled
(years)
Thickness
of lateral
compressible
material (mm)
Thickness of
void below
slab (mm)
2-3
35
100
4-5
25
75
2-3
25
75
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the tree.
5.2.15
include:
movement;
clarification.
in concrete;
5.2.14
Made up ground
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
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APPENDIX A
Conifer
Acacia, False
Robinia
pseudoacacia
16
Dawn redwood
Metasequoia
glyptostroboides
16
Apple
Malus spp.
10
Douglas fir
Pseudotsuga menziesii
18
Ash
Fraxinus spp.
24
Fir
Abies spp.
18
Beech
Fagus sylvatica
20
Hemlock
Tsuga heterophylla
16
Cherry, Japanese
Prunus serrulata
Juniper
Juniperus communis
Cherry, Fruit
Prunus cerasus
12
Larch
Larix spp.
16
Cherry, Plum
Prunus cerasifera
10
Maidenhair tree
Ginkgo biloba
16
Cherry, Wild
Prunus avium
16
Monkey puzzle
Auracaria auracana
14
Chestnut, Horse
Aesculus
hippocastanum
20
Pine
Pinus spp.
16
Chestnut, Sweet
Elm, English
Ulmus procera
24
Cypress, Lawson
Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana
18
Elm, Wych
Ulmus glabra
18
Cypress,
Leyland
X Cupressocyparis
leylandii
20
Gum tree
Eucalyptus
Spp.
24
Cypress,
Monterey
Cupressus
macrocarpa
20
Hawthorn
Crataegus
monogyna
10
Cypress, Smooth
Cupressus glabra
15
Castanea sativa
18
Spruce
Picea spp.
16
Oak, English
Quercus robur
24
Yew
Taxus baccata
12
Oak, Holm
Quercus ilex
16
Maple, Norway
Acer platanoides
18
Oak, Red
Quercus rubra
20
Mountain ash
Sorbus aucuparia
10
Oak, Turkey
Quercus cerris
24
Pear
Pyrus spp.
12
Poplar, Hybrid
black
Populus x
euramericana
28
Plane
Platanus spp.
22
Poplar, Grey
Populus canescens
18
Plum
Prunus domestica
12
Willow, Srack
Salix fragilis
24
Sycamore
Acer pseudoplatanus
20
Willow, White
Salix alba
24
Birch
Betula spp.
14
Willow, Weeping
16
Elder
Sambucus nigra
10
Whitebeam
Sorbus aria
14
Fig
Ficus carica
Hazel
Corylus avellana
Holly
Ilex aquifolium
12
Honey locust
Gledistsia triacanathos
14
Hornbeam
Carpinus betulus
16
Catalpa bignonioides
16
Laburnum
Laburnum spp.
12
Magnolia
Magnolia spp.
10
Mulberry
Morus spp.
12
Sweet gum
Liquidambar styraciflua
14
Tree of Heaven
Ailanthus altissima
20
Tulip tree
Liriodendron tulipifera
18
Walnut
Juglans regia
16
Ulmus carpinifolia
Sarniensis
20
Cedar
Cedrus spp.
20
12
Lime
Tilia spp.
24
Cypress, Italian
Cupressus
sempervirens
Oak, Fastigiate
Quercus robur
Fastigiata
20
Wellingtonia
Sequoiadendron
giganteum
24
Poplar,
Lombardy
25
Western red
cedar
Thuja plicata
18
Poplar, Aspen
Populus tremula
18
Table 4 - Water demand (rooting depth) and mature heights (metres) of common trees
CHAPTER 5
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
5.3
Workmanship
Design
iii. Strip foundations must meet the relevant Building Regulations and
workmanlike manner.
a satisfactory level of performance.
Materials
i. All materials should be stored correctly in a manner which will not
ii. All materials, products and building systems shall be appropriate and
iii. The structure shall, unless specifically agreed otherwise with the
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
5.3.1
Introduction
5.3.4
5.3.5
Foundation depths
Functional Requirements.
5.3.2
Limitations of guidance
5.3.3
Design
depths.
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Modified
plasticity index
Volume change
potential 40%
and greater
Minimum
foundation
depth (m)
High
1.0
>20% - <40%
Medium
0.9*
<20%
Low
0.75
5.3.6
Trench widths;
Trench lengths;
Please note:
5.3.7
Excavations
5.3.8
Reinforcing
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5.3.11
Standards referred to
the concrete.
Foundation joints
5.3.10
Steps in foundations
CHAPTER 5
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
5.4
PILED FOUNDATIONS
Workmanship
Design
iii. Piled foundations must meet the relevant Building Regulations and
workmanlike manner.
installation meets the design requirements.
Materials
i. All materials should be stored correctly in a manner which will not
ii. All materials, products and building systems shall be appropriate and
iii. The structure shall, unless specifically agreed otherwise with the
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
5.4.1
Introduction
5.4.5
5.4.2
Limitations of guidance
recommended.
Pile layouts can be readily designed to
5.4.4
Pile classification
types:
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5.4.6
Ground beams
5.4.8
Structural Engineer.
5.4.9
an issue.
5.4.7
Testing
Test methods
may include:
Pile depth;
efficiency;
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
Standards referred to
CHAPTER 5
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
5.5
RAFT FOUNDATIONS
Workmanship
Design
workmanlike manner.
iii. Raft foundation design and construction must meet the relevant
Materials
ii. All materials, products and building systems shall be appropriate and
iii. The structure shall, unless specifically agreed otherwise with the
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER 5: FOUNDATIONS
5.5.1
Introduction
5.5.4
Ground conditions
5.5.6
5.5.7
5.5.5
foundation structure.
loading.
5.5.2
Limitations of guidance
in Figure 20.
Materials
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Figure 20 - Typical raft foundation design
5.5.8
Standards referred to