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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXPANSIVE SOILS..1
2. PROBLEMS...3
3. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES4
4. SELECTION CRITERIA.5
6. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY..9
7. REFERENCES.....13
changes
associated
with
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clays have sheets in matched pairs. Expansive clays have an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1
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ratio.
Expansive soils contain minerals such as smectite clays that are capable of absorbing water.
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in the structure is significant. Expansive soils will also shrink when they dry out. This
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shrinkage can remove support from buildings or other structures and result in damaging
subsidence. Fissures in the soil can also develop. These fissures can facilitate the deep
penetration of water when moist conditions or runoff occurs. This produces a cycle of
shrinkage and swelling that places repetitive stress on structures. Expansive clay particles are
invisible to the naked eye and swell by absorbing large amounts of water relative to their
volume. When these particles dry out, they can shrink considerably.
Alternate swelling and shrinkage in extensive limit during wet and dry process respectively
results cracks in soil without any warning. These cracks may sometimes extent to severe
limit like wide and 12 deep. So building to be founded on this soil may suffer severe
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damage with the change of atmospheric conditions. They swell when water is added to them
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and shrink when they dry out. These are common in countries like Australia, India, South
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Africa, USA; Indonesia etc. Black Cotton Soil is an example of Expansive soil.
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Misconceptions
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Builders and engineers have their own opinions and concepts regarding precautions and
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solution for structures founded on expansive soils. The opinions may not always be on facts
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and as a result, it can be quite misleading at times. Here are few misconceptions regarding
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the design of structures on swelling conditions which are not always true:
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The shallow foundations if designed for a low allowable bearing pressure helps to
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If site is pounded before construction, the chances of swelling after construction are
eliminated.
Chemical stabilization of swelling soil takes care of all the problems related to swelling
soil.
Coarse-grained material placed below the floor slab reduces the uplift pressure by
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Problems [17]
A house built on expansive soil will probably move if the foundation was not designed to
take this soil type into account. Movement occurs because the soils expand so forcefully, the
foundation actually moves. Different parts of the house can move at different rates and
distances, thus cracking the foundation. Significant cracks often appear at the corners of
windows and doors, in walls, garage slabs, walkways, and driveways. Doors and windows
may become jammed. The "looks" of a home could be affected. During extreme drought
conditions, even homes that are not normally affected by expansive soil problems may
experience slight cracking. Expansive soils can affect homes with suspended wood floors as
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well as those with concrete slab floors. Most of the movement occurs at the outside walls of a
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building, but the inside of a house can move if water finds its way under the house when it
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Problems
often
associated
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1. Foundation cracks;
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3. Jammed
doors
and
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windows;
)
4. Ruptured
pipelines;
.
and
5. Heaving and cracking
of sidewalks and roads
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[12]
[14]
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8. Overall economy
9. Types of piles available in the market
10. Installation Methods
11. Contractual Requirements
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centre to centre
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vertical
spacing
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to 1 times the
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under-ream bulbs
"
(Du).The length of
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under-reamed
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to 8 meter and
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their
centre
to
)
centre
spacing
should
normally
material.
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bulbs
at
the
base.
Such
type
of
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the structure at a depth where ground movements are negligible due to moisture variation or
other reasons.
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Tools required for construction of under-reamed piles are spiral auger, under reaming tool,
and boring guide. This is a well proven and established technology for construction of
foundation in expansive soils. For speeding up the construction bore and under ream for large
diameter and deeper pile a mechanical rig can be used. The construction and design of such
foundation can be done in accordance with Indian Standard Code of Practice IS 2911-Part
III. Provision of
under
bulbs
reamed
has
the
advantage
of
increasing
the
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bearing
and
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uplift capacities.
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It also provides
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better anchorage
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at greater depths.
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efficiently used
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in
machine
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[11]
foundations,
over
%
bridges, electrical
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Design Philosophy
The design philosophy is based on IS 2911 (Part 3): 1980 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS. Following are the general
considerations which are to be kept in mind:
1. It should be designed in such a way that the
load from the structure they support can be
transmitted to the soil without causing any soil failure
and any type of settlement. The pile shaft should have
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diameter
depending
upon
the
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times.
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diameter. In expansive soils it should also not be less than l-75 m below ground level.
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The minimum clearance below the underside of pile cap embedded in the ground and
the bulb should be a minimum 1.5 times the bulb diameter.
6. Under-reamed piles with more than two bulbs are not advisable without ensuring their
feasibility in strata needing stabilization of boreholes by drilling mud.
7. The minimum diameter of stem for borehole needing stabilization by drilling mud
should be 25 cm.
8. The minimum diameter of stem for strata consisting of harmful constituents, such as
sulphates, should be 30 cm.
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The load carrying capacity of pile depends on pile dimensions and the subsoil strata. Axial
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load on a pile is transmitted by point bearing at the toe and the projected area of the bulb(s)
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and skin friction along the pile stem. In uplift load, point bearing component at toe is absent
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but unlike other straight shaft piles, point bearing on an annular projection of the bulb is
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present. Lateral load and moment are sustained by horizontal soil reaction developed along
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1. A structural member to
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transmit
the
imposed
1
loads
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reaching
ultimate
.
strength.
The
minimum
longitudinal
area
reinforcement
of
in
The transverse reinforcement as circular stirrups shall not be less than 6-mm diameter mild
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steel bars at a spacing of not more than the stem diameter or 30 cm whichever is less. In
under reamed compaction piles, a minimum number of four, 12-mm diameter mild steel or
four 10 mm diameter high strength steel bars shall be provided. For piles of lengths
exceeding 5 m and/or 37.5 cm diameter, a minimum number of six 12-mm diameter bars of
mild or HYSD steel shall be provided. For piles exceeding 40 cm diameter, a minimum
number of six 12 mm diameter mild or HYSD steel bars shall be provided. The circular
stirrups for piles of lengths exceeding 5 m and diameter exceeding 37.5 cm shall be of 8 mm
diameter bars. For piles up to 30 cm diameter, if concreting is done by tremie, equivalent
amount of steel placed centrally may be provided. The minimum clear cover over the
K
Safe Load:O
For clayey soils the ultimate load carrying capacity of an under-reamed pile may be worked
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5
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7
$
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KT
F
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Qu =
ApNcCp +
AaNcCa +
CaAs
!CaAs
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NOTE 1 - The first two terms in formula are for bearing and the last two for friction
components.
NOTE 2 - If the pile is with one bulb only the third term will not occur.
NOTE 3 - For calculating uplift load first term will not occur in formula.
For sandy soils the ultimate load carrying capacity of an under-reamed pile may be worked
out from the following expressions:
Qu
df2 - dn2)
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Ap (cm ) = (#/4)*D
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Aa (cm2) = (#/4)*(Du2-D2)
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dr (cm) = depth of centre of different under reamed bulbs below ground level
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st
NOTE
1. The first two terms in the formula are for bearing component and the last one for friction
component
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References
1. http://pilingindustrycanada.com/drilling-across-the-beauharnois-canal-bauerfoundations-canada/
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansive_clay
3. http://www.propertyrisk.com/refcentr/expsoil.htm
4. http://www.aegweb.org/students-educators/student-resources/aeg-forstudents/geologic-hazards/expansive-and-collapsible-soil
5. http://hdfoundationrepair.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/dry-soil-around-
6. http://www.dualpier.com/cause1.gif
7. http://www.sinaiconstruction.net/LA-foundation-retrofit-blog/wpcontent/uploads/2012/03/settlement-cracks-update.jpg
8. http://www.propertyrisk.com/refcentr/expsoil.htm
9. http://www.numahammers.com/newsitems/images/500/turnerriver_australia-09.jpg
10. http://www.lddrill.com/assets/uploads/cms/157-17.jpg
11. http://www.civilworksaustralia.com.au/uploads/images/working_sequence.jpg
12. http://www.gnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2009_03.pdf
13. https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/893/flashcards/429893/png/wetclimate_soil_profile1318950840999.png
14. http://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/677_Underreamed%20Piles.png
15. https://www.sefindia.org/rangarajan/E%20Conference_files/image006.jpg
foundation1.jpg
16. http://www.geology.ar.gov/geohazards/expsoils_geninfo.htm
17. http://civiltraining.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Types-of-pile-foundation.png
18. IS 2911 (Part 3): 1980 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
19. http://www.cdeep.iitb.ac.in/nptel/Civil%20Engineering/Foundation_Engineering/Slid
es/Module%205/Lecture%2024/Section%2024.1/24.1_2.html
20. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/h4r6tWWV5a8/TdQN7QkynyI/AAAAAAAACUY/SNKnQ3_pUAw/s1600/underreamed+pile-1.JPG
References
Page 13
Design Problem
Design an under reamed in-situ pile of uniform cross section and length 4m having bulbs for a
load of 500kN on a clayey soil. Consider the following assumptions:1. Bearing Capacity Factor, Nc = 8.5
2. Cohesive force of soil around toe, Cp = 0.184 kgf/cm2
3. Average cohesion of soil around the under reamed bulbs, Ca = 0.184 kgf/cm2
4. Reduction factor, = 0.5
5. Average cohesion of soil along the pile stem, Ca = 0.204 kgf/cm2
6. 1=2=45
7. factor of safety, FOS = 2.5
8. Assume Non-Aggressive environment
Assume 50cm pile stem diameter and bulb diameter as 75 cm (Cl. 5.1.2, IS 2911 (Part 3) 1980)
Qu =
Assume 75cm pile stem diameter and bulb diameter as 187.5 cm (Cl. 5.1.2, IS 2911 (Part 3) 1980)
Qu = 4 * 752 * 8.5 * 0.184 + 4 * (187.52 752) * 8.5 * 0.184 + 0.184 * 22/7 * 75 * (400 - (187.5 - 75))
+ 2 * 22/7 *187.5 * [75/4 + (187.5 - 75) * 1.414]
Qu = 153334.2262 kgf
Qu = 1380.008 kN
Using FOS = 2.5
Qu = 552.003 kN > 500 kN
0.4
100
* *752
= 28285.71429 cm2
Using 4.5cm HYSD Steel Bar
28285.71429
15.911
= 17.778
105
18
= 5.833
Transverse Reinforcement:
The diameter of the transverse reinforcement is maximum of the following
1. One fourth of diameter of the largest longitudinal bar =
45
4
= 11.25mm
2. 16mm
Provide 16mm
Pitch distance between the transverse reinforcement is more than the least of the following
1. Least lateral dimension of compression member = 75cm = 750mm
2. 16 times the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement = 16 * 45 = 720mm
3. 300 mm
Provide 400 mm
Transverse Reinforcement needed =
4000
400
+ 1 = 11
0.35 20 (
1000
= 10564.351kN
10564.351
2.5