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4:000–000, 2009
Case report
The authors report a case of minimal prenatal trauma producing a large subdural hematoma in the fetus, which
was diagnosed in utero by MR imaging. The occurrence of such a complication is extremely rare in the absence of
significant maternal trauma. Prenatally diagnosed intracranial hemorrhages, particularly those that are subdural in
origin, have a poor prognosis in most cases. After birth, brain compression required a complex neurosurgical inter-
vention because simple hematoma evacuation was not possible. The clinical and neurological outcome at 6 months
was excellent, as confirmed by the neuroimaging findings. (DOI: 10.3171/2009.7.PEDS08223)
B
lunt abdominal trauma during pregnancy can 34-year-old woman. This was her second pregnancy; the
cause fetal brain injury and intracranial hemor- first pregnancy was uneventful. At 30 weeks’ gestation,
rhage. Until now, the possible effects of maternal an ultrasonography examination was performed because
trauma on surviving fetuses has been explored mostly of a minimal maternal trauma (abdominal hit from her
as a consequence of motor vehicle accidents. Often 17-month-old daughter) that caused a fetal intracranial
emergency cesarean sections are needed during the 3rd extracerebral hemorrhage. The routine 22-week-gestation
trimester after major traffic trauma and are associated morphological ultrasound did not reveal any abnormali-
with significant rates of neonatal morbidity and mortal- ties. Therefore, a prenatal MR imaging evaluation was
ity. Brain pathology, including skull fracture, intracranial carried out 10 days after the trauma and showed a large
hemorrhage, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, in right SDH compressing the ipsilateral ventricle and caus-
neonates after major intrauterine trauma during the 3rd ing a midline shift; the left lateral ventricle was slightly
trimester has been reviewed in the recent literature.11 enlarged (12.5 mm; Fig. 1). On control echo scanning per-
Minimal maternal trauma may be undervalued and can formed at 34 weeks, the ventriculomegaly had increased (9
produce a so-called spontaneous intrauterine fetal intra × 17 mm). Based on these findings, we decided to perform
cranial hemorrhage. The consequences of even minimal the delivery by cesarean section as soon as fetal matura-
injury to the fetal brain can be actually unpredictable. tion allowed. At birth, the boy’s body weight was 2980 g
and he was 52 cm long with a head circumference of 35.4
cm (> 95th percentile). The Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1
Case Report and 5 minutes, respectively. The Moro reflex was present,
and the anterior fontanel was moderately tense. During
History and Examination. This newborn boy was the first postnatal days the baby was moderately reactive,
delivered via cesarean section at 37 weeks’ gestation to a and oral feeding was introduced. Right-sided ptosis and
mild left hemiparesis were present. Shortly after birth, a
Abbreviations used in this paper: SAH = subarachnoid hemor- coagulative impairment was detected (prothrombin time
rhage; SDH = subdural hematoma. 24.8 seconds, prothrombin activity 24%, activated partial
Fig. 1. Coronal T2-weighted MR images obtained in the fetus during the 31st week of gestation showing a large intracranial
isointense SDH displacing the right hemisphere. The right lateral ventricle is displaced contralaterally and the left one is mildly
enlarged.
thromboplastin time 77.5 seconds, fibrinogen 263 mg/dl, for the administration of vitamin K. Findings from the tox-
antithrombin 45%). Findings from antithrombotic factor oplasma, rubeola, cytomegalovirus, and herpes (TORCH)
screening were as follows: anticoagulation protein S 38%, studies and blood and urine cultures were negative. A post-
anticoagulation protein C 24%, activated protein C resis- natal cerebral MR imaging study confirmed the large right
tance ratio 1.08 (range 0.76–5.00). Anticardiolipin antibod- hemispheric SDH (maximum thickness 15 mm) that caused
ies were absent, results of homocysteine screening were mass effect and a 4.4-mm midline shift. Right lateral ven-
negative (2.5 µmol/L, normal range 5–15 µmol/L), and a tricle compression and left ventricle enlargement were also
prothrombin G20210A mutation was not found. The ab- evident as well as the presence of a circumscribed right
normal coagulation profile was deemed to be due to con- parietal SAH and 2 small contusions on the anterior por-
sumption of clotting factors by the expanding hematoma; tion of the left frontal lobe (Fig. 2). Vascular malformations
therefore, no procoagulant therapy was undertaken except were excluded by MR angiography.
Fig. 2. Neonatal (1st week after birth) brain T1-weighted axial (A and B), coronal (C), and sagittal (D) MR images, and 3D
angio-MR image (E) confirming the presence of the right SDH (thickness 15 mm) causing mass effect with subsequent 4.4-mm
midline shift and compression of the right lateral ventricle. Note the parietal SAH (white arrows) and the frontal contusions (black
arrows).
Actually, the SAH could have been caused by the direct 5. Chamnanvanakij S, Rollins N, Perlman JM: Subdural hema-
impact of the sister’s body against the fetus’ head while toma in term infants. Pediatr Neurol 26:301–304, 2002
the contralateral frontal contusions could have resulted 6. Demir RH, Gleicher N, Myers SA: Atraumatic antepartum
from a contrecoup trauma. The subdural collection, as subdural hematoma causing fetal death. Am J Obstet Gyne-
col 160:619–620, 1989
usual, would have arisen from the bleeding of 1 or more 7. Fries MH, Hankins GD: Motor vehicle accident associated
small bridging veins, resulting from the inertial trauma with minimal maternal trauma but subsequent fetal demise.
due to the acceleration impressed on the fetus’ head. Such Ann Emerg Med 18:301–304, 1989
a mechanism would have been favored by a relatively 8. Ghi T, Simonazzi G, Perolo A, Savelli L, Sandri F, Bernardi
large subdural space due to the immature brain tissue. B, et al: Outcome of antenatally diagnosed intracranial hem-
The subdural collection, therefore, would have had an orrhage: case series and review of the literature. Ultrasound
acute origin as demonstrated by the anomalous findings Obstet Gynecol 22:121–130, 2003
at surgery, showing a solid hematoma rather than the typi- 9. Gunn TR, Mok PM, Becroft DM: Subdural hemorrhage in-
cal fluid chronic subdural collection. utero. Pediatrics 76:605–609, 1985
10. Hagmann CF, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Caduff JH, Berger TM:
Although prenatal intracranial hemorrhages as a whole Fetal intracranial injuries in a preterm infant after maternal
have a poor outcome (40% of fetuses dying either in utero motor vehicle accident: a case report. Pediatr Crit Care Med
or within the 1st month after birth), surviving infants with 5:396–398, 2004
SDH may exhibit better neurodevelopmental performance. 11. Hayes B, Ryan S, Stephenson JB, King MD: Cerebral palsy
The patient sample is inadequate to provide prognostic after maternal trauma in pregnancy. Dev Med Child Neurol
figures; however, previous experience and the present case 49:700–706, 2007
demonstrate that surgical treatment is indicated in patients 12. Karimi P, Ramus R, Urban J, Perlman JM: Extensive brain
who present with increased intracranial pressure and clini- injury in a premature infant following a relatively minor ma-
cal deterioration.2,9 Above all, surgery can be life-saving ternal motor vehicle accident with airbag deployment. J Peri-
natol 24:454–457, 2004
when there are signs and symptoms of brainstem dysfunc- 13. Sherer DM, Anyaegbunam A, Onyeije C: Antepartum fetal
tion. intracranial hemorrhage, predisposing factors and prenatal
Our experience suggests that early diagnosis and ap- sonography: a review. Am J Perinatol 15:431–441, 1998
propriate treatment can improve survival and minimize 14. Sidky IH, Daikoku NH, Gopal J: Insignificant blunt maternal
brain damage. Optimal management and outcome of trauma with lethal fetal outcome: a case report. Md Med J
these young infants require close interdisciplinary coop- 40:1083–1085, 1991
eration at a tertiary referral institute. 15. Stephens RP, Richardson AC, Lewin JS: Bilateral subdural he-
matomas in a newborn infant. Pediatrics 99:619–621, 1997
16. Strigini FA, Cioni G, Canapicchi R, Nardini V, Capriello P,
Disclaimer Carmignani A: Fetal intracranial hemorrhage: is minor ma-
The authors do not report any conflict of interest concerning ternal trauma a possible pathogenetic factor? Ultrasound Ob-
the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified stet Gynecol 18:335–342, 2001
in this paper. 17. Vergani P, Strobelt N, Locatelli A, Paterlini G, Tagliabue P,
Parravicini E, et al: Clinical significance of fetal intracranial
haemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:536–543, 1996
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4. Breysem L, Cossey V, Mussen E, Demaerel P, Van de Voorde Address correspondence to: Marco Piastra, M.D., Paediatric In
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Eur Radiol 14:1609–1614, 2004 Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy. email: marco_piastra@yahoo.it.