Professional Documents
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Contents
Page No.
1.0
Introduction
1.1
1.2
Literature Review
1.3
1.4
Materials used
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.6
1.7
1.7.1
1.8
11
1.8.1
11
1.8.2
12
1.8.3
1.9
1.10
1.11
15
Development of Moment-Curvature
relationships using Analytical Models.
Durability Studies of Low, Medium and high
grade SCC Mixes with GGBS and RHA.
16
15
18
1.12
Conclusions
19
1.13
21
24
Table No.
1.5.1.1
1.5.1.2
1.5.2.1
1.5.2.2
1.6.1
1.7.1
1.8.1
1.11.1
Fig. No
Table
SCC mixes with optimum GGBS
Fresh and Hardened properties of SCC with
GGBS
SCC mixes with GGBS and RHA
Fresh and Hardened Properties of SCC with
GGBS and RHA
Final SCC mix proportions selected for
further investigations
Comparison of Strength Efficiency factor k of
GGBS and RHA combination in SCC and
GGBS alone in SCC at optimum % of
replacement
Designation for M20 grade SCC concrete
Acid Durability & Acid Attack Factors for
different SCC Mixes
Page.No
6
7
7
8
8
10
12
18
Figure
1.7.1
10
1.8.1
12
1.8.2
13
1.8.3
1.9.1
1.10.1
1.11.1
15
16
17
19
SYNOPSIS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Concrete technology has made tremendous strides in the past
decade. The development of specifying a concrete according to its
performance requirements, rather than the constituents and ingredients
has opened innumerable opportunities for producers of concrete and
users to design concrete to suit their specific requirements. One of the
most outstanding advances in the concrete technology over the last
decade is self compacting concrete (SCC). Self-compacting concrete is a
highly flowable, stable concrete which flows readily into places around
congested reinforcement, filling formwork without any consolidation and
significant segregation. The hardened concrete is dense, homogeneous
and has the same engineering properties and durability as that of
traditional vibrated concrete.
[ 4]
Mehta P.K (1977)[5], Seshagiri Rao M.V (1999)[12], Rama Rao G.V
(2004)[13] have reported the effective use of RHA as an admixture to
improve the strength characteristics. Papworth (1994) [10], D.R. Seshu
(2003)[3] have presented models for the stress-strain behaviour of
conventional, fibre reinforced and steel fibre reinforced self compacting
concrete mixes respectively. Annie Peter (2007)[2] have reported the
flexural behaviour of steel fibre reinforced SCC.
1.3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE WORK
Even though extensive work is reported on SCC not much work is
reported on the behavior of SCC with GGBS and RHA as mineral
admixtures. Keeping this in view, the present experimental is taken up
to study the behavior of combination of GGBS and RHA in different
grades (M20, M40 and M60, i.e low, standard and high grade) of
concrete mixes. The main aim is to obtain specific experimental data,
to understand fresh and hardened properties of the self compacting
concrete with GGBS and RHA. Further it is also aimed to study
durability aspects of GGBS and RHA SCC. Broadly the main aims of
the present investigation are.
1. To study the behaviour of SCC
a. With GGBS
b. With GGBS and RHA combination
MATERIALS USED
Cement
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
Mineral admixtures
Chemical admixtures
Water
Acids
Conforming to IS 456-2000.
H2SO4, HCl, Na2SO4.
1.5
SNo
Designation
cement
Kg.
C.A
Kg
F.A
Kg
GGBS
kg
Water
kg
S.P
%
(bwp)
V.M.A
%
M20
280
780
844
120
180
0.62
0.062
M40
350
800
800
150
190
0.82
0.082
Designation
Fresh properties
Slump Test
Slu
mp
mm
V Funnel Test
T50
time
Sec.
Time for
Discharge
T5
min.
Sec.
Hardened properties
Strength at 28 days N/mm2
L Box
Test
Compressive strength
H2/H1
Tensile
strength
3d
7d
28d
Flexural
strength
M20
750
3.89
7.02
8.68
0.98
12.86
22.13
36.89
3.15
3.82
M40
760
3.80
6.78
8.25
0..98
16.11
31.75
52.67
4.67
4.98
Cement
C.A
F.A
RHA
GGBS
Water
S.P
VMA
no
Mix
kg.
kg
kg
kg*
kg
kg
M20
280
780
844
3.60*
116.40
180
0.68
0.07
M40
350
800
800
4.50*
145.50
190
0.84
0.08
M60
450
660
810
30**
150
190
0.98
0.01
Table 1.5.2.2 Fresh and Hardened Properties of SCC with GGBS and RHA
Designation
Fresh properties
Slump Test
Hardened properties
Strength at 28 days N/mm
L Box
Test
V Funnel Test
Compressive strength
Slump
mm
T50
time
Sec.
Time for
Discharge
T5
min.
Sec.
Tensile
strength
Flexural
strength
H2/H1
3d
7d
28d
M20
750
4.20
7.20
8.6
0.98
14.30
22.20
41.20
3.829
4.20
M40
760
4.00
5.90
8.35
0..98
20.80
32.50
58.25
4.720
5.40
M60
720
3.24
6.54
8.37
0.96
18.89
39.97
65.52
5.680
5.98
1.6
The selected eight SCC mixes along with fresh are shown in tables
1.6.1.
Table 1.6.1 Final SCC mix proportions selected for further investigations
S
.
n
o
Designation
Cement
kg
C.A
kg
F.A
kg
M20
400
780
844
180
0.80
0.08
280
780
844
120
180
0.62
0.06
280
780
844
116.4
3.60
180
0.68
0.07
500
800
800
190
1.00
0.01
350
800
800
150
190
0.82
0.08
350
800
800
145.5
4.50
190
0.84
0.08
2
3
4
5
6
M20GGBS
M20GGBS
-RHA
M40
M40GGBS
M40GGBS
-RHA
GGBS
kg
RHA
kg
Water
kg
S.P %
(bwp)
VMA
%
M60
600
660
810
180
1.00
0.01
M60GGBS
-RHA
450
660
810
150
30
190
0.98
0.01
1.7
10
M20 Grade
M40 Grade
M60 Grade
7
3
7
28
3
28
3
7
28
Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days
GGBS
0.77
1.21
1.80
0.69
1.15
1.56
0.63
0.33
0.66
GGBS and
RHA
1.03
1.22
2.19
0.73
1.21
1.90
0.69
0.90
1.31
11
1.8
With all the eight selected SCC mixes the cylinders are cast with
steel confinement. For all the eight mixes the steel rings inserted were
3 rings, 4 rings, 5 rings .The rings are made of M.S bars of diameter
4mm and 6mm. These cylinders were further tested for stress-strain
behaviour. The percentage of steel confinement is shown in the table
below
0
rings
3
rings
of
4mm
dia
4
rings
of
4mm
dia
5
rings
of
4mm
dia
3
rings
of
6mm
dia
4
rings
of
6mm
dia
5
rings
of
6mm
dia
0.79
1.06
1.32
1.82
2.43
3.04
No. of rings
Percentage
of steel
confinement
1.8.1
12
for M20 is shown in figure 1.8.1.Similarly for M40 and M60 stress
strain curves are plotted and presented in main thesis.
Table 1.8.1. Designation for M20 grade SCC concrete
S
N
o
0.79
1.06
1.32
1.82
2.43
3.04
0%GGBS
M2S
M2S1
M2S2
M2S3
M2S4
M2S5
M2S6
30%GGBS
M2SG
M2SG1
M2SG2
M2SG3
M2SG4
M2SG5
M2SG6
M2SGR
M2SGR1
M2SGR2
3%RHA
(GGBS
replace
d with
RHA )
M2SGR3
M2SGR4
M2SGR5
M2SGR6
13
shown improved stress values for the same strain levels compared to that
of SCC mixes. The similarity leads to the conclusion that there is only a
unique shape of the stress-strain diagram, if expressed in a non
dimensional form, along both the axes. The said form can be obtained by
dividing the stress at any level by peak stress and the strain at any level
by peak strain. Thus all the stress-strain curves will have same point
(1,1) at peak stress. By non- dimensionalising the stresses and strains as
above, the behaviour can be represented as a general behavior. The
stress-strain curves obtained experimentally for SCC with and without
steel were normalised as specified above and normalised stress-strain
values were calculated for all SCC mixes.
Of all the eight SCC mixes with different mineral admixtures taken for
investigation, the normalised stress-strain curves for different grades
SCC are developed and for M20 GGBS mix curve is shown in figure
1.8.2, whereas M40 and M60 curves are plotted and presented in main
thesis.
14
Constants for
ascending portion
Constants for
descending portion
M20SCC mix
A = 1.44,
B = 0.53
A1 = 1.49,
B1=0.71
A = 1.53,
B = 0.37
A1=2.00,
B1= 1.20
A=1.20,
B = 0.37
A1=1.29,
B1=1.22
A=1.25,
B = 0.58
A1=2.56,
B1=1.77
A=1.25,
B = 0.27
A1=2.42,
B1= 1.62
A=1.09,
B = 0.22
A1=2.08,
B1=1.30
A=1.41,
B = 1.00
A1=2.27,
B1=1.47
A=1.64,
B = 0.33
A1=2.59,
B1= 1.80
Equations for
ascending portion
Equations for
descending portion
M20SCC mix
Y = 1.49 x/ (1+0.71x2)
15
16
under reinforced, over reinforced beams were investigated. A loaddeflection plot is shown in figure1.9.1. Theoretically the momentcurvature relationships were developed using analytical equations for
stress-strain behaviour of SCC and were compared with the experimental
moment-curvature relationships for different SCC mixes.
A1
Mc = b (nd/) 2 d
and
(1+B12)
d = A1 A1
B1
Tan-1 B1
B1B1
17
0.85
Mc = b (nd /) 2 1 d +
0
d }
18
No. of
days of
immersion
Immersion in H2SO4
M20
M20 GGBS
Sr
ADF
AAF
Sr
ADF
AAF
Sr
ADF
AAF
30
98.65
32.88
0.35
98.78
32.92
0.29
99.00
33.00
0.21
45
94.78
47.39
0.71
96.85
48.43
0.46
97.70
48.85
0.35
60
90.51
60.34
1.53
94.87
63.24
0.91
95.48
63.65
0.95
75
85.80
71.50
2.89
91.81
76.50
1.85
94.70
78.92
1.42
90
83.57
83.57
2.91
89.60
89.60
2.58
93.60
93.60
1.98
Sr - Relative Strength, Acid Durability Factors - ADF, Acid Attack Factors - AAF.
19
Fig.1.11.1
1.12 CONCLUSIONS
1. The addition of RHA to GGBS mixes has shown improved performance
in terms of strength and durability in all grades of SCC.This is due to
the presence of highly reactive silica in GGBS and RHA.
2. Studies indicated that there is a good compatibility between mineral
combinations GGBS and RHA along with the chemical admixtures
such as SP and VMA when used in SCC.
3. The Bolomeys empirical expression can be used to predict the
20
mixes
21
22
concrete Cement
and
Concrete
23
9. Okamura, H. and Ouchi, M. "Effect of super plasticizer on selfcompactability of fresh concrete," Transportation Research Record,
No.1574, Dec.1997, pp.37-40.
10. Pap worth,F. and Radcliffe, R. (1994), High-Performance Concretethe concrete future, Concrete International, V. 16, No. 10, pp. 39-44.
11. Ravindra Gettu Application of Self-Compacting Concrete: Recent
experience and challenges that remain Proceedings of International
Conference on Advances in Concrete & Construction,ICACC-2008, 7-9
Feb., 2008, Hyderabad, pp 58-71.
12.Seshagiri Rao.M.V., Janardhana.M. Rao.K.R.M, Ravindra Kumar.
High ly Ash Concrete with RHA as an admixture.1999.Vol.80.Journal
of Institution of Engineers, (India).pp.57-63.
13. Seshagiri Rao.M.V and Rama Rao.G.V. High performance RHA fiber
reinforced concrete with chicken mesh wire fibers. Proceedings of the
International Conference on Recent Trends in Concrete Technology
and Structures.Coimbatore.2003, pp 381-393.
14. SureshBabu.TMechanical properties and stress- strain behaviour
of self compacting concrete with and without glass fibres Asian
journal of civil engineering (building and housing) vol. 9, no. 5 (2008)
pages 457-472.
15.The
European
Guidelines
for
Self
Compacting
Concrete
24
Environmental Pollution Control Journal Vol 13, No.1 (2009) pages 44-47.
2.
Strength
Characteristics
of
High
Volume
Fly
Ash
Concrete
Conference
on
Advance
in Concrete
Technology
and