Composite Structures 92 (2010) 113121

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Exact solution for thermo-elastic response of functionally graded rectangular plates

A. Alibeigloo *
Meh. Eng. Dep., Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O. Box: 65175-4161 Hamedan, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Available online 7 July 2009
Keywords:
FGM
Plate
Thermo-elasticity
Static analysis
State-space

a b s t r a c t
Three-dimensional thermo-elastic analysis of functionally graded (FG) rectangular plates with simply
supported edges subjected to thermo-mechanical loads are carried out in this paper. The thermo-elastic
constants of the plate were assumed to vary exponentially through the thickness, and the Poisson ratio
was held constant. Analytical solutions for the temperature, stress and displacement elds are derived by
using the Fourier series and state-space method. To verify the accuracy of the present work, a comparison
is made with previously published results. The effects of temperature change, applied mechanical load,
gradient index, aspect ratio and thickness to length ratio on the behavior of the plate are examined.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are heterogeneous composite materials with gradient compositional variation of the constituents from one surface of the material to the other which
results in continuously varying material properties. FGMs were initially designed as thermal barrier materials for aerospace structures and fusion reactors. They are now developed for the
general use as structural components in high-temperature environments, and consequently many studies on thermo-mechanical
characteristics of FGM plates are available in the literature. Wang
and Tarn [1,2] developed three-dimensional analysis of inhomogeneous plate by using an asymptotic expansion method. Instead of
exactly solving the heat conduction equation, they presumed a
temperature eld a priori. for FGMs, Aboudi et al. [3] analyzed
the thermo-elastic response of FGM plate by using the Higher Order Theory. Transient nonlinear thermo-elastic behavior of a FG
ceramic/metal plate was investigated by Praveen and Reddy [4]
by applying the von Karman plate theory and the nite element
method. Reddy and Chin [5] carried out theoretical as well as nite
element analyses of the thermo-mechanical behavior of FGM cylinders and plates. Ootao and Tanigawa [6] obtained analytical solutions for unsteady-state thermal stress of FG rectangular plate
subjected to partial heating. Thermo-mechanical deformations of
a FG elliptic plate with rigidly clamped edges was analyzed by
Cheng and Batra [7]. They found that through thickness distributions of the in-plane displacements and transverse shear stresses
in a FG plate do not agree with those assumed in classical and
shear deformation plate theories. The thermo-elastic behavior of
an orthotropic inhomogeneous rectangular plate was carried out
* Tel.: +98 811 8283022; fax: +98 811 8257400.
E-mail address: beigloo@basu.ac.ir
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.07.003

by Kawamura et al. [8]. Reddy and Cheng [9] gave three-dimensional analytical solution for thermo-mechanical response of simply supported, FG, rectangular plate by using an asymptotic
expansion method. Applying MoriTanakas method and assuming
a power law volume fraction distribution of the constituents, they
investigated the inuence of the exponent of the volume fraction
law on the structural response under pure thermal or mechanical
loads. Three-dimensional deformations of a simply supported FG
rectangular plate subjected to mechanical and thermal loads on
its top and/or bottom surfaces have been analyzed by Vel and Batra
[10]. Vel and Batra [11] obtained three-dimensional transient thermal stresses of FG rectangular plate by extending the analytical
technique reported in [10]. Tsukamoto [12] examined thermal
stresses in a ceramicmetal plate subjected to through-thickness
heat ow using the MoriTanaka scheme and the classical laminated plate theory. Batra and Qian [13] presented transient response of a thick FG plate, by using higher-order shear and
normal deformable plate theory and a meshless local Petrov
Galerkin method. The exact solution for transient temperature
and thermal stresses of a FG strip with simply supported edges
due to a non-uniform heat supply in the width direction under
the plane strain condition was obtained by Ootao and Tanigawa
[14]. Ferreira et al. [15] derived static response of a thick plate
by using a meshless local PettrovGalerkin method based on
third-order shear deformation theory. Thermo-elastic solution for
transient thermal stresses of FG rectangular plate due to non-uniform heat supply was presented by Ootao and Tanigawa [16] using
series expansions of the Bessel functions. Three-dimensional exact
solution for the transient thermo-elastic response of an orthotropic
FG rectangular plate with simply supported edges due to a nonuniform heat supply was obtained by Ootao and Tanigawa [17].
Thermo-elastic deformations of a simply supported, FG, rectangular plate was derived by Brischetto et al. [18] by using principle of

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 113121

Nomenclature
a, b
E, a, k
E0, a0, k0

Eh, ah, kh

plate dimension in x and y directions

Youngs modulus, thermal expansion coefcient and
thermal conductivity coefcient, respectively
Youngs modulus, thermal expansion coefcient and
thermal conductivity coefcient at the bottom surface,
respectively
Youngs modulus, thermal expansion coefcient and
thermal conductivity coefcient at the top surface,
respectively

virtual displacements. Matsunaga [19] presented thermo-elasticity

solution of FG rectangular plate with simply supported edges and
subjected to thermal and mechanical loads by using a two-dimensional higher-order shear deformation theory. As the aforementioned works show, the exact solution for FGM rectangular plate
subjected to thermo-mechanical load by making the use of statespace method has not been yet considered and the present work
attempts to do this.
In this paper, thermo-elastic solution for FG plate with nite
length and simply supported edges under pressure and thermal
loads is presented. Material properties of the FG plate is assumed
to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple exponent-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The partial differential equations are reduced to the
ordinary one by expanding the state and induced variables into
double Fourier series with respect to the in-plane coordinates
and then are solved by state-space method.
2. Basic equations
A functionally graded rectangular plate with length a, width
b and thickness h, as shown in Fig. 1, is considered. The plate is
simply supported at all edges and subjected to uniform steadystate temperature loads, Th and uniform pressure, P0 on the top
surface and zero temperature on the bottom surface as well as
on the four ends surfaces. The FG plate is transversely isotropic
with constant Poissons ratio, m and the other material thermoelastic properties with the exponential distribution across the
thickness, as follow:

h
plate thickness
n, m
number of half waves in x and y direction
U, V, W displacement in x-, y- and z-directions, respectively
czy, czx, cxy shear strains

ri (i = x, y, z) normal stresses
ei (i = x, y, z) normal strains
szy, szx, sxy shear stresses
k; l
d

Lame coefcients
state variables

rx



E
aE
T
1  mu;x mv ;y mw;z 
1 m1  2m
1  2m

ry



E
aE
mu;x 1  mv ;y mw;z 
T
1 m1  2m
1  2m

rz



E
aE
mu;x mv ;y 1  mw;z 
T
1 m1  2m
1  2m

sxy

E
u;y v ;x
21 m

sxz

E
u;z w;x
21 m

syz

E
v ;z w;y
21 m

The stress components should satisfy the following equilibrium

equations:

rx;x sxy;y sxz;z 0

sxy;x ry;y syz;z 0
sxz;x syz;y rz;z 0

The steady state three-dimensional heat conduction equation is taken in the following form:

kx

@2T
@ 2 T @kz @T
@2T
ky 2
kz 2 0
2
@x
@y
@z
@z @z

The thermal, displacements and stresses boundary conditions are

E E0 eb1 z

1a

a a0 eb2 z

1b

k k 0 e b3 z

1c

where b1, b2, b3 are material constants which b1 = b2 = b3 = 0 the FG

plate reduce to a homogeneous plate.
Thermo-elastic constitutive relations of FG plate in term of
displacements are as follows:

T0; y; z Ta; y; z 0

5a

Tx; 0; z Tx; b; z 0

5b

Tx; y; 0 T i

5c

Tx; y; h T 0

5d

rz P0 ; sxz syz 0 at z h

rz sxz syz 0 at z 0
rx v w 0 at x 0; a
ry u w 0 at y 0; b

6a
6b
6c
6d

3. Analytical solution for temperature eld

The assumed solution to Eq. (4) satisfying the temperature
boundary conditions, (6a) and (6b), is

T
Fig. 1. Functionally graded plate with coordinate system.

1 X
1
X
m1 n1

T mn eb2 z sinpm x sinpn y

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 113121

Table 1
Comparison of stresses and displacements of square FG plate under thermal load.
a
h

a
h

Reddy [9]
W* (h)


W  2h
*
W (0)
U* (h)


U  2h
U* (0)
rx h


 h

rx 2
rx 0


sxz 2h


rz 2h

Brischetto [18]

3.043
2.143

3.043
2.144

1.901
1.681
0.6822

1.901
1.681
0.6822

Present

1.9012
1.681
0.6823

28.53
28.448

28.43
1.703
0.8081

28.44
1.703
0.8080

28.432
1.7027
0.8081

0.08242
1018
204.82

0.08528
1003
251.2

0.08553
1003
251.2

0.08527
1003
251.208

73.53
4.186

74.03
4.203

73.525
4.1875

76.10
0.3122

76.59
0.3135

76.12
0.3123

6.217

6.300

6.23

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
FGM(inner surface Monel)
Isotropic(Monel rich)
FGM(inner surface Zirconia)

0.1
0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
z/h

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

where c1, c2, m1 and m2 are constants which can be obtained by

using surfaces temperature boundary conditions (5c) and (5d)
(see Appendix).
4. Analytical solution for stress eld
In order to satisfy the simply supported boundary conditions,
displacements and stresses components are given as the following
form:

rx r x sinpm x sinpn yeb1 z ry r y sinpm x sinpn yeb1 z

rz r z sinpm x sinpn yeb1 z sxz sxz cospm x sinpn yeb1 z
syz syz sinpm x cospn yeb1 z sxy sxy cospm x cospn yeb1 z
u U cospm x sinpn y

0.04051

The state-space equations, (10), can be written in the following matrix form:

Applying Eqs. (1c) and (7) into the Eq. (4) and then solving the obtained ordinary differential equation, analytical solution for the
temperature eld is then driven

c2 e

0.1178

10

Fig. 2. Distribution of temperature across the thickness, S = 10.

m2 z

0.04067

r z;z b1 r z pm syz pn sxz

21 m
U ;z
sxz  pn W
E
21 m
V ;z
syz  pm W
E
21 m1  2m
m
m
a0 1 m
W ;z
r z
p U
p V
T
E1  m
1  m
1m n
1m m
 2

m
E
pn
p2
E0 pm pn
sxz;z
r z 0
m U
V  b1 sxz
1m
1m 1m 2
21  m
a0 E0 1 m

T
1  m
 2

mpn
E p p
E
pn
p2
syz;z
r z 0 m n U 0
m V b1 syz
1m
21  m
1m 2 1m
a0 E0 1 m

T
1  m

0.7

T*

Present

28.54
28.46

0.08266
1018
204.7

0.8

T mn z c1 e

Brischetto [18]

28.53
28.45

0.08240
1018
204.8

0.9

m1 z

Reddy [9]

3.0431
2.1443

50

dd
Gd kT
dz

11

T

z U V W s
zx s
yz are the state variables and G is conwhere d r
stant coefcients matrix and k is the constant coefcient vector (see
Appendix).
Also the induced variables in term of state variables can be obtained as

8 9
>
=
<U>
F V eb1 z
>
>
;
: >
sxy ;
r z

8
x
>
<r
r y
>
:

9
>
=

12

where [F] is constant coefcient material matrix (Appendix).

General solution to Eq. (11) is

dz

1
lz

Z

lz  k  Tzdz C

at 0 6 z 6 h

13

Rz

where lz exp 0 Gdz and C is the value of state vector, d, at

the bottom surface of FG plate.
5. Results and discussion

v V cospm x cospn y

w W sinpm x sinpn y
9
where pm map ; pn nbp and entities with a over bar are undetermined function of z coordinate.
Substituting relations (1a), (1b) and (9) into the Eqs. (2) and (3)
leads to the following state-space equations:

To illustrate the foregoing analysis, a simply supported monel/

zirconia functionally graded plate with the following material
properties is considered:

am 15  106 K1 ; km 25 WmK1 for monel

Ec 125:83 GPa; ac 10  106 K1 ; kc 2:09 WmK1 for zirconia

Em 227:24 GPa;

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 113121

3000

T h =300 K
T h =500 K

2500

x 10 5

-1

T h =700 K

-2

T h =1000 K

2000

-3
-4

*
x

z
*

1500

1000

-5
-6
-7

500

-8
0

T h =300 K
T h =500 K

-9

T h =700 K
T h =1000 K

-10

-500
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

z/h

a. Normal stress in thickness direction

x 10

0.5

b. Normal stress in longitudinal direction

-14

-13

x 10

T h=300 K

T h =300 K

T h=500 K

T h =500 K

T h=700 K

T h =700 K

T h=1000 K

T h =1000 K

-2

*zx

U*

-4

-2
-6

-4
-6

-8
-8
-10

-10
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

z/h

c. Transverse shear stress

d. Longitudinal displacement

6000
5500
T h =300 K
T h =500 K

5000

T h =700 K

W*

4500

T h =1000 K

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

e. Displacement in thickness direction

Fig. 3. Effect of thermal load on mechanical entities across the thickness of FG plate, S = 10.

It is assumed that the top surface (ceramic) is subjected to the

mechanical and thermal loads and the bottom surface (monel) is

traction free and held at the zero temperature. For convenience,

the dimensionless physical quantities are dened by;

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 113121

x 10

12

S=5
S=10
S=20

10

-15

S=5
S=10
S=20

1.5
1

8
0.5
6

*z

*
zx

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

-2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

z/h

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

a. Normal stress in thickness direction

b. Transverse shear stress

12
11
10

S=5
S=10
S=20

8
7
6
5
4
3
2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

c. Displacement in thickness direction

Fig. 4. Inuence of S on mechanical entities across the thickness of plate under thermal load.

T

T
;
Th

U i

Ui
;
Pa

rij

rij
PK 

where P KP0 for applied thermo-mechanical load, P = a*Th for

applied temperature, Th and the scale factors are K* = 1 GPa,
a* = 106 K1.
To verify the accuracy of the present formulation, the obtained
numerical results for a thermal or a mechanical loading are compared with three-dimensional results by Reddy and Chen in [9]
and the rened two-dimensional models by Brischetto et al. [18].
Table 1 provides numerical results for state-space and induced variable in dimensionless form for thick and thin FG plate under thermal load. It can be observed that the present formulation yields
exact and accurate results compared to the solutions presented
by Reddy and Brischetto for the mechanical and thermal loading
case.
Fig. 2 depicts through the thickness distribution of non-dimensional temperature, T* for the plate under uniform thermal load.
Variation of temperature across the thickness in a homogeneous
ceramic (zirconia) plate, is linear and the temperature at a point
in a homogeneous plate is always greater than that at the corresponding point in a functionally graded plate (with inner surface
monel and outer surface zirconia). Fig. 3ae depicts through-thick-

ness distributions of the dimensionless transverse displacement,

normal and shear stresses as well as in-plane deection and normal stress with various surface temperature conditions. According
to the gures and as expected, all of physical quantities increase
with increasing the surface temperature, Th. As Fig. 3a and c shows,
the surface boundary conditions, transverse normal and shear
stresses, are satisfy and these two distributions are symmetric with
respect to the mid-surface. Distribution of in-plane normal stress,
rx at the outer surface has greater value than the inner surface
(Fig. 3b) as well as the in-plane deection (Fig. 3d) and all of these
distributions have zero value at z = 0.4h. As Fig. 3e shows, variation
of transverse displacement across the thickness is very small in
comparison with the other physical quantities and its distribution
obeys from smooth curve which increases from bottom to the top
surfaces. Distribution of transverse displacement, shear and normal stresses along the thickness of FG plate under mechanical load
for various length to thickness ratio, S, are presented in Fig. 4ac,
taking a = b. As the gure depict, with increase the S, transverse
normal and shear stresses, in contrast with the transverse deection, decreases. Fig. 4c shows that with increase the length to
thickness ratio, the transverse displacement attains nearly
constant through the thickness of the FG plate, this trend agrees
with the assumption of constant deection made in various plate

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 113121

80

60

x 10

-16

S=5
S=10
S=20

2.5

40
2

20

1.5

*x

*
zx

0
-20

-40

0.5

-60
-80
-100

S=5
S=10
S=20

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

-0.5
1

0.1

0.2

0.3

a. Normal stress in longitudinal direction

3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

z /h

x 10

b. Transverse shear stress

-14

S=5
S=10
S=20

U*

-1

-2

-3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

c. Longitudinal displacement
Fig. 5. Effect of thermo-mechanical load on mechanical entities across the thickness of plate for various S.

theories. Fig. 5ac depicts the through-thickness variation of

stresses and displacements for FG square plate under thermomechanical load. It can be seen from Fig. 5a that in the case of thermo-mechanical loading, the in-plane stress changes from tension
to e compression along the curve in thin FG plate and the line in
the thick FG plate. Also it can be observed that the neutral surface
does not coincide with the mid-surface. As Fig. 5c shows, in-plane
displacement in thick plate is very small and negligible. Further
emphasis for changing the position of neutral surface can be seen
in this gure. Inuence of material composition in the physical
entities of plate under thermo-mechanical load are presented in
Fig. 6ae. According to the gures, distribution of stresses and
displacements in isotropic plate (metal or ceramic) lie between
the curves for the FG plates with hard and soft surfaces. From
Fig. 6a, it can be seen that in the case of thermo-mechanical loading, variation of transverse displacement through the thickness is
smaller than the one for the thermal loading. So, it can be
concluded that this difference arises from the mechanical part of
thermo-mechanical loading. Therefore, the usual assumption of,
constant value of W* across the thickness of plate made by two

dimensional theories is not applicable in the case FG plate under

thermal loading. As the gures show, inuence of gradient index
in the transverse normal stress is smaller than that for the other
quantities. Distribution of transverse shear stress in FG plate in
contrast with the isotropic plate is not symmetry with respect to
the mid-surface. Fig. 6b shows that the distribution of in-plane
normal stress, rx is linear through the thickness of the isotropic
plate with zero value at mid-surface but this distribution in FG
plate is nonlinear with zero value at the other point which depends
on the gradient index. Effects of gradient index, b1 on stress and
displacement distributions for thick and thin plates are investigated. Normalized mid-surface transverse displacement and transverse normal and shear stresses are presented in Table 2. It is
observed that, as gradient index increases, out of plane normal
stress, displacement and shear stress decrease. Table 3 provides
results of entities mentioned in Table 2 together with longitudinal
displacement as a function of aspect ratio, ab for isotropic (ceramicrich) and FG plate at mid-surface. As the table shows, when the
aspect ratio increases, all of quantities except longitudinal normal
stress in ceramic-rich plate, decrease.

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 113121

25

650

20
600

550

10
5

500

*x

W*

15

Monel-rich
Zirconia-rich
FGM(inner surface Monel)
FGM(inner surface Zirconia)

0
-5

450

-10
-15

400

Monel-rich
Zirconia-rich
FGM(inner surface Monel)
FGM(inner surface Zirconia)

-20
350

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

-25

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

z/h

a. Displacement in thickness direction

b. Normal stress in longitudinal direction

-17
16 x 10

1.2

14

12

0.8

10
0.6
*
zx

*z

8
6

0.4

0.2

2
Monel-data1
Zirconia-rich
FGM(inner surface monel)
FGM(inner surface Zirconia)

0
-0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Monel-rich
Zirconia-rich
FGM(inner surface monel)
FGM(inner surface Zirconia)

0.9

-2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

z/h

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

c. Normal stress in thickness direction

d. Transverse shear stress

-15

x 10

Monel-rich
Zirconia-rich
FGM(inner surface Monel)
FGM(inner surface Zirconia)

4
2

U*

0
-2
-4
-6
-8

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

z/h

e. Longitudinal displacement
Fig. 6. Inuence of isotropy on mechanical entities across the thickness of plate under thermo-mechanical load S = 10.

6. Conclusions
Three-dimensional thermo-elastic deformation of simply supported functionally graded rectangular plate whose thermal and

thermo-elastic constants are assumed to vary exponentially

through the thickness has been analyzed. The analysis was carried
out by using Fourier series expansion and state-space method. The
numerical results have revealed that the variations of material

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 113121

Table 2
Effect of isotropy index on the behavior of thick and thin FG plate under mechanical load at z 2h.
S

rz

rx

syz

W*

10
50

0.3559
0.4360

2.517
62.524

1.1263
5.7487

0.00284
1.69832

10
50

0.2915
0.3725

4.8924
121.79

1.0725
5.5264

0.00175
1.0503

10
50

0.1352
0.1960

9.6315
241.07

0.7727
4.0879

3.8848e4
0.23653

10

10
50

0.0235
0.03682

6.7860
170.76

0.2392
1.2895

1.6958e4
0.01054

b1

Table 3
Effect of aspect ratio on the behavior of isotropic and FG plate under mechanical load at z 2h.
a/b

Eh/E0

rz

rx

syz

W*

U*

Em/Ec
1 (zirconia-rich)

0.3830
0.4258

1.4979
0.00577

1.1410
1.1531

0.00347
0.004639

8.1038e-6
-8.5922e-7

Em/Ec
1 (zirconia-rich)

0.2805
0.3093

0.75361
0.04012

0.7015
0.7078

5.7427e4
7.6605e4

1.6563e-6
6.1915e-7

Em/Ec
1 (zirconia-rich)

0.2319
0.2490

0.31637
0.07096

0.4038
0.4071

1.5101e4
2.0102e4

7.6207e-7
5.5194e-7

Em/Ec
1 (zirconia-rich)

0.2247
0.2451

0.14329
0.07300

0.2414
0.2742

5.6769e5
7.5366e5

5.1000e-7
5.0302e7

properties in the thickness direction affect the response of FG plate.

From the study, some conclusions can be made;
The neutral surface of the FG plate is not at the mid-surface
but depends on the through-thickness variation of Youngs
modulus.
Assumption of a constant transverse displacement through
the thickness of FG plate is invalid for the case of thermal
load, whereas it is valid for the case of mechanical load.
Inuence of inhomogeneity in the case of thermal loading is
greater than the case of mechanical loading.
Distribution of transverse shear stress in FG plate in contrast
with the isotropic plate is not symmetric with respect to the
mid-surface.
In-plane normal stress is the maximum at the surfaces of
plate.
Temperature at a point in a homogeneous plate is always
greater than that at the corresponding point in a functionally
graded plate.

Appendix

 expb2 h
 T h ; c2 c1
d2  d1
q
1
m1 b3 b23 4b2 b3  b22 p2m p2n
2

q
1
m2
b3  b23 4b2 b3  b22 p2m p2n
2
c1

where
q
h
b3 b23 4b2 b3  b22 p2m p2n
2

q
h
b3  b23 4b2 b3  b22 p2m p2n
d2 exp
2

d1 exp

3
n
m
0
p
p
7
n 21 m
p
0
7
m
0
21 m 7
p
7
mpn
mpm
7
0
0
0
7
m
21m
1

7
2n
2m
p
p
hf b
1
7
T

e
0
b
0
53
1
7
2
1m 1m
2

5
2


n
m p
n
pm
pn
p
mp
1
2
0
0
b1
1m 1m
1m
21m
2
3
n
m
p
mp
m
1
h
iT
1m
1m
1m2
1m2
m
n
6 m
mp
p
m pn
1 7
pm
k 0 0 0 1
F

4
1m
1m 5
1m2
1m2
1m
1m 1m
m
n
p
p
0 21m 21m 0
2

b1
6
0
6
6
0
6
6 1m12m
G 6 1m
6 mp
6
n
6 1m
4

0
0
0

0
0
0

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