Yesterday I had to attend site to escort a consultant to a transformer, so he could take the manufacturers name

plate details. This was required for the initial part of the design for a new office block. Whilst I was there, I also
took the details to play around with the figures for my own piece of mind
You know when you think you know something and upon looking further into it, you become lost and confused?
Been playing on my mind for the last 24 hours
I must admit I've become lazy and would contact the manufacturer and tap the figures into Amtech, hey presto.
But no I decided to read about it in more detail and now my figures don't tally up. Sat late last night reading
through my books, getting deeper and deeper into, unlimited bus line, motor contributions etc
So if someone would like to put me straight I would appreciate it
Name plate details
Rating: 1,000 kVA
Volts (no load): HV- 11,000 LV- 433
Amperes: HV - 52.5 LV - 1333
Impedance: 4.71%
This is how I was taught
Full load current = 1,000,000/ (433 x 1.732) = 1333.4A
Loop Impedance = (250 x (4.71/100))/1333.4 = 0.0088308
System Fault Current MVA = 1,000kVA/1000 = 1MVA/ (4.71/100) = 21.23 (21,231,422)
3 phs short circuit fault current = 21,231,422/ (433 x 1.732) = 28.3 kA (28,309)
Earth fault current = 28,309/1.732 = 16.3 kA
So where I'm confused, is that I always believed my earth fault loop impedance value was 0.0088308 as
above, but that figure only tally's with my 3 phase short circuit current of 28.3 kA (250/0.0088308 = 28.3 kA)
It's not something I use on a day to day basis, but would like to understand the basic principle and ot rely on
software
Regards
Jobbo

OK - assuming an infinite HV Bus, the bolted symetrical three phase fault current (ie P-P-P) is approx:
If (kA) = (KVA x 10^5)/(V x Root 3 x %Z)
In your case, this is 28.3kA - as you say
The earth fault current (or Line to Neutral) at the spill box will be 28.3/Root 3 = 16.3kA - ie the fault through one
winding

Your effective earth loop impedance is therefore R = V/I = 0.015Ohms - or a bit more if you anticipate the voltage
to be depressed under load when the earth fault occurs - but note the assumption of an infinite HV bus which will
skew the calculation considerably
I thought you'd just been on a design course Regards
OMS
------------------------Let the wind blow you, across a big floor.
Your title is confusing. End users don't normally calculate transformer impedances. Transformers are usually
made to standard designs, the impedance is therefore a fait accompli, there are situations though, where the
transformer impedance may be increased by design, for particular applications, e.g. to reduce the fault level on
busbars for feeder transformers.
Example of calculation: A 1000 kVA, 400 V transformer has 4.75% impedance (Z). Determine the fault level, which could be produced by
the transformer.
Answer is 1000 kVA 0.0475 = 21052 kVA, or 21 MVA.
Fault current is 21052 (400 1.73) = 30 kA
The easiest way to remember this calculation is to divide the rated kVA by the %Z of the transformer i.e.
1250/0.05 = 25000 kVA, this is the short circuit fault kVA (or as is more usual - 25MVA).
The 3 phase short circuit fault current is then 25000000 (400 (Volts) = 62.5kA.
For the earth fault divide 25000000 by (400 1.73) = 36.13kA.
Regards
OMS
Don't mention that design course, I feel ripped off
Ok, so from my figure of 16.3 kA
433/1.732 = 250v
250/16,300 = 0.0153 (phase to star point)
So what would my phase - phase loop impedance value be (2 windings)? This is where I'm going wrong
I also remember doing a formula during my 2360 C, where I could calculate the voltage impedance percentage
of the TX, but cant for the life of me remember how
Cheers again
Jobbo
P.S Has Zs let you have a sneaky look at her 2396 assignment yet?

Z1=Z2 and if Z0=Z1 then the three phase fault level will be the same as the earth fault level.
Originally posted by: Jobbo
OMS
Don't mention that design course, I feel ripped off
Ok, so from my figure of 16.3 kA
433/1.732 = 250v
Essentially yes - but remember you tend to want EFLI at the lowest voltage (as it errs on the safe side) - so
maybe use 230V

250/16,300 = 0.0153 (phase to star point)

notwithstanding the above, yes

So what would my phase - phase loop impedance value be (2 windings)? This is where I'm going wrong
If you have a P-P fault only, this will be P-P-P x 0.866 = 24.5Ka
Using R = V/I = 0. 017 Ohms
I also remember doing a formula during my 2360 C, where I could calculate the voltage impedance percentage
of the TX, but cant for the life of me remember how
The percentage impedance of a transformer is the volt drop on full load due to the winding resistance and
leakage reactance expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage - so measure the voltages on an off load
It is also the percentage of the normal terminal voltage required to circulate full-load current under short circuit
conditions - again measure the voltage you need to get FLC circulating in the secondary with the terminals
bolted
Cheers again
No Drama
Jobbo
P.S Has Zs let you have a sneaky look at her 2396 assignment yet?
Regards
OMS
------------------------Let the wind blow you, across a big floor.
OMS

If you have a P-P fault only, this will be P-P-P x 0.866 = 24.5Ka
Where does the 0.866 come from, is this just a percentage?
I was using 250v as this would be worst case, if the installation was cold. I shall have a play around with the
figures
So as a summary;
Symmetrical short circuit fault current = 21,231,422/ (433 x 1.732) = 28.3 kA (28,309)
Phase-Phase-Phase loop impedance = (no doubt complicated)
Phase-Phase fault current = 28.3kA x 0.866 = 24.5kA
Phase-Phase loop impedance = 433/24,500 = 0. 017
Earth fault current = 28,309/1.732 = 16.3 kA
Earth fault loop impedance = 250/16,300 = 0.0153
With a 3 phase earth fault loop impedance meter, where direct measurement is taken between phase-phase as
per GN3 for maximum Ipf, the Symmetrical short circuit fault current is actually greater, but cannot be measured
only calculated
Thanks for this, its now becoming clearer. Gave myself a headache last night
Regards
Jobbo