Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Thermoelastic solution for static deformations of functionally graded

cylindrical shell bonded to thin piezoelectric layers
A. Alibeigloo *
Meh. Eng. Dep., Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O. Box 65175-4161, Hamedan, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Available online 7 July 2010
Keywords:
FGM
Piezoelectric
Static analysis
Cylindrical shell
Thermo-electro-elasticity

a b s t r a c t
We study innitesimal axisymmetric deformations of a functionally graded shell with piezoelectric layers
perfectly bonded to its inner and outer surfaces, and the hybrid structure subjected to thermo-electromechanical loads. The material properties of the shell are assumed to be graded in the radial direction
according to a power law but Poissons ratio is assumed to be constant. For simply-supported and
grounded edges kept at a constant temperature, the problem is analyzed analytically by assuming a
Navier type solution for the governing equations and the state space method for solving the resulting
ordinary differential equations. Numerical results are given to illuminate inuences of the mechanical
and the electrical boundary conditions, the exponent of the power law variation, and the radius to thickness ratio.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
A cylindrical shell as a structural component is subjected to
mechanical and thermal loads which may induce undesirable
stresses and deformations. Functionally graded materials (FGMs)
are composites in which material properties vary gradually in
one or more space dimensions and can be tailored to reduce stresses and deformations. Because of the vast literature on FGMs only a
few papers are reviewed below to give the reader a avor of what
has been done. Fukai and Yamanaka [1] have studied deformations
of thick-walled elastic tubes made of a FGM by using the nite element method (FEM). Obata and Noda [2] used a perturbation
method to analyze the one-dimensional (1-D) steady state problem
of nding thermal stresses in a FGM hollow circular cylinder and a
hollow sphere. Thermal stresses in a FGM cylindrical shell have
also been found by Takezono et al. [3]. The closed-form solution
for displacements and stresses in a hollow cylinder derived by Horgan and Chan [4] shows that increasing the exponent of the radial
coordinate in the power law relation for Youngs modulus provides
a stress shielding effect whereas decreasing it creates stress amplication. Closed-form solutions for stresses and displacements in
FGM cylindrical and spherical structures subjected to internal
pressure have also been obtained by Naki and Murat [5]. Kim
and Noda [6] have studied 2-D unsteady thermoelastic problems
for FGM innite hollow cylinders by using Greens function. Erashlan [7] analytically analyzed deformations of a FGM hollow circular
* Tel.: +98 811 8283022; fax: +98 811 8257400.
E-mail address: beigloo@basu.ac.ir
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.06.025

cylinder by taking the limit of solutions of homogenous circular

hollow cylinders.
Shao and Wang [8] analytically derived stresses in a FGM hollow cylinder of nite length, and Ootao and Tanigawa [9] analytically found transient thermal stresses in a FGM cylindrical panel
due to nonuniform heat supply. By using a multi-layered approach
based on the theory of laminated composites, Shao [10] presented
solutions for the temperature, displacements, and stresses in a
FGM hollow cylinder. Three-dimensional analysis of a thermoelastic FGM cylindrical panel with nite length and subjected to nonuniform mechanical and steady state thermal loads were carried
out by Shao and Wang [11]. Stresses and displacements in FGM
cylinders subjected to internal pressure were obtained by Naki
[12] using power series solutions. Thermo-mechanical analysis of
FGM cylindrical shells subjected to mechanical loads and linearly
increasing boundary temperature was presented by Shao and Ma
[13]. Vibrations of FGM shells have been studied by Ansari and
Darvizeh [14] by using a rst-order shear deformation theory
(FSDT).
Piezoelectric materials are widely used due to their direct and
inverse effects. The use of piezoelectric layers as distributed sensors and actuators in structures to control noise and deformations
and suppress vibrations is quite common. An analytical solution for
thermo-electro-mechanical deformations of a laminated cylindrical shell with a FGM piezoelectric layer having material properties
varying in the radial direction according to power law has been
presented by Wu et al. [15].
Wu et al. [16] have also analyzed FGM piezoelectric shells
subjected to static electro-mechanical loads by using linear

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

through-the-thickness approximation of in-plane and transverse

displacements and quadratic variation of the electric potential. Active control of FGM shells using piezoelectric sensors/actuators has
been studied by Liew et al. [17] and He et al. [18] by employing the
classical shell theory. Based on a FSDT and using the FEM Liew
et al. [19] studied vibrations of a FGM shell with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Shen and Noda [20] presented postbuckling
analysis for a FGM cylindrical shell with piezoelectric actuators
subjected to either lateral loads or hydrostatic pressure combined
with electric loads in thermal environments by using a higher order shear deformation theory and the von KarmanDonnell kinematic nonlinearity.
Here we provide an analytical solution for axisymmetric innitesimal thermo-electro-elastic deformations of FGM cylindrical
shells integrated with piezoelectric layers bonded to its inner and
outer surfaces. The shell has nite length, simply-supported and
electrically grounded edges that are maintained at a constant temperature, and is subjected to mechanical, thermal and electrical
loads. Material properties of the FGM shell are assumed to vary
in the thickness direction according to a power law relation.
Adopting the approach used, for example, in [2125], the partial
differential equations governing deformations of the hybrid structure are reduced to ordinary differential equations by assuming a
Navier type solution for the governing equations that exactly satises boundary conditions at the two end faces. The resulting ordinary differential equations are solved by the state space method that
has also been used, amongst others, in [2628].
2. Problem formulation
A schematic sketch of the problem studied and the cylindrical
coordinate axes (r, h, z) used to described deformations of the cylindrical body are exhibited in Fig. 1. The FGM shell of nite length
with the inner and the outer surfaces bonded to piezoelectric layers is simply-supported and electrically grounded at the end faces
z = 0, L, and is subjected to constant temperature, Th, and uniform
pressure, p, on the inner surface with the outer surface and the
two end faces maintained at zero temperature. We assume that
equations for the temperature eld are uncoupled from those governing the electric and the mechanical elds. Due to the symmetry
of the problem geometry and the initial and the boundary
conditions, the temperature and the mechanical and the electrical
displacements are assumed to be independent of the circumferential coordinate, h; thus deformations of the hybrid structure are
considered to be axisymmetric. We assume that heat conduction
is governed by Fouriers law, the shell material is isotropic, and

the piezoelectric material is transversely isotropic with the radial

direction as the axis of transverse isotropy. The steady state temperature eld is governed by



@2T f
1 @krf 1 @T f @ 2 T f

2 0
krf @r
r @r
@r 2
@z


krp @
@T p
@2T p
r
0
kzp
r @r
@r
@z2

1a
1b

in the shell and the piezoelectric layers, respectively. The pertinent

boundary conditions are

T i r;0 T i r;L 0; i f ;p; T s r o ;z 0

T a r i ;z T h ; T a r i hp ;z T f ri hp ;z; T f ro hp ;z T s r o hp ;z




@T f 
@T f 
@T a 
@T s 

k
;
k

k
kra
rs
rf
rf
@r rri hp
@r rri hp
@r rro hp
@r rro hp

2ac

Here subscripts f, a and s refer, respectively, to elds for the

FGM, and the inner and the outer piezoelectric layers Tf, Ta, Ts
and krf, kra, krs are temperatures and thermal conductivity constants in the FGM shell and the inner and the outer piezoelectric
layers, respectively and hp is the piezoelectric layer. Eqs. (2ac)
state that the two end faces of the hybrid structure and its outer
surface are maintained at zero temperature, the inner surface is
kept at uniform temperature Th, and the temperature and the radial component of the heat ux are continuous across interfaces
between two different materials. We assume the power law
variation

k k0

 m3
r
ri

for the thermal conductivity of the shell material with m3 being a

material constant, and the thermal conductivities of the two piezoelectric layers are constants.
In the absence of body forces, equations of equilibrium and
electrostatics for axisymmetric deformations of the shell are

rz;z srz;r
szr;z rr;r
Dr;r

srz
r

rr  rh
r

Dr
Dz;z 0
r

4
5

where ri(i = r, h, z), szr, Dr and Dz are normal and shear stresses and
electric displacements, respectively.
For innitesimal deformations, the straindisplacement relations are

er U r;r ; eh

Ur
r

ez U z;z ; czr U z;r U r;z

Here ei(i = r, h, z), czr, Ur, Uz are normal, shear strains and displacements vectors, respectively.
In terms of the electric potential w, the electric eld E, is given
by

Er w;r ;

Ez w;z

The mechanical and the electrical boundary conditions at the

inner and the outer surfaces of the hybrid cylinder are

Fig. 1. Schematic sketch of the problem studied; the FGM shell has thin
piezoelectric layers on the inner and the outer surfaces.

rr p; szr 0; w V; at r ri
rr srz 0; Dr 0; at r ro

8a
8b

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

That is the uniform pressure p and the electric voltage, V, are

applied to the inner surface of the structure while the outer surface
is traction free and is electrically insulated. The boundary conditions at simply-supported and electrically insulated edges are taken to be

U r 0;

rz 0; w 0; at z 0; L

At the interface between a piezoelectric layer and the FGM

shell, surface tractions and mechanical displacements are assumed
to be continuous. The shell material is taken to be electrically nonconductive, and we set Dr = 0 at the interface between a piezoelectric layer and the shell.
The constitutive relations describing the electrical and the
mechanical interaction for a piezoelectric material are
T

r C e  e E  bT
D ee kE PT

10a
10b

E f Ez

Er g ;

P f 0 p3 gT ;
C 11

C 12

6C
6 12
C6
4 C 13

C 22

C 23
0

@ 2 T fn
@T fn
m3 1
 p2n r 2 T fn 0
@r 2
@r
@ 2 T pn
@T pn
r2
r
 m2a r 2 T pn 0
@r 2
@r

where ma
solution

T sn r

 m2
r
a a0
ri

rh

Er
1 m1  2m

rz

Er
1 m1  2m

szr

Er
U z;r U r;z 
21 m

mU r;r 1  m

mU r;r m

z ipn r

16

d u
2

dz

lnah

0
r hp
ln i r
i



du
m2
z2  3 u 0
dz
4

17

18

where A and B are constants. Thus the solution of Eq. (14a) is

. Poissons



Er
Ur
arEr
Tr;z
1  mU r;r m mU z;z 
1 m1  2m
1  2m
r


u;

ratio is taken to be constant through the shell thickness.

Stresses in the shell can be expressed in terms of displacements
and the temperature rise by the following relations:

rr

m3
2

u AJ m3 ipn r BJ m3 ipn r

11
, and m2

15b

C 02

that has the solution

and e is transpose of e. Here Eq. (10a) denotes the converse piezoelectric effect and Eq. (10b) the direct piezoelectric effect.
For a non-piezoelectric material of the shell, we set k = e = 0.
Furthermore, we assume that the shell material is FGM and isotropic. Thus, besides the thermal conductivity, it has only three material parameters, Youngs modulus, E, Poissons ratio, m, and the
coefcient of thermal expansion a. Variations in the radial direction of E and a, are assumed to be given by

0
r hp
ln i r
i

15a

C 02 K 0 ms r

where C 1 ; C 2 ;
and
are constants. To solve Eq. (14a) we introduce new variable u dened by

T fn r

where E0 and a0 are constants, m1

The modied Bessel equation (14b) has the

C 01

z2

C 44

C 01 I0 ms r

D f Dz Dr g ; b f bz br 0 0 0 g ;




0 0 e5 0
k11 0
; e
k
;
e1 e3 0 0
0 k33
3
C 13 0
C 23 0 7
7
7
C 33 0 5

lnEh

kpz
p .
kpr n

14b

T an r C 1 I0 ma r C 2 K 0 ma r

 m1
r
E E0
;
ri

14a

Thus Eq. (14a) is transformed into

13

r2

r f rz rh rr rzr g ; e f ez eh er czr g ;
T

i a; f ; s

where pn nLp. Substitution from Eq. (3) into Eq. (1a,b) yields

T in sinpn z;

n1

T fn r

where

1
X

Ur
arEr
Tr;z 12
mU z;z 
1  2m
r


Ur
arEr
Tr;z
1  mU z;z 
1  2m
r

3. Analytical solution

m3
2

AJm3 ipn r BJm3 ipn r

2

19

Constants C 1 ; C 2 ; C 01 ; C 02 ; A and B are determined from boundary conditions on the inner and the outer surfaces of the cylinder
and the continuity of the temperature and the normal component
of the heat ux at the interfaces (see Appendix A).
3.2. Displacements and stresses in the FGM shell
The following Fourier series solution for displacements and
stresses satises boundary conditions given by Eq. (9) at the simply-supported edges:

Ur

U rn sinpn z;

Uz

n0

 m1
r
sinpn z;
ri
n0
 m1
X
r
rz
r zn
sin pn z
r
i
n0


m
X
r 1
szr
szrn
cos pn z
ri
n0

rr

r rn

U zn cospn z

n0

rh

r hn

n0

 m1
r
sinpn z;
ri

20

 zn ; r
 hn ; r
 zn and s
zrn are function of r to be
Functions U rn ; U zn ; r
determined by satisfying equilibrium Eqs. (4). Eqs. (4) and (5) are
differential equations with variable coefcients and can be solved
by the method of Frobenius series. However, here we divide the
FGM cylinder into several thin shells, introduce the local radial
coordinate, nk = r  Rk, located at the center of the Kth layer of radius rk, assume that Rnk  1 in each layer, and set
k

1
1
1  gk ;
r Rk

1
1
1  2gk
r 2 R2k

21

3.1. Temperature eld

where gk Rnk .
k
Substituting from Eqs. (20) and (11) into Eqs. (4), (12) and (13),
and then using relations (21), the following equations are obtained.

We assume that the solution of the thermal problem governed

by Eqs. (1)(3) and satisfying temperature boundary conditions at
the end faces, z = 0 and L, is

r rn;g  pn Rk szrn m1 1r rn  r hn 0

szrn;g Rk pn r zn m1 1szrn 0

22a

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A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

Furthermore,

r rn

 
E0
a0 E0 r m2
T fn
1  mU rn;g mU rn  Rk mpn U zn  
1 m1  2m
1  2m r i

r hn

 m2

a E
E0
r
mU rn;g 1  mU rn  Rk mpn U zn  0 0
T fn
1 m1  2m
1  2m r i

r zn

 m2

a E
E0
r
mU rn;g mU rn  1  mRk pn U zn  0 0
T fn
1 m1  2m
1  2m r i

szrn



E0
1
U zn;g pn U rn
21 m Rk

22b

Eqs. (22) are written in the following state space form

ddf
Gf df Bf T fn
dg

23


zrn are the state space variables, and
 rn U zn U rn s
where df r
Gf is the matrix of constant coefcients (see Appendix A). Other
quantities can be written in term of the state space variables as

r hn
r zn

8
9
 rn = 
 
<r
1 E0 a0 r m2
F U zn 
T fn
:
;
1 1  m ri
U rn

24

"

#

 Z g
hk
h eGf g Bf gT f R1 gdg ;
k
2Rk
2Rk


hk
hk

25a
6g6
2Rk
2Rk
k

3.3. Displacements, stresses and the electric eld in the piezoelectric

layers
In addition to expressions (13) and (20) for the temperature,
displacements and stresses, we assume the following for the electric potential that satises boundary conditions (9) on the left and
the right end faces.

"

#
 Z g
hp
h eGak g Bak gT ak Rak 1 gdg ;
p
2Rak
2Rak


hak
hak

25b
6g6
2rak
2rak
"
#

 Z g
h
hp
Gsk 2Rp
Gsk g
Gsk g
sk
dsk g e
h e
e
ds
Bsk gT sk Rsk 1 gdg ;
p
2Rsk
2Rsk


hsk
hsk
25c
6g6

2rsk
2rsk

 n sinp z
w
n

dak g eGak g e

Ga 2Rp

pk

dak

Eqs. (25) for the inner piezoelectric layer, the Kth layer of the FG
shell, and the outer piezoelectric layer are, respectively,

daok Mak daik M 0ak Nak

dfok Mfk dfik M 0fk Nfk
0sk

26

29ac

sk

where Mak, M ak, Nak, . . . and Nak are constants given in Appendix A.
3.4. Global transfer matrix and boundary conditions

where hk and Rk are, respectively, the thickness and the radius of the
mid-surface of the Kth layer.

The general solution of Eq. (27) can be expressed as

dsok M dsik M N

h

Gf 2R k



C 23 g3 e2 e3
e e C g e e C g e e
r rn Pn C 12  1 2 13 3 1 3 23 23 2 3 U zn
2
g3
C 33 g3 e3
g3 C 33 g3 e3
!
2
C 23 e3  e2 C 33
1
e22 C 23 g3 e2 e3
C


U
rn
22
R
g3 g3 C 33 g3 e23 rn
C 33 g3 e23


e1 p3 C 23 g3 e1 e3 br g3  e3 p3
bh

T pn
28
g3
g3 C 33 g3 e23

sk

where [F] is the matrix of constant coefcients given in Appendix A.

The general solution of Eq. (23) is

dg eGf g e

r hn

Eq. (29a) yields

Dr

hpk
2Rak




 h
i
hpk
ak
m hpk
mak
mak
m0ak
56  w
5j dp
5q N ;
2Rak
2Rak

j 1; . . . ; 4; q 1; . . . ; 6

30

where mak
5j is the element in the 5th row and jth column of matrix
 
hpk
is the mechanical part of the state variables of
Mak, and dm
p 2R
ak

the inner piezoelectric layer at the innermost surface. Deleting

 
h
row 6 in Eq. (29a), and inserting w 2Rap V in Eq. (30) to satisfy
the boundary, we get

dm
p

hpk
2Rak

h
i h  h
i
h
i
pk
m
0ak
mak
msk
Nak ;
ij dp
j5 V mij
2Rak

j 1; 2; . . . ; 4; q 1; 2; . . . ; 6

31a

n0

By using Eqs. (4)(8), (13), (20) and (21) the following state
space equations can be obtained

d
dp Gp dp Bp T pn
dz

27

T
zr Dr W , and matrices Bp and Gp are
 r Uz Ur s
where dp r
different for the inner and the outer piezoelectric layers (Appendix
A).
The in-plane normal and shear stresses in term of state variables are
!
2
C 13 l3 e1 e3
e21 C 13 g3 e1 e3

rrn Pn C 11 
U
g3 g3 C 33 l3 e23 zn
C 33 g3 e23


e3 C 13  e1 C 33
1
e1 e3 C 13 g3 e1 e3 C 23 g3 e2 e3


U rn
C
rn
12
g3
R
C 33 g3 e23
g3 C 33 g3 e23


e1 p3 C 13 g3 e1 e3 br g3  e3 p3
bz

C 33 g3 e23 T pn ;

r zn

g3

g3

Using Eq. (29c), the electric displacement Dr at the inner surface

of the Kth layer for the outer piezoelectric layer can be determined as

Dr





 h
i 
hpk
1 h sk i m hpk
sk
sk
m0sk
m5j dp
5q N
2Rsk
2Rsk
m55

j 1; . . . ; 4; q 1; . . . ; 6

32

Deleting row 6 in Eq. (29c), and using Eq. (32) it can be obtained

dm
p

hpk
2Rsk

h

i h
i 1  h 
pk
sk
msk
dm

m
p
ij
j5
2R
msk
sk
55
h
i h
ih
i 1 
0sk
sk
Nsk ;
mij  mj5 m0sk
5q
msk
55

j 1; 2; . . . ; 4; q 1; 2; . . . ; 6

31b

Eq. (29b) can be written as

dm
f

hfk
2Rfk

h i h  h
i
fk
fk
m
mfk
m0fk
ij df
ij N ;
2Rfk

j 1; 2; . . . ; 4

31c

965

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

0.66
Present, N=7

0.64

0.58

0.6

0.56

0.5

0.7

Ur

0.8

0.6

0.54

0.4

0.52

0.3

0.5

0.2

0.48

0.1
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Present, N=20
Ref.[12]

Ref.[12]

0.46
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

Present, N=7

0.9

Present, N=20

0.62

0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Fig. 2. For a FGM cylindrical shell, the through-the-thickness variation of (a) the radial displacement, (b) the radial stress (r i 0:6 m; r o 1 m;

"

Since the mechanical state variables at the interfaces of the piezoelectric layers and the FGM shell are continuous, combining Eqs.
(31ac), the following relation between the mechanical state variables at the outer and the inner surfaces of the hybrid structure is
obtained

dm
p

h
2Rm

Adm
p

h
2Rm

0.5

A12

A13

A42

A43

#(

U zn

U rn

P 0  B1

v 0:3;

Eh
E0

3; l 6 m.

)
34

B4

rri


T
Solving Eq. (34) for U zn U rn rr yields displacements at the
i
inner surface. From the obtained displacements and Eqs. (25a-c)
we derive the following condition at the interface between the
shell and the outer piezoelectric layer:

33

where A and B are constants listed in Appendix A. Imposing prescribed surface tractions at the inner and the outer surfaces of the
hybrid shell in Eq. (33), we get

d0a d0f


k
r o  hp 1
;
r i hp

at r r o  hp

35

Table 1
Material properties of piezoelectric sensor and actuator [21].

Property (GPa)

C11

Cl2

C13

C22

C23

C33

C44

C55

C66

Sensor (PZT-4)
Actuator (Ba2NaNb5O15)

139
239

78
104

74
5

139
247

74
52

115
135

25.6
65

25.6
66

30.5
76

Propertya

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

l1

l2

l3

d1
e12

p3
e5

az ah

e9

Sensor (PZT-4)
Actuator Ba2NaNb5O15)

5.2
0.4

5.2
0.3

15.1
4.3

12.7
3.4

12.7
2.8

6.5
1.96

6.5
2.01

5.6
0.28

3.92
3.92

5.4
5.4

1.97
4.396

e9

e9

e6

ar
e6

kz = kh

kr

2.62
2.458

2.1
8.6

1.5
13.9

The units are: e in coul/m2 (J, in farads/m, d1 in coul/N, and p3 in coul/m2 K, a in 1/K ki (i = r, z, h) in w/mK.

Table 2
Variation of in-plane and transverse stresses and displacements at mid radius in thick and thin FGM shell under thermal loads, T*, with and without excitation non-dimensional
voltage, w*.
Entities

rr

U z
U r

rz

S = 10

S = 20

S = 50

S = 100

w* = 0

w* = 100

w* = 0

w* = 100

w* = 0

w* = 100

w* = 0

w* = 100

23.4621
0.1439
3.6807
0.0320

27.8686
0.1410
3.6972
0.0170

11.8053
0.1500
3.5750
0.0359

12.4383
0.1481
3.5963
0.0269

4.7934
0.1512
3.6232
0.0339

4.8397
0. 1503
3.6384
0.0306

2.4160
1.504
3.7067
0.0324

2.4220
0.1500
3.7150
0.0309

Table 3
Variation of in-plane and transverse stresses and displacements at mid radius in thick and thin FGM shell under non-dimensional mechanical loads, p, with and without excitation
non-dimensional voltage, w*.
Entities

S = 10
*


r
U z
U r

z

r
r

S = 20
*

S = 50
*

S = 100
*

w =0

w =1

w =0

w =1

w =0

w =1

w* = 0

w* = 1

0.5380
0.0662
0.0572
0.0408

1.0385
0.0000
0.0572
0.1664

0.5515
0.1207
0.1147
0.1738

0.9192
0.0002
0.1147
0.2427

0.5577
0.2226
0.2915
0.4698

0.6005
0.0185
0.2915
0.6167

0.5592
0.0221
0.5852
0.9552

0.5651
0.0202
0.5852
1.0404

966

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

zrn g; i a; f . Substitution for the state variables

 rn s
where d0i f r
into Eqs. (24) and (28) gives the in-plane stresses.

cylinder thickness divided into 20 equal layers, presently computed results agree well with those of [12]. Henceforth, we divide
the cylinder thickness into 20 uniform (of the same thickness) but
non-homogeneous layers; the exact number of layers to use depends upon the ratio of the cylinder thickness to its mean radius.
We now consider a simply-supported monel/zirconia FGM
cylindrical shell with piezoelectric layers bonded to its inner and
outer surfaces. Values of material parameters for two piezoelectric
materials are listed in Table 1, and those of monel and zirconia are:

4. Results and discussion

For the linear problem being analyzed here, one can use the
superposition principle. Thus deformations due to a thermo-electro-mechanical load can be computed by summing those due to
the corresponding thermal, electrical and mechanical load. It is
noted that all of numerical results are for the value of z 2L . Since
there are no results available in the open literature for a FGM shell
with piezoelectric layers bonded to its inner and outer surfaces, we
compare results for a FGM shell deformed due to mechanical loads
with those of Naki [12]. A simply-supported thick FGM cylindrical
shell made of mullite and molybdenum with Youngs moduli equal
to 225 GPa and 330 GPa, respectively, and constant Poissons ratio,
m = 0.3, is considered. In Fig. 2, the through-the-thickness variations of the radial displacement and the radial stress for the cylinder thickness divided into 7 and 20 non-homogenous layers are
compared with those reported in [12]. It is evident that for the

aM a0 15  106 =K;

EM E0 227:24 GPa;

kM k0 25 W=mK for monel

Ec Eh 125:83 GPa;

aC ah 10  106 =K;

kC kh 2:09 W=mK for zirconia:

The value of Youngs modulus for the FGM shell material is assumed to vary from EM at r = ri + hp to Ec at r = ro  h which determines the value of m1 in the power law relation (11). Values of
other parameters are:

1.2
FGM(Inner surface zirconia)
Zirconia-rich

0.8

T*

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*

0.2

FGM(inner surface zirconia)

Zirconia-rich

0
0

-2
-4

-0.2

-6

*
r

*
r

-0.4
-0.6

-8

-10
-12

-0.8

-14
-1
-1.2
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

-16
FGM(inner surface zirconia)
Zirconia-rich

0
*

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

-18
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*

Fig. 3. Through-the-thickness distribution of (a) the temperature, (b) the radial stress due to the mechanical load, (c) the radial stress due to the thermal load, (d) the
transverse normal stress due to the mechanical load, (e) the transverse normal stress due to the thermal load, (f) the radial displacement due to the mechanical load, and (g)
the radial displacement due to the thermal load.

967

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

-16

x 10

-15

2 x 10

FGM(inner surface zirconia)

Zirconia-rich

1.5

-1

*
rz

-3

*
rz

-2

0.5

-4

-5

-0.5
-6

-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-1
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

r*

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.08

FGM(inner surface zirconia)

Zirconia-rich

0.075

0.07
r

U*

r*

5.5

U*

FGM(inner surface zirconia)

Zirconia-rich

4.5

0.065
4

0.06

3.5

3
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

FGM(inner surface zirconia)

Zirconia-rich

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.055
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

r*

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*
Fig. 3 (continued)

hf 20hp ;

h hf 2hp ;

r i 0:8 m; ro 1 m;V 100 V;

p0 1 GPa
Results are presented in terms of the non-dimensional
variables:


1
U r U z U r U z
; rr
phf

rh rz srz rr rh rz srz


jd1 j
Er Ez Er Ez
;
p
p
  
1
;
Dr Dz Dr Dz 
pk jd1 j
 

jd1 jw
33 k11 k33 1 ;
11 k
w
; k

phf
k jd1 j2
T

a T 
;

e1 e3 e5 e1 e3 e5



1
r b
z br bz 1 ;
; b

k jd1 j
k a

C ij
p
3  3 ; p
 n hf p n ;
; p
k
k a jd1 j
1


1    
r h z r h z ; L h
;
p L hp
hf
hf


kr kz kr kz 1
k0
C ij

1
;
pk

Here p pk0 for a purely mechanical load p0, and p = a*Th for a
purely thermal load represented by temperature Th at the inner
surface. The scale factors are k* = 1 GPa and a* = 106/K. Values of
m1, m2 and m3 are calculated from values of the corresponding
parameters at the inner and the outer surfaces and of the radii of
these surfaces. It is noted that in the series solution we used forty
terms to achieve the convergence. Variation of in-plane and transverse stresses and displacements at mid radius in thick and thin
FGM shell under thermal and mechanical loads, with and without
applied non-dimensional voltage are depicted in Tables 2 and 3,
respectively. According to these tables inuence of applied voltage
on entities in thick shell is greater than on the entities on thin shell.
Also it can be seen that in mechanical loang, in contrast to the
thermal loading, effect of applied voltage on radial displacement
can be neglected. As Table 2 shows increasing the applying the
excitation voltage causes to increase the radial normal stress and
displacement and to decreases the axial normal stress and displacement. According to Table 3 applied electric load causes to increase the radial and axial normal stresses and to decrease the
axial displacement at mid radius. The through-the-thickness distributions of various quantities are plotted in Fig. 3. As expected due
to the power law variation of the thermal conductivity across the
thickness, the distribution of temperature in the FGM shell is nonlinear but is afne in the piezoelectric layers since their thermal

968

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

0.2

0.2

0.18

-0.2

0.16

-0.4

0.14

-0.6

0.12

= 0, S = 10

U*

*
r

= 0, S = 30

-0.8

0.1

-1

0.08

-1.2
-1.4
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

= 0.5, S = 30

0.06

Say=0, S=10
Say=0, S=30
Say=0.005, S=10
Say=0.005, S=30

= 0.5, S = 10

0.04
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

d 1.2

45

0.5

= 0, S = 10
= 0, S = 30
= 0.005, S = 10

= 0, S = 10

= 0, S = 30

40

0.4

r*

r*

= 0.005, S = 10

= 0.005, S = 30

0.8

30

0.6
*
rz

35

25

= 0.005, S = 30

0.4

20
0.2

15

10
5
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2 0.3

0.4

-0.2
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*

Fig. 4. Through-the-thickness distribution of (a) the radial stress due to the mechanical load, (b) the radial displacement due to the mechanical load, (c) the circumferential
stress due to mechanical load, (d) the transverse shear stress due to mechanical load.

1 x 10

-6

2 x 10

-6

-2
-1

-2

-4
-6
-3

-8

-4

-5
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

-10
FGM(inner surface zirconia)
Zirconia-rich

r*

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

-12
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

P=1Kp
P=2Kp
P=3Kp

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*

Fig. 5. Through-the-thickness distribution of (a) the voltage due to the thermal load, (b) the voltage due to the mechanical load.

969

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

3000

T =1
T =2

2000

T =3

-1

1000

-2
-3

*
r

-4

-1000

-5
-6

-2000

-7

-3000

-8

T =1
T =2

-9
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2 0.3

0.4

0.5

-4000
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

r*

c 10 x 10

T =3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*

-16

d 11
10

9
8

U*

*
rz

7
6

T =1

T = 2
T =3

0
T =1

T =2

-2
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

T =3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

3
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*

Fig. 6. Through-the-thickness distribution of (a) the radial stress due to the thermal load, (b) the circumferential stress due to thermal load, (c) the transverse shear stress due
to thermal load, (d) the radial displacement due to thermal load.

conductivities are taken to be constants. In a homogeneous shell,

the temperature, the radial (transverse) displacement, the transverse shear stress, and the radial stress at a point are always greater in magnitude than those at the corresponding points in a FGM
shell with the inner surface made of zirconia and the outer one
of monel. The continuity of surface tractions, the temperature,
and the radial displacement across interfaces between distinct
materials is well satised. From the results plotted in Fig. 3e and
f we note that the sign of the radial displacement gradient due to
the mechanical load is opposite to that of the gradient due to the
thermal load. Also, the effect of inhomogeneity in material properties on the mechanical deformations of the FGM shell is more than
that on the temperature distribution. Fig. 4 depicts the throughthe-thickness distributions of non-dimensional quantities for a
thin and a thick hybrid FGM shell under either mechanical or thermal load alone or in conjunction with the electric load. Results
plotted in these gures evince that the radial displacement, the radial stress, and the transverse shear stress are continuous across
interfaces between different segments but the hoop stress is discontinuous as it should be. From results exhibited in Fig. 5 it can
be seen that the effect of gradation of material properties in the
shell on the deformation of the sensor due to mechanical loads is
greater than that due to thermal loads. Results plotted in Fig. 6

show the effect of the average temperature gradient across the hybrid cylinder thickness on the through-the-thickness distributions
of the radial and the transverse shear stresses and the radial displacement. All of these quantities increase with an increase in
the temperature difference. According to the gures, sing of
gradient in transverse stresses in contrast to the in-plane stress
is changed across the thickness of the FGM layer. Also, effect of piezoelectric thickness on the transverse shear and normal stress is
greater than the in-plane quantities. Effect of piezoelectric layers
thickness on the mechanical behaviour of FGM shell is shown in
Fig. 7. As the gures depict, with decreasing the thickness of piezoelectric layers about to the hp = 0.02hf, for the mentioned structure,
the inuence of piezoelectric without electric excitation is negligible and with applied voltage, the piezoelectric layers has role of
sensor and actuator only.
5. Conclusions
We have presented an analytical solution for innitesimal
deformations of a functionally graded hollow cylindrical shell with
the inner and the outer surfaces perfectly bonded to piezoelectric
layers and excited by thermo-electro-mechanical loads. The analysis was carried out by using a Navier type solution that identically

970

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

0.2

1 x 10

-16

0
0
-1
-0.2

-2

-0.4

*
r

*
rz

-3
-4

-0.6

-5
-0.8
-6
h /h =5

h /h =5

-1

-7

h /h =20

h /h =20
h /h =50

h /h =50

-1.2
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

h /h =70

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-8
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*

r*

h /h =70

0.0605

h /h =5
h /h =20

0.06

h /h =50
h /h =70

0.0595
0.059

U*

0.0585
0.058
0.0575
0.057
0.0565
0.056
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r*
Fig. 7. Through-the-thickness inuence of (a) the radial stress due to the mechanical load, (b) the transverse shear stress due to mechanical load, (c) the radial displacement
due to mechanical load for s = 10.

satises boundary conditions at the simply-supported and electrically grounded left and the right end faces of the hybrid cylinder.
The resulting ordinary differential equations are solved by the state
space method. There is one-way coupling for the thermal effects in
the sense that the temperature change affects the mechanical and
the electric deformations but is not affected by them. The continuity of temperature, the normal component of heat ux, the
mechanical displacement, the surface tractions, and the normal
component of the electric displacement at interfaces between dissimilar materials are exactly satised. The numerical results presented for a sample problem have revealed that the material
inhomogeneity and the piezoelectric layers signicantly affect
deformations of the shell. From the study, the following conclusions are obtained:
Inuence of inhomogeneous on the behaviour of FGM
shell in thermal loading as well as the nonlinearity of
mechanical behaviour is greater than that in mechanical
loading.
Temperature as well as the transverse entities at a point in a
homogeneous shell at a point is always greater than that at
the corresponding point in a functionally graded shell.

The numerical results reveal that the effect of applied voltage

on the behaviour of FGM shell depends strongly on the amount
of mid radius to thickness ratio.
Due to the power law distribution of electric constant across the
thickness, distribution of temperature in FGM layer is nonlinear
and for the piezoelectric layer is linear.
Difference behaviour between thin and thick shells under
applied voltage is much more than the difference behaviour
for the case without excitation voltage and thermal load causes
this difference behaviour of thin and thick shells to be much
more evident than the mechanical load.
The effect of applied voltage can control the effects of mechanical load.
Effect of FGM in the behaviour of sensor in mechanical loading
is greater than thermal loading.
Sign of gradient in transverse stresses in contrast to the in-plane
stress is changed across the thickness of the FGM layer.
Discontinuity of in-plane stress at the interface of FGM with
actuator layer is greater than that for the sensor layer.
Inuence of piezoelectric thickness at about hp = 0.02hf, without
electric excitation is negligible and with applied voltage, the
piezoelectric layers has role of sensor and actuator only.

971

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972

1
s 0 s


kzs
k
za
M3 krs  pn
r o  hp A;
I1 @pn
krs
kra
1
s 0 s
kzs
k
za
M4 krs  pn
K 1 @pn
r o  hp A
krs
kra

Appendix A

D3 D5 T i  D2 D6 T o
D1 D6 T o  D3 D46 T i
; T fo
;
D1 D5  D2 D4
D1 D5  D2 D4



 Th
k0 ma ri




 T k m r h 
0
a i
p
fi
;
C1 


I0 ma ri
k0 ma r i




 I m r h k m r h 

T fi

where T, Tfo are temperature at the inner, outer surfaces of FGM

layer.

2 

m
 m1 12
1m
6
6
0
6
Gf 6
6 R1m12m
6
E0 1m
4




I0 ma r i
Ti 


 I m r h T 
0
a i
p
fi
I0 ma ri
k0 ma r i

;
C2 




 I m r h k m r h 
0
a i
p
0
a i
p


 To

k0 ms r o


T

k
m
r

h

0
s
o
p
fo
0

;
C1


I0 ms ro
k0 ms r o


 I m r  h k m r  h 
0
s o
p
0
s o
p

Rpn m
1m

2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Gp 6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4

;
C 02 




 I m r  h k m r  h 
0
s o
p
0
s o
p
A F 1  T fi  F 2  T fo ;

B F 4  T fo  F 3  T fi ;

D Im3 pn r i hp  Im3 pn ro  hp  Im3 pn ro  hp  Im3 pn r i hp ;

2

m3
m3
1
1
F 1 r i hp 2  Im3 pn r o  hp ; F 2 r o  hp 2  Im3 pn r i hp ;
2
2
D
D
m3
m3
1
1
F 3 r i hp 2  Im3 pn r o  hp ; F 4 r o  hp 2  Im3 pn r i hp ;
2
2
D
D
1
D1 N2 I0 ma ri  N 1 K 0 ma r i  N4  F 3  N3 F 1 ;
Da
1
D2 N 3  F 2  N4 F 4 ; D3 N2 I0 ma ri hp  N1 K 0 ma r i hp ;
Da

D4 M 1  F 1  M 2 F 3 ;
D5 M 2  F 4  M 1 F 2

1
M3 K 0 ms ro  M 4 I0 ms ro ;
Ds

1
D6 M3 K 0 ms r o  hp  M 4 I0 ms r o  hp ;
Ds
Da I0 ma r i  K 0 ma r i hp  K 0 ma r i  I0 ma r i hp ;
Ds I0 ms r o  K 0 ms r o  hp  K 0 ms r o  I0 ms r o  hp ;
1
s 0 s
kza
kza
@
r i hp A;
I1 pn
N1 kra  pn
kra
kra
1
s 0 s
kza
k
za
N2 kra  pn
K 1 @pn
r i hp A;
kra
kra
m3
2
m3
1
2
m3
2
m3
1
2

N3 krfi  pn ri hp

N4 krfi  pn ri hp

M 1 krfo  pn r o  hp
M 2 krfo  pn r o  hp

pn r i hp ;
pn r i hp ;

m3
2
m3
1
2
m3
2
m3
1
2

I
I

Rpn

Rpn

2R1m
E0

Rpn m
1m

m
1m

Rp2n E0
1m2

pn E0 m
1m2

7
7
7
7
7
7
5

mE0 pn
1m2

E0
R1m2

E0 pn
1m2

mE0
R1m2

1 CC23 gg3 ee2 2e3

A1

A2

Rpn

C 23 e3 e2 C 33
C 33 g3 e23

Rpn

R
C 55

Rg3
C 33 g3 e23

Rpn C 13 g3 e1 e3
C 33 g3 e23

 CC23 gg3 ee2 2e3

Re3
C 33 g3 e23

Rpn C 13 g3 e1 e3
C 33 g3 e23

A3

A4

1

Rpn e1 C 33 e3 C 13
C 33 g3 e23

Rpn e5
C 55

1

C 33 R
C 33 g3 e23

33 3

33 3

Re3
C 33 g3 e23

Rpn C 13 e3 C 33 e1
C 33 g3 e23

C 33 e2 e3 C 23
C 33 g3 e23

A5 bh

C 23 br g3  e3 p3 e2 p3 C 33 e3 br
C 33 g3 e23



p C 13 e3  e1 C 33  br e1 e3 C 13 g3
A6 Rpn bz 3
2
C 33 g3 e3




hpk
hpk
; daik da
;
daok da
2Rak
2Rak




hpk
hpk
Mak exp Gak
; M 0ak exp Gak
Rak
2Rak
N

ak

hpk
2Rak

hpk
2Rak

eGak g Bak gT ak Rak 1 gdg;




hpk
hpk
; dfik df
2Rfk
2Rfk




hpk
hpk
; M 0fk exp Gfk
;
Mfk exp Gfk
Rfk
2Rfk
dfok df

Nfk

hpk
2Rfk

hpk
2Rfk

eGfk g Bfk gT fk Rfk 1 gdg

7
7
7
7
7
7
0
7
7
7
0
7
7


7
2
e
Rp2n g1 C 555 7
7
5
0
 RpCn55e5

h
i
Rbr g3 e3 P 3
e3 br T
A6 0 RpC3 C 33
Bp A5 0
2
C 33 g3 e23
g
e
33 3
3


C 23 C 13 g3 e1 e3 e2 C 13 e3  e1 C 33
A1 pn C 12
C 33 g3 e23


1
e2 C 33 e2  C 23 e3  C 23 C 23 g3 e2 e3
A2
C 12
2
R
C 33 g3 e3


C 13 C 13 g3 e1 e3 e1 C 13 e3 e1 C 33
A3 Rp2n C 11
C 33 g3 e23


C 13 C 23 g3 e2 e3  e1 C 33 e2  e3 C 23
A4 pn C 12
C 33 g3 e23

pn r o  hp ;
pn ro  hp ;

1m
1m




I0 ms r o
To 


 I m r  h T 
0
s o
p
fo
I0 ms ro
k0 ms r o

E0
R1m2

1 m1
 
a0 r m2
0 R1 m E0 a0 pn  
1  m ri
3

Bf E0
2
F 4

E0 pn m
1m2

972

A. Alibeigloo / Composite Structures 93 (2011) 961972






hpk
hpk
hpk
; dsik ds
; M sk exp Gsk
;
dsok ds
2Rsk
2Rsk
Rsk


hpk
M 0sk exp Gsk
2Rsk
Z hpk
2Rsk
Nsk h eGsk g Bsk gT sk Rsk 1 gdg
pk
2Rsk

A m1s  If  m1f  m1a

B m1s  If  m1f  m2a m3a  N a m1s  If 
m2f  Nf m2s  Ns
1
m1s msij   msj5 ms5j  s ; m1f mfij ; m1a maij ;
m55


Ra
m2a mai6 w
; m3a m0a
ij ;
hp
h i
h i
1
m2f m0fij ; m2s m0sij  msj5 m0s5q  s
m55
m1
3
2 
r h
0 0
0
 rohpp
i
7
6
7
6
0
1 0
0
7
6
If 6
7
7
6
0
0
1
0
4

m1 5
r o hp
0
0 0  ri hp
References
[1] Fukui Y, Yamanaka N. Elastic analysis for thick-walled tubes of functionally
graded material. JSME Int J, Ser I: Solid Mech, Strength Mater
1992;35(4):37985.
[2] Obata Y, Noda N. Steady thermal stresses in a hollow circular cylinder and a
hollow sphere of a functionally graded material. J Therm Stresses
1994;17:47187.
[3] Takezono S, Tao K, Inamura E, Inoue M. Thermal stress and deformation in
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