IRACST Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal (ESTIJ), ISSN: 2250-3498,

Vol.2, No.6, December 2012

Development of Self Compacting Concrete with

Mineral and Chemical Admixtures
State of the Art
Aravindhan.C
PG Student
School of Civil Engineering
Karunya University
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu
India

Anand.N

Abstract- Concrete is the construction material widely

used throughout the world. Construction materials used
in the industry should be friendly with the environment
during its usage. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an
innovative concrete that does not require vibration for
placing and compaction. It is able to flow under its own
weight, completely filling formwork and achieving full
compaction, even in the presence of congested
reinforcement. The hardened concrete is dense,
homogenous and has the same engineering properties
and durability as traditional vibrated concrete. In order
to obtain the properties of fresh concrete for SCC,
proportion of mineral and chemical admixtures to be
added. A review is presented based on the
development of self-compacting concrete with
mineral and chemical admixtures. Compiled test data
revealed distinct difference in mechanical properties of
normal and high strength self compacting concrete.
To understand the behaviour of Self Compacting
Concrete, it is necessary that several factors be taken
into account for designing the mix proportions.
Strength of concrete, type of cement, type of aggregate,
water cement ratio, type of admixture are some of the
important factors that affect the performance of
concrete.
Keywords- Self Compacting Concrete, Rice Husk Ash,
Marble Dust, Fly ash, Viscosity modifying agent.

I.

Prince Arulraj.G

Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
Karunya University
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu
India

INTRODUCTION

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was developed in

Japan in the late 1980s. It is the concrete which is
fully compacted without segregation without external
energy. SCC has economic, social and environmental
benefits over conventionally vibrated concrete. SCC
is made from the same basic constituents as
conventional concrete but with the addition of a
viscosity modifying admixture and high levels of
superplasticising admixtures to impart high
workability. The cement (powder) content of SCC is
relatively high. The ratio of fine to coarse aggregates

Professor and Dean

Department of Civil Engineering
SNS College of Technology
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu
India

is more in self-compacting concrete. Fine fillers such

as flyash, silica fume, slag, metakaoline, marble dust
and rice husk ash may be used in addition to cement
to increase the paste content.

II.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Bertil Persson (2001) carried out an experimental

and numerical study on mechanical properties, such
as strength, elastic modulus, creep and shrinkage of
self-compacting concrete and the corresponding
properties of normal compacting concrete. The study
included eight mix proportions of sealed or air-cured
specimens with water binder ratio (w/b) varying
between 0.24 and 0.80. Fifty percent of the mixes
were SCC and rests were NCC. The age at loading of
the concretes in the creep studies varied between 2
and 90 days. Strength and relative humidity were also
found. The results indicated that elastic modulus,
creep and shrinkage of SCC did not differ
significantly from the corresponding properties of
NCC.
Nan Su et al (2001) proposed a new mix design
method for self-compacting concrete. First, the
amount of aggregates required was determined, and
the paste of binders was then filled into the voids of
aggregates to ensure that the concrete thus obtained
has flowability, self-compacting ability and other
desired SCC properties. The amount of aggregates,
binders and mixing water, as well as type and dosage
of super plasticizer to be used are the major factors
influencing the properties of SCC. Slump flow, Vfunnel, L-flow, U-box and compressive strength tests
were carried out to examine the performance of SCC,
and the results indicated that the proposed method
could be used to produce successfully SCC of high
quality. Compared to the method developed by the
Japanese Ready-Mixed Concrete Association
(JRMCA), this method is simpler, easier for

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Vol.2, No.6, December 2012

implementation and less time-consuming, requires a

smaller amount of binders and saves cost.
Bouzoubaa and Lachemi (2001) carried out an
experimental investigation to evaluate the
performance of SCC made with high volumes of fly
ash. Nine SCC mixtures and one control concrete
were made during the study. The content of the
cementitious materials was maintained constant (400
kg/m3), while the water/cementitious material ratios
ranged from 0.35 to 0.45. The self-compacting
mixtures had a cement replacement of 40%, 50%,
and 60% by Class F fly ash. Tests were carried out on
all mixtures to obtain the properties of fresh concrete
in terms of viscosity and stability. The mechanical
properties of hardened concrete such as compressive
strength and drying shrinkage were also determined.
The SCC mixes developed 28-day compressive
strength ranging from 26 to 48 MPa. They reported
that economical SCC mixes could be successfully
developed by incorporating high volumes of Class F
fly ash.
Sri Ravindra rajah et al (2003) made an attempt to
increase the stability of fresh concrete (cohesiveness)
using increased amount of fine materials in the
mixes. They reported about the development of selfcompacting concrete with reduced segregation
potential. The systematic experimental approach
showed that partial replacement of coarse and fine
aggregate with finer materials could produce selfcompacting concrete with low segregation potential
as assessed by the V-Funnel test. The results of
bleeding test and strength development with age were
highlighted by them. The results showed that fly ash
could be used successfully in producing selfcompacting high-strength concrete with reduced
segregation potential. It was also reported that fly ash
in self-compacting concrete helps in improving the
strength beyond 28 days.
Hajime Okamura and Masahiro Ouchi (2003)
addressed the two major issues faced by the
international community in using SCC, namely the
absence of a proper mix design method and jovial
testing method. They proposed a mix design method
for SCC based on paste and mortar studies for super
plasticizer compatibility followed by trail mixes.
However, it was emphasized that the need to test the
final product for passing ability, filling ability,
flowability and segregation resistance was more
relevant
Mohammed Sonebi (2004) developed medium
strength self-compacting concrete by using
pulverised fuel ash (PFA) with a minimum amount of

super plasticizer. A factorial design was carried out to

mathematically model the influence of key
parameters on filling ability, passing ability,
segregation resistance and compressive strength,
which are important for the successful development
of medium strength self-compacting concrete
incorporating PFA. The parameters considered in the
study were the contents of cement and PFA, water-topowder (cement + PFA) ratio (W/P) and dosage of
SP. The responses of the derived statistical models
are slump flow, fluidity loss, Orimet time, V-funnel
time, L-box, rheological parameters, segregation
resistance and compressive strength at 7, 28 and 90
days. Twenty-one mixes were prepared to derive the
statistical models, and five were used for the
verification and the accuracy of the developed
models. The models are valid for mixes made with
0.38 to 0.72 W/P, 60 to 216 kg/m3 of cement content,
183 to 317 kg/m3 of PFA and 0% to 1% of SP, by
mass of powder. The influences of W/P, cement and
PFA contents, and the dosage of SP were
characterised and analysed using polynomial
regression equations, which can identify the primary
factors and their interactions on the measured
properties. The results showed that MS-SCC can be
achieved with a 28-day compressive strength of 30 to
35 MPa by using up to 210 kg/m3 of PFA.
Mustafa Sahmaran et al (2006) evaluated the
effectiveness of various mineral additives and
chemical admixtures in producing self-compacting
mortars (SCM). For this purpose, four mineral
additives (flyash, brick powder, limestone powder
and kaolinite), three super plasticizers and two
viscosity modifying admixtures were used. Within
the scope of the experimental program, 43 mixtures
of SCM were prepared keeping the amount of mixing
water and total powder content (portland cement and
mineral additives) constant. Workability of the fresh
mortar was determined using mini V-funnel and mini
slump flow tests. The setting time of the mortars, was
also determined. The hardened properties that were
determined included ultrasonic pulse velocity and
strength at 28th and 56th days. It was concluded that
among the mineral additives used, fly ash and
limestone powder significantly increased the
workability of SCMs. On the other hand, especially
fly ash significantly increased the setting time of the
mortars, which can be eliminated through the use of
ternary mixtures, such as mixing fly ash with
limestone powder. The two polycarboxyl based SPs
yield approximately the same workability and the
melamine formaldehyde based SP was not as
effective like other SPs.

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Vol.2, No.6, December 2012

Mustafa Sahmaran and Ozgur Yaman (2007)

studied the fresh and mechanical properties of a fiber
reinforced self-compacting concrete incorporating
high-volume fly ash that does not meet the fineness
requirements of ASTM C 618. A poly carboxylic
based super plasticizer was used in combination with
a viscosity modifying admixture. In mixtures
containing fly ash, 50% of cement by weight was
replaced with flyash. Two different types of steel
fibers were used in combination, keeping the total
fiber content constant at 60 kg/m3. Slump flow time
and diameter, V-funnel, and air content were found to
assess the fresh properties of the concrete.
Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and
ultrasonic pulse velocity were determined for the
hardened concrete. The results indicated that highvolume coarse fly ash can be used to produce fiber
reinforced self-compacting concrete, even though
there is some reduction in the strength because of the
use of high-volume coarse fly ash.
Burak Felekoglu (2007) made an investigation on
five self-compacting concrete mixtures with different
combinations of water/cement ratio and super
plasticizer dosage levels. Slump flow, V-funnel and
L-box tests were carried out to determine the
optimum parameters for the self-compactibility of
mixtures. Compressive strength development,
modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength of
mixtures were also studied. It was reported that
optimum water/cement ratio for producing SCC was
in the range of 0.841.07 by volume. The ratios
above and below this range may cause blocking or
segregation of the mixture. The Splitting tensile
strengths of the SCC mixes were found to be higher
and the values of Modulus of elasticity were found to
be lower than that of NCC.
Binu Sukumar et al (2007) replaced high volume fly
ash in the powder, based on a rational mix design
method to develop self-compacting concrete (SCC).
High fly ash content necessitated the study on the
development of strength at early ages of curing which
is a significant factor for the removal of formwork.
Rate of gain of strength at different periods of curing
such as 12 h, 18 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 21 days and
28 days were studied for various grades of different
SCC mixes and suitable relations were established for
the gain in strength at the early ages in comparison to
the conventional concrete of same grades. Relations
were also formulated for the compressive strength
and the split tensile strength for different grades of
SCC mixes. It was observed that the rate of gain in
strength for different grades of SCC was slightly
more than the expected strength of conventional
concrete of the same grades

Burak Felekoglu and Hasan Sarkahya (2007)

synthesized three Poly Carboxylate (PC) based super
plasticizers by using radical polymerisation
techniques. The effect of these admixtures on setting
time of cement pastes, time dependent workability
and strength development of SCC was investigated.
Test results showed that, from the viewpoint of
chemical structure, workability retention performance
of PC-based Super Plasticizers could be manipulated
by modifying the bond structure between main
backbone and side-chain of copolymer. PC-based SPs
with ester bonding were found to be ineffective in
maintaining the workability of fresh concrete
workability due to the alkali attack vulnerability of
this bond structure. It was also reported that, by
directly bonding the polyoxyethylene side-chain to
the backbone of copolymer, the workability of fresh
can be effectively maintained at least for a period of
2 h. It was found that, in addition to the types of SP,
water/powder ratio of SCC mixtures were also
responsible for the long workability retention
performances. Best results were derived from
mixtures incorporating 2.3 weight % of SP.
Ahmadi et al (2007) studied the development of
Mechanical properties up to 180 days of selfcompacting and ordinary concrete mixes with ricehusk ash (RHA), from a rice paddy milling industry.
Two different replacement percentages of cement by
RHA, 10%, and 20%, and two different
water/cementitious material ratios (0.40 and 0.35)
were used for both of self-compacting and normal
concrete specimens. The results were compared with
those of the self-compacting concrete without RHA.
SCC mixes show higher compressive and flexural
strength and lower modulus of elasticity rather than
the normal concrete. Replacement up to 20% of
cement with rice husk ash in matrix caused reduction
in utilization of cement and expenditures, and also
improved the quality of concrete at the age of more
than 60 days. It was concluded that RHA provides a
positive effect on the Mechanical properties after 60
days.
Andreas Leemann and Frank Winnefeld (2007)
studied the influence of different viscosity modifying
agents on the flow properties and the rheology of
self-compacting mortars. Additionally, their effect on
the early hydration of cement pastes and on the
development of strength of concrete was determined.
Inorganic VMA micro silica (MS), nano silica slurry
(NS), organic VMA based on high molecular
ethylene oxide derivate (EO), natural polysaccharide
(PS) and starch derivate (ST) were used. The
different VMAs were combined with a super
plasticizer (SP). At constant water-to-binder ratio

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Vol.2, No.6, December 2012

(w/b), the addition of VMA caused a decrease of

mortar flow and an increase of flow time (V-funnel
test). At a constant dosage of super plasticizer (SP)
mixtures with VMA require a higher w/b to keep the
same flow properties as the reference mixtures
without VMA. In spite of the higher w/b flow time
and plastic viscosity respectively are only slightly
reduced. This property is especially beneficial for the
production of stabilizer-type self-compacting
concrete where the amount of fines can be reduced
with the use of VMA. However, only the use of
VMA PS and ST leads to smaller changes of flow
when w/b is changed. The organic VMA show almost
no influence on early cement hydration and the
development of compressive strength. However, the
inorganic VMA caused an acceleration of hydration
and higher compressive strength at the age of 1 day.
Halit Yazici (2007) developed self-compacting
concrete by replacing cement with a Class C fly ash
in various proportions from 30% to 60%. Durability
properties of various self-compacting concrete
mixtures such as, freezing and thawing, and chloride
penetration resistance were found. Similar tests were
carried out with the incorporation of 10% silica fume
to the same mixtures. Test results indicated that SCC
could be obtained with a high-volume FA. Addition
of 10% SF to the system improved both the fresh and
hardened properties of high-performance highvolume FA SCC. These mixtures had good
mechanical properties, freezethaw and chloride
penetration resistance. Moreover, these mixtures also
had great environmental and economical benefits.
The heat of hydration and shrinkage of these
mixtures were lower than that of the SCC mixtures
made with high-volume Portland cement.
Khatib (2008) investigated the influence of including
fly ash (FA) on the properties of self-compacting
concrete. Portland cement was partially replaced with
080% FA. The water to binder ratio was maintained
at 0.36 for all mixes. Properties like workability,
compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity,
absorption and shrinkage were found. The results
indicated that high volume FA can be used to
produce high strength and low shrinkage SCC.
Replacing 40% of Portland cement with FA resulted
in a strength of more than 65 N/mm2 at 56 days. High
absorption values were obtained with increasing
amount of FA. There is a systematic reduction in
shrinkage as the FA content increases and at 80% FA
content, the shrinkage at 56 days reduced by two
third compared with the control. A linear relationship
existed between the 56th day shrinkage and FA
content. Increasing the admixture content beyond a
certain level led to a reduction in strength and

increase in absorption. The correlation between

strength and absorption indicated a sharp decrease in
strength as absorption increased from 1 to 2%.
Beyond 2% absorption, the reduction in the strength
was found to be at a slower rate.
Shazim Ali Memon et al (2008) studied the use of
Rice Husk Ash (RHA) to increase the amount of
fines and hence achieving self-compacting concrete
in an economical way. They compared the properties
of fresh SCC containing varying amounts of RHA
with that containing commercially available viscosity
modifying admixture. The comparison was done at
different dosages of super plasticizer keeping cement,
water, coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate contents
constant. Test results substantiate the feasibility to
develop low cost SCC using RHA. Cost analysis
showed that the cost of ingredients of specific SCC
mix is 42.47 percent less than that of control
concrete.
Paratibha Aggarwal et al (2008) presented a
procedure for the design of self-compacting concrete
mixes based on an experimental investigation. At the
water/powder ratio of 1.180 to 1.215, slump flow
test, V-funnel test and L-box test results were found
to be satisfactory, i.e. passing ability, filling ability
and segregation resistance are well within the limits.
SCC was developed without using VMA in this
study. Further, compressive strength at the ages of 7,
28, and 90 days was also determined. By using the
OPC 43 grade, normal strength of 25 MPa to 33 MPa
at 28-days was obtained, keeping the cement content
around 350 kg/m3 to 414 kg/m3
Seshadri Sekhar and Srinivasa Rao (2008) studied
the properties like Compressive Strength, Split
Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength of SCC mix
proportions ranging from M30 to M65 grades of
concrete. An attempt was made to obtain a
relationship between the splitting tensile strength,
Flexural Strength and Compressive strength from the
test results. The increase in the compressive strength
for all the grades of SCC mixes compared with the
28th day compressive strength varied between 20 to
30%. The increase in flexural strength for all the
grades of SCC mixes compared with the 28th day
flexural strength varied between 15 to 25%. The
increase in split tensile strength for all the grades of
SCC mixes compared with the 28th day split tensile
strength varied between 15 to 25%.
Al-Feel and Al-Saffar (2009) carried out an
experimental investigation to study the effect of
curing methods on the compressive, splitting, and
flexural strengths (modulus of rupture) of self-

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Vol.2, No.6, December 2012

compacting concrete and compared the same with

that of normal concrete. The self-compacting
concrete was made with Portland cement, limestone
powder, sand, gravel and super-plasticizer. The
specimens were cured in the air and water, for the
period of 7, 14, and 28 days. Three specimens were
tested for each point of each property. It is reported
that the compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength and flexural strength of the water cured
specimens were 11%, 10% and 11% respectively
more than that of the specimens cured in air. From
the failed specimens it was found that there was no
segregation and the bond between aggregate and
matrix was good.
Kursat Esat Alyamac and Ragip Ince (2009)
studied the relationship between properties of the
fresh SCC and the hardened SCC containing marble
powder. For this purpose, the mix design approach
based on monogram developed by Monteiro and coworkers for normal vibrated concrete was adapted to
SCC mixes. In order to obtain this monogram, a
series of SCC mixes with different water/cement
ratios and water/powder ratios were prepared. Several
tests such as slump-flow, T500 time, L-box, V-funnel
and sieve segregation resistance were applied for
fresh concrete and tests such as compressive strength
and split-tension strength at 7,28 and 90 days were
performed for hardened concrete. In conclusion, the
mix design method based on monogram can be used
for preliminary design of SCC mixes.
Ilker Bekir Topcu et al (2009) developed selfcompacting concrete, using waste Marble Dust (MD)
as a filler material. MD was used directly without any
additional processing. MD was used to replace the
binder of SCC in proportions of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200,
250 and 300 kg/m3. Slump-flow test, L-box test and
V-funnel test were carried out on the fresh concrete.
Compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic
velocity, porosity and compactness were also
determined at 28 days. The effect of waste MD usage
as filler material on capillarity properties of SCC was
also investigated. It was concluded that the
workability of fresh SCC has not been affected up to
200 kg/m3 MD content. However, the mechanical
properties of hardened SCC were found to decrease
while using MD, especially when the content of MD
was more than 200 kg/m3.
Hemant Sood et al (2009) highlighted the use of
European standards for testing self-compacting
concrete in Indian conditions. They carried out an
experimental investigation of Self Compacting
Concrete using Flyash and Rice husk ash as mineral
admixtures and testing rheological properties as per

European Standards. Addition of flyash in SCC

increased the filling and passing ability of concrete,
whereas rice husk ash imparted viscosity to concrete
improving segregation resistance of concrete mix.
From this experimental study it was inferred that
Flyash and RHA blend well improving overall
workability, which is the prime important
characteristics of SCC. Increase in Rice husk ash
content increased the water demand and reduced the
compressive strength of concrete.
Girish et al (2010) presented the results of an
experimental investigation carried out to find out the
influence of paste and powder content on selfcompacting concrete mixtures. Tests were conducted
on 63 mixes with water content varying from 175
l/m3 to 210 l/m3 with three different paste contents.
Slump flow, V funnel and J-ring tests were carried
out to examine the performance of SCC. The results
indicated that the flow properties of SCC increased
with an increase in the paste volume. As powder
content of SCC increased, slump flow of fresh SCC
increased almost linearly and in a significant manner.
They concluded that paste plays an important role in
the flow properties of fresh SCC in addition to water
content. The passing ability as indicated by J-ring
improved as the paste content increased.
Nicolas Ali Libre et al (2010) studied the effect of
chemical and mineral admixtures, including super
plasticizer, viscosity modifying agent (VMA),
limestone powder and fly ash with different W/C
ratios on fluidity, viscosity, and stability of selfconsolidating mortar. The results indicated that W/C
is the most significant parameter influencing the
rheological properties of cementitious mixtures,
specially their stability. Furthermore, the maximum
allowable W/C ratio for preventing in homogeneity
could not be a fixed value for all the mixtures and
should be adjusted for the target fluidity. They
reported that addition of VMA was an effective
method for stabilizing self-consolidating mortars and
preventing any kinds of instability. Limestone
powder and fly ash mainly affected bleeding and
aggregate blockage. Besides, these mineral
admixtures improved the fluidity of the mixtures to
some extent.
Venkateswara Rao et al (2010) developed standard
and high strength self-compacting concrete with
different sizes of aggregate based on Nansus mix
design procedure. The results indicated that Self
Compacting Concrete can be developed with all sizes
of graded aggregate satisfying the SCC
characteristics. The mechanical properties such as
compressive strength, flexural strength and split

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Vol.2, No.6, December 2012

tensile strengths were found at the end of 3, 7 and 28

days for standard and high strength SCC with
different sizes of aggregate. The optimum size of
aggregate was found to be 10mm for standard selfcompacting concrete (M30), while it was 16mm for
high strength self-compacting concrete (M70) though
all other sizes also could develop properties
satisfying the criteria for SCC. A comparison of M30
and M70 grade concrete confirmed that the filling
ability, passing ability and segregation resistance
were better for higher grade concrete for the same
size of aggregate. This is due to the higher fines
content in M70 concrete. It was noted that 10mm size
aggregate and 52% flyash resulted in highest
mechanical properties in standard SCC, whereas 16
mm size aggregate with 31% flyash content resulted
in highest strength in case of high strength SCC.

SCC mixes with eciency and economy for the

benefit of construction industry in the future.
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Mucteba Uysal and Kemalettin Yilmaz (2011)

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processing in the production of self-compacting
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III.

CONCLUSION

The elimination of vibrating equipment improves

the environment protection near construction sites
where concrete is being placed, also reducing the
exposure of workers to noise and vibration. The
improved construction practice and performance,
combined with the health and safety benefits, make
SCC a very attractive solution for civil engineering
construction. Twenty six case studies on the
development of self compacting concrete were
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