Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Static analysis of functionally graded cylindrical shell with piezoelectric layers

using differential quadrature method
A. Alibeigloo *, V. Nouri
Meh. Eng. Dep., Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O. Box 65175-4161, Hamedan, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Available online 12 February 2010
Keywords:
FGM
Piezoelectric
Static
Cylindrical shell
Differential quadrature
State space

a b s t r a c t
Three-dimensional solution for static analysis of functionally graded (FG) cylindrical shell with bonded
piezoelectric layers is presented using differential quadrature method (DQM) and state-space approach.
Applying the DQM to the governing differential equations and to the edges boundary conditions, new
state equations about state variables at discrete points are derived. The stress, displacement, and electric
potential distributions are obtained by solving these state equations. The convergence and accuracy of
the present method is validated by comparing numerical results for the hybrid FG cylindrical shell with
simply-supported edges with the analytical solution that has been published in the literature. Both the
direct and the inverse piezoelectric effects are investigated and the inuence of piezoelectric layers
and gradient index on the mechanical behavior of shell is studied.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Piezoelectric materials are widely used in modern engineering
due to its direct and inverse effects. The usage of piezoelectric layer
as distributed sensors and actuators in active structure control as
noise attenuation, deformation control, and vibration suppression
have attracted serious attention. On the other hand, in FGM the
possibility of tailoring the desired thermo-mechanical properties
holds enormous application potential for it. Therefore the integration of piezoelectric materials and composite material or FGM has
become the subject of focus in the area of smart material and structures and numerous papers on this subject have been published.
For example Wu et al. [1] analyzed functionally graded piezoelectric shells subjected to static electro-mechanical loading situations
by using linear through the thickness approximation of in-plane
and transverse displacements and quadratic variation of electric
potential. Active control of FGM shells using piezoelectric sensors/actuators has been studied by Liew et al. [2] and He et al.
[3] using the classical shell theory. Dynamic characteristic of
FGM cylindrical shells with surface-bonded PZT piezoelectric layer,
and under moving loads was investigated by Sheng and Wanga [4].
Liew et al. [5] presented a nite element model based on FSDT for
the dynamic control of FGM shells by using self-monitoring sensors and self-controlling actuators. Wu et al. [6] presented an analytical solution for piezothermoelectric behavior of a circular
cylindrical shell laminated with a functionally graded piezoelectric
layer. Exact solution for a FGPM hollow cylinder, placed in a uni* Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 811 8283022; fax: +98 811 8257400.
E-mail address: beigloo@basu.ac.ir (A. Alibeigloo).
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.02.004

form magnetic eld, subjected to electric, thermal and mechanical

loads was obtained by Dai et al. [7]. Free vibration analysis of FGM
magnetoelectro-elastic cylindrical shells was carried out by
Bhangale and Ganesan [8]. In authors previous work [9], static
analysis of FGM cylindrical shell with simply supported boundary
conditions and bonded with surface piezoelectric layer was developed. As it is seen exact solutions based on three-dimension-theory of elasticity utilizing trigonometric functions are realistic
only for the particular case of simply-supported shell. Meanwhile,
three-dimension-theory based numerical methods such as the nite element method always have high computational cost, low
accuracy and efciency. Hence more efcient and better convergent mathematical models based on three-dimension-theories attract intense interest for numerical research. In recent year, the
DQM has become increasingly popular in the numerical solution
of initial and boundary value problems [10]. The DQM can yield
accurate solutions with relatively much fewer grid points. The rst
application of DQM for composite plates was carried out by Bert
et al. [11]. Combination of the state space method and the technique of DQ completely based on the two-dimensional elasticity
theory, was introduced by Chen et al. [12] who analyzed the free
vibration of cross-ply laminated beams. Liew et al. [13] extended
the differential quadrature method into a three-dimensional coupled layer wise thermo-piezoelastic model to present the static
analysis of cross-ply laminated plate with innite length and different combination of boundary conditions.
Recently author [14] used differential quadrature method to
analyze the static behavior of cross-ply laminated plates with integrated surface piezoelectric layers. Static analysis of FG cylindrical
shell imbedded in piezoelectric layers with non-simply-supported

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A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

Nomenclature
Cij(i,j = 1, 2, . . . , 6) material elastic stiffness coefcients
D
electrical displacement vector
Youngs modulus at the inner surface
E0
E
electrical eld vector
Er and Ez electric eld in r and z direction
e
piezoelectric stiffness matrix
ei(i = 1, . . . , 5) piezoelectric stiffness coefcients
h
thickness of shell
thickness of piezoelectric and FGM layers, respectively
hp,hf
thickness and mid-radius of layer
hk,rk
k
dielectric permittivity matrix
kij(i = j = 1, . . . , 3) dielectric permittivity coefcients
L
axial dimension of shell
n
half wave number in axial coordinate

edges boundary condition based on three-dimension-theory of

elasticity has not been presented yet and the present work attempts to consider this analysis.
In this paper, piezoelastic solution of FGM Cylindrical shell with
surface bounded piezoelectric layers of nite length and arbitrary
boundary condition under pressure and electrical excitation is presented. Material properties of the FGM substrate is assumed to be
graded in the thickness direction according to a simple exponentlaw distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The variable coefcients of the governing differential equation and stressdisplacement relation are changed to constant by
using the layer wise approximation [1517]. Finally, the obtained
state equations are solved and the displacements, stresses and
electric potential elds are presented.

N
number of ctitious layer
inner and outer radius
ri,ro
S
mid-radius to thickness ratio of shell
Ur,Uh,Uz displacements in r, h, z directions, respectively
W
global transfer matrix of shell
crh, czr, czh shear strains
ri(i = r, h, z) normal stresses
ei(i = r, h, z) normal strains
srh, szr, szh Shear stresses
m
Poissons ratio
w
electric potential
g
non-dimensional radial variable
d
state variables

where E0 and E(r) are Young modulus at r = ri + hp and ri + hp < r < ro  hp, respectively, and b h1 ln EEh0 .
f
The stressdisplacement relations for a transversely isotropic
FG cylindrical shell are;

rh
rz

Er
U z;r U r;z 
21 m


Er
Uh

U h;r 
21 m
r

srh

shz

Er
U h;z
21 m

The equilibrium equations, in the absence of body forces, are

2.1. FGM layer

The substrate FGM layer is transversely isotropic with constant
Poissons ratio m, and the Young modulus with exponential distributions in the thickness direction of the shell, as follow:

Er E0 ebrra

szr

2. State space formulation

Consider a functionally graded cylindrical shell with nonhomogeneous mechanical properties in the radial direction. The FG
cylindrical shell with geometry according to Fig. 1, is bonded with
piezoelectric layers and has nite length.



Er
Ur
1  mU r;r m mU z;z
1 m1  2m
r


Er
U

mU r;r 1  m r mU z;z
1 m1  2m
r


Er
U

mU r;r m r 1  mU z;z
1 m1  2m
r

rr

1
r
2
srh;r shz;z srh bsrh 0
r
1
szr;r szr rz;z bszr 0
r

rr;r szr;z rr  rh brr 0

3

Eqs. (2) and (3) are differential equation with variable coefcients
and cannot be easily solved. To change the variable coefcient into
constant, an approximation is made introducing the radial local
coordinate, n, located at the center of the Kth arbitrary ctitious
layer assuming nr k  1, in which each layer is viewed as a thin coaxk
ial shell, and nally writing [1517]

1 1
1  gk
r rk

1
1
1  2gk
r 2 r2k

where gk nr k ; nk r  rk .
k
By making the use of Eqs. (2)(4), the following state space
equations are obtained;

ddf
Gf df 0
dz
Fig. 1. Geometry and coordinates of the FGM shell with piezoelectric layers.

where df = {rr Uz Uh Ur szr srh} are the state variables and Gf is the
constant coefcients matrix (Appendix A).

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A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

Table 1
Material properties of piezoelectric sensor (PZT-4) and actuator (Ba2 NaNb5 O15).

Property (GPa)

C11

C12

C13

C22

C23

C33

C44

C55

C66

Sensor
Actuator

139
239

78
104

74
5

139
247

74
52

115
135

25.6
65

25.6
66

30.5
76

Property*

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

k11

k22

k33

Sensor
Actuator

5.2
0.4

5.2
0.3

15.1
4.3

12.7
3.4

12.7
2.8

6.5e9
1.96e9

6.5e9
2.01e9

5.6e9
0.28e9

The unit of matrix e is Cm2 and for the matrix g is Fm1.

-18

1.2

N=5
N=7
N=13
N=15 & Ref[3]

N=5
N=7
N=13
N=15 & Ref [3]

0.8

0.6

*
rz

x 10

0.4

0.2

-0.2
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

(a) Radial stress across the thickness

3

(b) Transverse shear stress across the thickness

x 10-7

2.5

Ur*

N=5
N=7
N=13
N=15 & Ref [3]

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

(c) Radial displacement across the thickness

Fig. 2. Convergence of present approach for FGM shell with SS and S = 10.

where r = {rz rh rr srh szr szh}T, e = {ez eh er crh czr czh}T

Also induced variables in term of state variables will be

8 9
9
8
rr >
>
>
>
> >
>
=
<
< rh >
U z = brra
e
rz F
>
>
>
>
> Uh >
:
>
rzh ;
;
: >
Ur

D fDz Dh Dr gT
3
C 13 0
0
0
2
3
C 23 0
0
0 7
7
0 0 0 0 e5 0
7
C 33 0
0
0 7
6
7; e 4 0 0 0 e4 0 0 7
5;
0 7
0 C 44 0
7
e
e
0
0
0
e
7
1
2
3
0
0 C 55 0 5
0
0
0 C 66
3
0
7
0 5
k33

7a
7b

And eT is transpose of e.

where [F] is the constant coefcient material matrix (Appendix A).

2.2. Piezoelectric layers
The constitutive equations for an orthotropic piezoelectric layer
in reference coordinate system (r, h, z) are

r C e  eT E
D ee kE

Er gT
C 12
C 22
C 23
0
0
0
0
k22
0

E fEz Eh
2
C 11
6C
6 12
6
6 C 13
C6
6 0
6
6
4 0
0
2
k11
6
k4 0
0

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A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

1.2

16 x 10

S-S
C-S
C-C
C-F

-18

S-S
C-S
C-C
C-F

14
12

0.8

10
0.6
r

*
rz

0.4

6
4

0.2

-0.2
-0.8

3 x 10

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

-2
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

(a) Radial stress across the thickness

(b) Transverse shear stress across the thickness

-7

x 10

-25

2.5

Ur*

S-S
C-S
C-C

Uz*

-1
2

-2

S-S
C-S
C-C

1.5
-3
1

-4

0.5
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

-5
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

(c) Radial displacement

(d) Axial displacement

0.3

0.4

0.5

Fig. 3. Effect of edges boundary condition on the maximum stresses and displacements for S = 10.

In the absence of body forces, the equilibrium equations and the

charge equation of electrostatics are

rz;z srz;r

d
dp Gp dp
dg

srz

0
r
2s
shz;z srh;r rh 0
r
r  rh
szr;z rr;r r
0
r

and

Dr
Dr;r Dz;z 0
r

The linear relations between the strain and the mechanical displacement, the electric eld and potential are

er U r;r eh
u
crh h uh;r
r

Ur
r

ez U z;z czr U z;r U r;z

czh uh;z

By making use of Eqs. (7)-(11), the following state space equations for the piezoelectric layers can be obtained

10

where dp = {rr Uz Uh Ur szr srh Dr w} are the state variables for piezoelectric layers and Gp is the constant coefcients matrix which can be
different for the top and bottom piezoelectric material (Appendix A).
The in-plane normal and shear stresses in term of state variables are as the following:



C 23 g3 e2 e3
e2 e1 C 33  e3 C 13  C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3
Uz
r

r
12
C 33 g3 e23
C g e23
 33 3

1
e2 C 33 e2  e3 C 23  C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3
e3 C 23  e2 C 33
C 22
Dr
Ur
R
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23




C g e e
e e C  e C  C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3
Uz
rz 23 3 2 2 3 rr C 11 1 1 33 3 13
C 33 g3 e23
C g e3
 33 3

1
e1 C 33 e2  e3 C 23  C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3
e3 C 13  e1 C 33
Ur
C 12
Dr
R
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23
szh C 66 U h

rh

14

and

Er w;r

Ez w;z

11

Mechanical and electrical boundary conditions at the inner surface of the actuator and outer surface of sensor are, respectively

rr p szr srh 0 w V at r ri
rr srz srh 0 Dr 0 at r ro

13
T

12a
12b

3. Semi-analytical solution
It is impossible to obtain the exact solution for the shell with
non-simply supported boundary conditions. A semi-analytical
procedure with the aids of DQ technique was recently developed
by Chen et al. [12]. In this method, the -order partial derivative

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A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

of a continuous function f (x, z) with respect to x at a given point xi

can be approximated as a linear sum of weighted function values at
all of the discrete points in the domain of x, i.e.





nxi;z 

@f
@xn

N
X

xxi

g ij f xj ; z i 1; 2; . . . ; n n 1; 2; . . . ; n  1

15

j1

where N is the number of sampling points, and g nij are the xi-dependent weight coefcients [18].
Applying Eqs. (15), (14), and (13), the following state equations
about the state variables at an arbitrary sampling point in any
given lamina are then obtained:

rri;g 1


C 23 g3 e2 e3
C 33 g3 e23

rri

 N
e2 e1 C 33  e3 C 13  C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3 X
g 1ij U zj
C 33 g3 e23
j1


1
e2 C 33 e2  e3 C 23  C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3
C 22
U ri
R
C 33 g3 e23
N
X
e3 C 23  e2 C 33
R
g 1ij szrj
Dri
C 33 g3 e23
j1
C 12

U zi;g R

N
X

g 1ij U rj

j1

U hi;g U hi
U ri;g

szri;g

R
srhi
C 44

Re3
Dri
C 33 g3 e23

N
RC 13 g3 e1 e3 X

g 1ij rrj
2
C 33 g3 e3
j1

 N
C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3  e1 e1 C 33  e3 C 13 X
R C 11
g 2ij U zj
C 33 g3 e23
j1

 N
1
C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3  e1 e2 C 33  e3 C 23 X
C 12
g 1ij U rj
2
R
C 33 g3 e3
j1
N
Re1 C 33  e3 C 13 X
 szri
g 1ij Drj
C 33 g3 e23
j1

srhi;g RC 66

N
X

g 2ij U hj  2srhi

d
dk M k dk
dz

18

where

d frr U x U y U z

szx szy Dz wgT ; rz rz1 ; rz2 ; . . . ; rzN T

S : U r U h rz 0
@U r
0
C : Ur Uh Uz
@z
F : rz szh srz 0

20a
20b
20c

After applying the boundary conditions, Eq. (18) becomes;

21

where the subscript, b, denotes that the state equation contains the
boundary conditions and the matrix M kpb according to each boundary condition type are given in Appendix A. The general solution
to Eq. (21) can be explicitly expressed as

dpb g expbg  gk1 Gpb cdpb gk1



hk
hk
6g6
2r k
2rk

22

where hk and rk are the thickness and mid-radius of kth layer.

Eq. (22) at the outer surface of the sensor and actuator layers is

Dpb hs hf M sb Dpb 2hs hf

Dpb 0 M ab Dpb hs

23
24

where Mab expMab ha  and Msb expMsb hs .

Using the same procedure for the FG layer, Eq. (5), yields

dfb g expg  gk1 Gfb dfb gk1



hk
hk
6g6
2r k
2r k

Dfb hs Mfb Dfb hf hs

16

19

And the other sub-vectors in Eq. (18) are dened in the same manner
as Eq. (19). The partitioned matrix Mk is described in Appendix A.
Applying the boundary conditions at x = 0, L to Eq. (18) the unique solution for the state variables, Dk, will be obtained. In this
investigation, the following boundary conditions at the x = 0,L
edges will be considered: Simply supported edges (S), Clamped
edges (C), Free edges (F);

d
dpb M kpb dpb
dg

N
R
Re X
szri  5
g1 w
C 55
C 55 j1 ij j

N
Rg3
RC g e e X
C 23 g3 e2 e3
r  13 3 12 3
g 1ij U zj 
U ri
2 ri
C 33 g3 e3
C 33 g3 e3
C 33 g3 e23
j1

Assembly of Eq. (16) at all sampling points leads to the following global state equation in the matrix form;

25a
25b

4. Global transfer matrix and surface boundary condition

j1

Dri;g


 N
N
Re5 X
e2 X
g 1ij szrj  Dri g1 5
g2 w
C 55 j1
C 55 j1 ij j

wi; g

N
e3 R
Re C  e C X
r 1 33 3 2 13
g 1ij U zj
2 ri
C 33 g3 e3
C 33 g3 e3
j1

From the last relation of matrix equation Eq. (24), quantity Dr

(hp) in term of mechanical state variables can be obtained, and also
the quantity w(h) will be obtained by the last relation in Eq. (23).
By inserting this quantity in Eqs. (23) and (24), the following
mechanical part of state equation for actuator and sensor layers
will be obtained:

e2 C 33  e3 C 23
RC 33
U ri 
Dri
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23

Similarly the induced variable, Eq. (14), is;






C g e e
e e C  e C  C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3
rhi 23 3 2 2 3 rri C 12 2 1 33 3 13
U zi
2
C 33 g3 e3
C 33 g3 e3


1
e2 C 33 e2  e3 C 23  C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3
e3 C 23  e2 C 33
U ri
C 22
Dri
R
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23

17





C g e e
e e C  e C  C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3
U zi
rzi 23 3 2 2 3 rri C 11 1 1 33 3 13
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e3


1
e1 C 33 e2  e3 C 23  C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3
e3 C 13  e1 C 33
U ri
C 12
Dri
R
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23

szhi C 66 U hi

m
dm
p 0 T a dp hp Ba

26

m
dm
p hs hf T s dp h

27

where Ta and Ts are the mechanical part of coefcient matrix and Ba

is a column vector whose dimension depends on type of edges
boundary condition.
Since the mechanical state variables at the interfaces of the
actuator, FGM and sensor layers are continuous, so from Eqs.
(25), (26) and (27) the following relation between the mechanical
state variables at the outer and inner surfaces of the shell is
obtained

dm 0 Wdm h Ba ;

28

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A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

-16

1.4

S=5, V=0
S=5, V=100
S=50, V=0
S=50, V=100

1.2

x 10
S=5, V=0
S=5, V=100
S=50, V=0
S=50, V=100

*
rz

0.8
2

0.6
1
0.4
0

0.2
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-1
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

(a) Normal stress in radial direction

2.5 x 10

(b) Transverse shear stress in radial direction

-5

Ur*

1.5

1
S=5, V=0
S=5, V=100
S=50, V=0
S=50, V=100

0.5

0
-0.5

-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

(c) Radial displacement

Fig. 4. Effect of S on displacements and stresses with and without applied voltage (with unit of Volt) for the FGM shell with inner surface molybdenum and CC condition.

where W T a T 0f T s and T a ; T 0f ; T s are mechanical part of the global

transfer matrix for actuator, FGM and sensor layers, respectively,
which depend on the kind of edges boundary layers.
Imposing surface traction at the inner and outer surface of the
shell to the Eq. (28) and solving the obtained equation, the displacements at the inner surface of shell can be obtained. Using
known state variable at the inner surface of shell , Eqs. (22) and
(25a) and the following conditions at the interface of FGM, sensor
and actuator layers, the mechanical and electric state variables in
three-dimensions will be obtained.

d0s d0f ehp hf at r ro  hp hf

29

where d = {rr srh szr}.

Finally, inserting the obtained state variables into the induced
variable, Eqs. (6) and (17), the in-plane stresses can be determined.
5. Results and discussion
To illustrate the foregoing analysis, a thick FGM cylindrical shell
made of mullite and molybdenum with the Youngs modulus of
225 GPa and 330 GPa, respectively, and constant Poissons ratio,
m = 0.3, for two constituent is considered. The following dimension,
sampling points relation [18] and material properties of piezoelectric layers according to Table 1 are used;

L 6m; hf 20hp ; h hf 2hp ; r i 0:8m; r o 1m



i  1p L
i 1; 2; . . . ; N
xi 1  cos
N1 2
Also for convenience the following dimensionless quantities are
introduced;

rz rh rr srh szx sxy

U r ; U h ; U z

1
rz
q0

1
U r ; U h ; U z ;
h

rh rr srh srz szh ;

w

w
; h hs hc ha
V0

In order to demonstrate the convergence and accuracy of present approach, numerical results for the simply supported hybrid
FGM shell are presented and compared with analytical results referred to the authors previous work [9] which has been presented
in Fig. 2. Obviously, by increasing the number of discrete grid
points, the computed results converge rapidly. Also from the
Fig. 2, it can be seen that the numerical solution of DQM using only
a few discrete grid points is equivalent to the analytical solution.
Effect of edges boundary conditions are depicted in Fig. 3.
According to Fig. 3, interface continuity condition and the boundary conditions in the transverse normal and shear stresses as well
as radial and axial displacements are satised. Also the dependence of stress distribution on the edges condition can be seen in

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A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

20

1.8

molybdenum-rich
mullite-rich
FGM(inner surface molybdenum)
FGM(inner surface mullite)

1.6
1.4

x 10

-18

molybdenium-rich
(inner surface molybdenum)
(inner surface mullit)
mullit-rich

15

1.2

*
rz

10
1
0.8

0.6
0.4

0.2
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-5
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

(a) Normal stress in radial direction

2.6 x 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

(b) Transverse shear stress in radial direction

-7

2.4

-24
x 10

5.5

2.2

molybdenum-rich
mullite-rich
(inner surface molybdenum)
(inner surface mullite)

Uz*

Ur*

4.5

1.8

4
1.6
molybdenum-rich
mullite-rich
(inner surface molybdenum)
(inner surface mullite)

1.4

-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

3.5
3
-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

(c) Radial displacement

(d) Axial displacement

Fig. 5. Inuence of isotropic index in the behavior of shell with S = 10 and CC condition.

this gure. According to the gure, effect of edges condition on the

distribution of radial displacement is larger and for the radial stress
is smaller than the other quantities. As the gure shows, distribution of radial and axial displacements for shell with SS condition
are constant across the thickness while in CC and CS conditions
are almost nonlinear.
The behavior of FGM shell under mechanical load with and
without applied voltage is presented in Fig. 4. The induced strain
of the piezoelectric actuator layer caused by applied voltage can
change the stress and displacement distributions of the shell
signicantly. As the gures show, the amount of inuence of
applied electric voltage on the mechanical behavior in thin shells
is greater than in thick shells. According to the gures, the values
of mechanical quantities can be control by applying voltage in
actuator layer.
The effect of gradient index on the behavior of FGM shell is
presented in Fig. 5. According to these gures, through-thickness
distribution of radial normal stress in isotropic shells (completely
molybdenum or mullite) lay between the diagrams for the FGM
shells with inner surfaces soft and hard, respectively, and this subject is different for the radial and axial displacements. Also it can
be observed that the inuence of gradient index in transverse shear
stress is almost negligible. As Fig. 5a shows, for the sake of decreasing the value of radial normal stress at any point in thickness

direction it is necessary to use the FGM shell with hard inner

surface.
The effect of applied voltage on stress and displacement quantities for the FGM shell under transverse normal load, at the inner
surface is depicted in Fig. 6. According to the gures normal stresses and radial displacement increase with increasing the electric
charge and conversely the longitudinal displacement decreases.
Also it is seen that the inuence of variation of applied voltage
on the displacements is greater than the one on the stresses. The
inuence of piezoelectric layers thickness on the mechanical
behavior of FGM shell is shown in Fig. 7. As the gures show,
with decreasing the thickness of piezoelectric layers up to
hf
, the inuence of piezoelectric without electric excitation
hp 200
is negligible.
6. Conclusion
A semi analytical DQM for static analysis of FGM cylindrical
shell integrated with piezoelectric layers under normal load and
electric excitation has been presented based on the state-space
formulation. With the aid of the DQ technique, the state equations
with respect to state variables at discrete points have been established and the state space has been formulated. The analysis was
carried out using Fourier series expansion and the state space

1782

A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

-18

1.5

V=0
V=100
V=200

x 10

V=0
V=100
V=200

3.5

3
2.5

*
rz

2
1.5

0.5

0.5

0
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-0.5
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

-7

V=0
V=100
V=200

0.4

0.5

x 10

-23

0.9

2.7

0.8

2.6

0.7

2.5

0.6

2.4

0.5

2.3

0.4

2.2

0.3

2.1

0.2

0.1

1.9
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.3

(b) Transverse shear stress in radial direction

Uz*

Ur*

2.8

0.2

(a) Normal stress in radial direction

2.9 x 10

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

V=0
V=100
V=200

0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

(c) Radial displacement

(d) Axial displacement

Fig. 6. Inuence of applied voltage (in units of Volts) on the behavior of FGM shell with inner surface Molybdenum, S = 5 and CC condition.

2.06 x 10

1.4

hf/hp=50
hf/hp=150
hf/hp=200

1.2

2.04
2.02

0.8

Ur*

0.6

1.98

0.4

1.96

0.2

1.94

0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.92
-0.8

-7

hf/hp=50
hf/hp=150
hf/hp=200

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

Fig. 7. Inuence of piezoelectric thickness on the mechanical behavior of FGM shell with inner surface molybdenum, S = 10 and CC condition.

method. The boundary condition at the edges, and the interface

condition between dissimilar layers were exactly satised. The
numerical results have revealed that the material inhomogeneity
and piezoelectric layers play an important effect on the elastic
elds in the cylindrical shell. From the study, the following conclusions can be made;

The numerical results reveal that the effect of applied voltage on

the behavior of FGM shell depends strongly on the mid-radius to
thickness ratio.
Distribution of stresses across the thickness varies exponentially
where as the displacements are almost linearly proportional to
radial coordinate.

1783

A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

Increasing the electric charge causes to increase the radial normal stress and radial displacement and conversely to decrease
the longitudinal displacement.
Inuence of gradient index in radial displacement distribution is
greater than the one for the stresses.
Distribution of radial and axial displacements for shell with SS
condition is constant across the thickness where as in CC and
CS conditions is almost nonlinear.
With placing the hard surface of FG shell at the inner surface, the
radial normal stress at any point in thickness direction will
decrease.
Distribution of state variable along the radial direction in piezoelectric layers differs from the one for FGM layer, and this difference depends on the applied voltage.
Effect of piezoelectric on the mechanical behavior of FGM shell
depends on its thickness and in this work its effects can be
1
hf .
neglected when hp 200

a1p 1

6
6
6
6
6
Gf 6
6
6
6
6
4



1
e2 C 33 e2  e3 C 23  C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3
C 23 e3  e2 C 33
a4p
C 22
R
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23

a5p

Rg 3
RC 13 g3 e1 e3
C 23 g3 e2 e3
a6p 
a7p 
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23

a8p



Re3
C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3  e1 e1 C 33  e3 C 13
a9p R C 11
2
2
C 33 g3 e3
C 33 g3 e3


1
C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3  e1 e2 C 33  e3 C 23
Re1 C 33  e3 C 13
a11p
C 12
R
C 33 g3 e23
C 33 g3 e23



e2
RC 33
a13p 
a12p g1 5
C 55
C 33 g3 e23

v
bR 12
1v

v
1v 2

@
@z

1
R1v 2

@
R @z

R1v 12v
1v

Rv @
1v @z

v
1v

Rv @
1v @z

R @ 2
1v 2 @z2

v @
1v 2 @z

R
@2
21v @z2

@
R @z

a1p IN
6
6
6
6
6
6 0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6 0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6 a5p IN
6
6
K
M 6
6
6
6 a gij
6 6p
6
6
6
6
6
6 0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6 0
6
6
6
6
4
a8p IN

7
7
2R1 v
0
7
0
2R1 v 7
7
7
7
0
0
7
7
7
1 bR
0
5
0
2 bR

0
0
0
3
2 v
v @
1
0
1v 1v 2 @z
R1v 2
6 v
1
@
v 7
7
0
F 6
R1v 2 5
4 1v 1v 2 @z
1
@
0
0
0
21v @z
3
2
@
@
a1p a2p @z
0
a3p
R @z
0 a4p
0
7
6
6
Re5 @ 7
@
R
0
0
0
0
R @z
7
6 0
C
@z
C
55
55
7
6
7
6
R
7
6 0
0
1
0
0
0
0
7
6
C 44
7
6
7
6
@
0
a7p
0
0 a8p
0
7
6 a5p a6p @z
7
6
Gp 6
7
2
@
7
6 a6p @ a9p @ 2
0
Ra
1
0
a
0
10p @z
11p
7
6
@z
@z
7
6
7
6
2
@
7
6 0
0
0
2
0
0
0
RC
66 @z2
7
6
7
6
6 0
Re5 @
@2 7
0
1
Ra
0
0
0
6
12p
2
C 55 @z
@z 7
5
4
@
a8p a11p @z
0
a4p
0
0 a13p
0

a2p g ij

a3p IN

Rg ij

a4p IN

Rg ij

R
I
C 55 N

IN

R
I
C 44 N

a6p g ij

a7p IN

a8p IN

a9p g 2ij

a10p g ij

IN

a11p g ij

RC 66 g 2ij

2IN

5
 Re
g
C 55 ij

IN

a11p g ij

a4p IN

a13p IN

i; j 1; . . . ; n

A.1. S-S

where

a1p IN2

6
6 0
6
6
6
6 0
6
6
6 a5p IN2
6
K
M 6
6 a gT
6 6p ss
6
6 0
6
6
6
6 0
4
a8p IN2



e2 e1 C 33  e3 C 13  C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3
a2p C 12
2
C 33 g3 e3

a3p

a10p

Appendix A

C 23 g3 e2 e3
C 33 g3 e23

a2p g ss

a3p IN2

Rg ss

a4p IN2

Rg Tss

R
I
C 55 N

IN2

R
I
C 44 N2

a6p g ss

a7p IN2

a8p IN2

a10p g Tss

IN

a11p g Tss

RC 66 g 22ss

00

2IN2

 CRe555

IN2

a13p IN2

a9p g 2ss

 a9p fss
0
0

a11p g ss

a4p IN2

g ss

7
g Tss 7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
0 7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
7
2 7
a12p g 2ss 7
5
0
Re5
C 55

7
7
7
7
7
Re5
7
g
C 55 ij 7
7
7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
a12p g 2ij 7
7
7
7
7
5
0

1784

A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

where
g ssij g ij i 2; . . . ; N  1; j 1; . . . ; N g 2ssij g 2ij i; j 1; . . . ; N
fssij g i1 g 1j g in g nj i; j 2; . . . ; N g 22ssij g 2ij i; j 2; . . . ; N  1
A.2. C-C

a1p IN2

6 0
6
6
6 0
6
6
6 a5p IN2
K
M 6
6 a g
6 6p cc
6
6 0
6
6
4 0
a8p IN2

a2p g cc

a3p IN2

Rg cc

Rg cc

IN2

a4p IN2

R
I
C 55 N2

R
I
C 44 N2

g cc 7
7
7
0 7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
0 7
7
7
a12p g 2cc 5
Re5
C 55

a6p g cc

a7p IN2

a8p IN2

a9p g 2cc C 13 a6p fcc

a10p g cc  IN2

a11p g cc

RC 66 g 2cc

2IN2

5
g
 Re
C 55 cc

IN2

a11p g cc

a4p IN2

a13p IN2

a4p IN2

where
g ccij g ij

f ccij g i1 g 1j g in g nj

g 2ccij g 2ij i; j 2; . . . ; N  1

A.3. C-S

a1p IN2
6 0
6
6
6 0
6
6
6 a5p IN2
MK 6
6
6 a6p g Tcs
6
6 0
6
6
4 0
a8p IN2

a2p g cs

a3p IN2

Rg cs

Rg Tcs

R
I
C 55 N1

IN2

R
I
C 44 N2

a6p g cs

a7p IN2

a8p IN2

a9p g 2cs C 13 a6p fcs

a10p g Tcs  IN1

a11p g Tcs

RC 66 g 22cs

00

2IN2

5
g
 Re
C 55 cs

IN2

a11p g cs

a4p IN2

a13p IN2

g Tcs 7
7
7
0 7
7
7
0 7
7
7
7
7
7
7
2 7
a12p g cs 5
Re5
C 55

where
g csij g ij i 2; . . . ; N  1; j 2; . . . ; N f csij g i1 g 1j i; j 2; . . . ; N
g 2csij g 2ij i; j 2; . . . ; N g 22csij g 2ij i; j 2; . . . ; N  1

A.4. C-F

a1p IN1

6
6 0
6
6
6 0
6
6
6 a5p IN1
K
M 6
6a g
6 6p cf 2
6
6 0
6
6
6 0
4
a8p M 1

a2p g cf

a3p IN1

Rg cf

IN2

a6p g cf

a7p IN1

a9p g 2cf 2 C 13 a6p fcf 1

a10p g cf 2

RC 66 g 2cf 1 fcfn

 CRe555

a11p g cf 2

a4p M 1

Rg cf 1

a4p M2

R
C 55

M2
R
C 44

M1

a8p M2

IN2

a11p g cf 3

2IN1

g cf 3

IN2

a13p IN2

7
g cf 1 7
7
7
7
0
7
7
0
7
7
7
0
7
7
7
0
7
7
2 7
a12p g cf 3 5
Re5
C 55

A. Alibeigloo, V. Nouri / Composite Structures 92 (2010) 17751785

where
g cfij g ij i j 2; . . . ; N g cf 1ij g ij i 2; . . . ; N; j 2; . . . ; N  1
g cf 2ij g ij i 2; . . . ; N  1; j 2; . . . ; N f cf 1ij g i1 g 1j i 2; . . . ; N  1; j 2; . . . ; N
g 2cf 2ij g 2ij i 2; . . . ; N  1; j 2; . . . ; N g cf 3ij g ij i j 2; . . . ; N  1
g 2cf 1ij g 2ij i 2; . . . ; N; j 2; . . . ; N  1 g 2cf 3ij g 2ij i j 2; . . . ; N  1
fcfnij g in g nj =g nn i j 2; . . . ; N  1


IN2
M1 IN2 0 M 2
0

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