Seismic Design and Detailing - pp131-150

Adam C Abinales
f.asep, pice
Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

5.
Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance
5.1
Earthquake Load Combinations: Strength Design
5.1.1 Earthquake Loads and Modeling Requirements.

Requirements Structures shall be designed for ground motion
producing structural response and seismic forces in any horizontal direction. The earthquake
loads that shall be used in the load combinations (set forth in NSCP Section 203) shall be in
accordance with the requirements of NSCP Section 208.5.1.1.
E = Eh + Ev
NSCP eq. 208-1
E m = o Eh
NSCP eq. 208-2
where
E
= the earthquake load on an element of the structure resulting from the combination of the
horizontal component Eh and the vertical component Ev.
Eh = the earthquake load due to the base shear V or the design lateral force Fp.
Em = the estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure and used
in the design of specific elements of the structure.
Ev = the load effect resulting from the vertical component of the earthquake ground motion
and is equal to an addition of 0.5Ca*I*D to the deal load effect, D, for strength design
method, and may be taken as zero for allowable (or working) stress design method.
o = the seismic force amplification factor that is required to account for structure
overstrength. (Section 208.5.3.1).
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Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)
Rev1 04-04 / CE573-131
Adam C Abinales
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5.
= Reliability/Redundancy Factor determined as:

=2
6.1
rmax AB
NSCP eq. 208-3
rmax = the maximum element-story shear ratio; the ratio of the design story shear in the most
heavily loaded single element to the total design story shear.
AB = the ground floor area of the structure expresses in m2.
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5.

Example Problem 5.1. A four-storey concrete building of special moment resisting frame system
has been analyzed. Beam A-B and column C-D are elements of SMRF. Structural analysis yielded
the following results due to dead load, office building live load and lateral seismic forces:
Find the following:
Structure is located in Zone 4;
1.
Strength design moment at beam end A.
2.
Strength design axial load and moment at column top C. Distance to seismic source = 10 km
A
8000
Seismic source type: A
8000
Soil profile type: SD
8000
I = 1.0
4000
Roof
4000
4th
4000
3rd
2nd
4000
GF
=1.1; f1 = 0.5
Member/
Stress
Dead Load
D
Live Load L
Lateral
Seismic Eh
Beam
moment
at A
135 kN-m
65 kN-m
165 kN-m
Column
C-D axial
load
400 kN
180 kN
490 kN
Column
moment
at C
55 kN-m
30 kN-m
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220 kN-m
Rev1 04-04 / CE573-133
Adam C Abinales
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5.

Solution and discussion:
Find the strength design moment at beam end A.
To determine strength design moments for design, the earthquake component E must be
combined with the dead and live load components D and L, as illustrated below. Determine
earthquake load E
E = Eh + Ev
Sect. 208.5.1.1
where, the moment due to vertical earthquake force is
Ev = 0.5CaID; in which Ca = 0.44Na = 0.44(1.0)
Ev = 0.5(0.44)(1.0)(135)
Ev = 29.7 kN - m
while the moment due to horizontal earthquake force is
Eh = 165 kN - m
then,
E = 1.1(165) + 29.7 = 211.2 kN - m
Apply load combinations involving earthquake. The basic load combinations for strength design
per Section 203.3.1 is
1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0 f1L
NSCP eq. 203-5
0.9D 1.0E
NSCPPage
eq.134/7
203-6
Rev1 04-04 / CE573-134
Adam C Abinales
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5.

For reinforced concrete frame, the above equations shall be multiplied by 1.1 per Section 409.3.3
and become
1.32D + 1.10E + 1.10 f1L
0.99D 1.10E
therefore, strength design moment at beam end A

MA = 1.32MD + 1.10ME + 1.10 f1ML
MA = 1.32(135) + 1.10(211.2) + 1.10(0.5)(65)
MA = 446.27 kN - m and
MA = 0.99MD 1.10ME
MA = 0.99(135) 1.10(211.2)
MA = 365.97 kN - m or 98.67 kN - m
Find the strength design axial load and moment at column top C. Determine the earthquake load E
E = Eh + Ev
where,
for the axial load
E = 1.1(490) + 0.5(0.44)(1.0)(400) = 627 kN
for the moment at top
E = 1.1(220) + 0.5(0.44)(1.0)(55) = 254.1kN - m
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Apply load combinations involving earthquake.
for the axial load Pc
PC = 1.32PD + 1.10PE + 1.10 f1pL

PC = 1.32(400) + 1.10(627) + 1.10(0.5)(180)
PC = 1316.7 kN
and
PC = 0.99P D 1.10PE
PC = 0.99(400) 1.10(627)
PC = 1085.7 kN or 293.7 kN
therefore,
PC = 1316.7 kN or 293.7 kN
for the moment Mc
MC = 1.32MD + 1.10ME + 1.10 f1ML

MC = 1.32(55) + 1.10(254.1) + 1.10(0.5)(30)
Mc = 368.61kN - m
and
MC = 0.99MD 1.10ME
MC = 0.99(55) 1.10(254.1)
MC = 333.96 kN - m or 225.06 kN - m
Note that the column section capacity must be designed for the interaction of Pc = 1316.7 kN
compression and Mc = 368.61 kN-m (for D+L+E), and the interaction of Pc = 293.7 kN tension and
Page 136/7
Mc = -225.06 kN-m (for D+E).
Rev1 04-04 / CE573-136
Adam C Abinales
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5.
5.2
In-situ Reinforced Concrete Design and Detail

Reinforced concrete for most structures is generally desirable because of its availability and
economy, and its stiffness can be used to advantage to minimize seismic deformations and hence
reduce the damage to non-structure. Difficulties arise due to reinforcement congestion when trying
to achieve high ductility in framed structures, and at the time of writing the problem of detailing
beam-column joints to withstand strong cyclic loading had not been resolved. It should be recalled
that no amount of good detailing will enable an ill-conceived structural form to survive a strong
earthquake.
5.2.1 Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete.

Concrete Even in well-designed reinforced concrete members,
the root cause of failure under earthquake loading is usually concrete cracking. Degradation
occurs in the cracked zone under cyclic loading. Cracks do not close up properly when the tensile
stress drops because of permanent elongation of reinforcement in the crack, and aggregate
interlock is destroyed in a few cycles. In hinge and joint zones, reversed diagonal cracking breaks
down in the concrete between the cracks completely, and sliding shear failure occurs. Refer to
Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1. Progressive failure of reinforced concrete hinge zone under seismic
loading.
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Adam C Abinales
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5.
5.2.2 Principles of Earthquake-Resistant Design.

Design In reinforced concrete structures, the essential features
of earthquake-resistance are embodied in ensuring the following:
Beams should fail before columns. Strong Column - Weak Beam Concept. Design codes
require that earthquake-induced energy be dissipated by plastic hinging of the beams, rather
than the columns. This hypothesis is due to the fact that compression members such as
columns have lower ductility than flexure-dominant beams. If columns are not stronger than
beams framing to a joint, inelastic action can develop in the column. Furthermore, the
consequence of a column failure is far more severe than a local beam failure. This concept is
ensured by the following inequality:
where
6
Mcol Mbeam
5
Mcol = sum of moments at the faces of the joint corresponding to the nominal flexural
strength of the columns framing to that joint;
Mbeam = sum of moments at the faces of the joint corresponding to the nominal flexural
strengths of the beams framing into that joint. In T-beam construction, where the slab is
in tension under moments at the face of the joint, slab reinforcement within the effective
slab width has to be assumed to contribute to flexural strength is the slab reinforcement
is developed at the critical section for flexure.
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Failure should be in flexure rather than in shear. To prevent shear failure occurring before
bending failure, it is good practice to design that the flexural steel in a member yields while
the shear reinforcement is working at a stress less than yield (say normally 90%). In beams, a
conservative approach to safety in shear is to make the shear strength equal to the maximum
shear demands which can be made on the beam in terms of its bending capacity.
Referring to Figure 5.2, the shear strength of the beam should correspond to
Vmax =
where
Mu1 Mu 2
+ VDL
l
VDL is the dead load shear force

Mu is the factored moment, determined as
Mu = As fy z
As is the steel area in the tension zone

fy is the maximum steel strength after hardening, say 95%
z is the lever arm
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Adam C Abinales
f.asep, pice

5.

Mu1
Mu2
l
(+)
fy
Figure
5.2.
Shear
strength
consideration for reinforced concrete
beams.
95 percentile
As
(-)
Premature failure of joints between members should be prevented. Joints between members
such as beam-column joints are susceptible to failure earlier than the adjacent members due
to destruction of a joint zone, in a manner similar to that shown in Figure 5.1. This is
particularly true mostly to exterior columns.
Ductile rather than brittle failure should be obtained. In earthquake engineering, the effect of
material behavior on the choice of the method of analysis is a much greater issue than in
non-seismic engineering. The problem can be divided into two categories depending on
whether the material behavior is brittle or ductile, i.e. whether it can be considered linear
elastic or inelastic. The normal analytical and design methods of dealing with these two
states are summarized in the following table. See next page.
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Material
Behavior
Method of
Analysis
Equivalentstatic
Linear elastic
(brittle)
Linear dynamic
Equivalentstatic
Inelastic
(ductile)
Linear dynamic
Seismic
Loading
Design Provisions
Arbitrarily
reduced
1. Working stress or factored ultimate stress

design, plus imposed nominal ductility
Arbitrarily
reduced
Full

design, plus imposed nominal ductility
3. Ultimate stress design, plus imposed
nominal ductility
Arbitrarily
reduced

design, plus imposed arbitrary ductility*
Arbitrarily
reduced

7. Structure intended to remain elastic, but
nominal ductility imposed
Arbitrarily
reduced
Full
Inelastic
dynamic
Full
8. Ductility demands found from plastic hinge

rotations
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Adam C Abinales
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5.
5.2.3 Available Ductility for Reinforced Concrete Members.

Members The available section ductility of a reinforced
concrete member is most conveniently expressed as the ratio of its curvature at ultimate moment
u to its curvature at its first yield y. The expression u/y may be evaluated
from its first
principles, the answers varying with the geometry of the section, the reinforcement arrangement,
the loading and the stress-strain relationships of the steel and the concrete.
Single reinforced sections.
sections Consider conditions at first yield and ultimate moment as shown
in Figure 5.3.
ce
d'
A s'
cu
f ce
kd
f cm = 0.85f'c
Figure 5.3. Reinforced

concrete section in
flexure.
As
sy = f y /E s
strain
fy
stress
(a) at first yield
sy > f y /E s
strain
fy
stress
(b) at ultim ate
Assuming an under-reinforced section, first yield will occur in the steel, and the curvature
y =
where k = (n)2 + 2(n) n
in which =
As
E 200000
andn = s =
Ec 4700 f'c
bd
f
sy
; in which sy = y
(1 k )d
Es
fy
y =
Es (1 k )d
Note that the formula for k is

true
for
linear
elastic
behavior only, while for
higher concrete stresses the
true non-linear concrete
Page 142/7
stress block shall
be used.
Rev1 04-04 / CE573-142
Adam C Abinales
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5.

The ultimate curvature, u is
where
a=
As fy
and
0.85 f ' c b
cu
; from a = 1c
c

u = 1 cu
a
u =
1, which describes the depth of the equivalent

rectangular stress block, may be taken as
1 = 0.85 for f ' c 30 N/mm2 ,

otherwise
1 = 0.85
0.05
( f ' c 30) 0.65
7
From the above derivation, the available section ductility may be written as
u cu (1 k)dEs
=
y
cfy
The ultimate concrete strain cu may be taken as equal to 0.004 representing the limit of
useful concrete strain, for estimating the ductility available for reinforced concrete in a strong
earthquake.
Doubly reinforced sections.
sections The ductility of doubly reinforced sections (Figure (d)) may be
determined from the curvature in the same way as for singly reinforced sections.
Using the same expression for available section ductility as
u cu (1 k)dEs
=
y
cfy
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5.

but to allow for the effect of compression steel ratio , the expressions for c and k become
c=
and
1
( ' ) fy d
c=
0.85 f ' c 1
k = [( + ' )n]2 + 2[( + ' )n] ( + ' )n

in which ' =
A' s
bd
The above equations assume that the compression steel is yielding, but if this is not so, the
actual value of the steel stress should be used fy. And as k has been found assuming linear
elastic behavior in concrete, the qualifications mentioned for singly reinforced members also
apply.
d'
As'
Figure 5.4. Doubly

reinforced concrete
section.
As
b
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

Effect of confinement on ductility.
ductility The ductility and strength of concrete is greatly enhanced
by confining the compression zone with closely spaced lateral steel ties. In order to quantify
the ductility of confined concrete, a number of stress-strain curves for confined concrete
have been derived. It is known that rectangular all-enclosing links are moderately effective on
small columns, but are of little use in large columns. In large columns, this is remedied to
some extent by the use of intermediate lateral ties anchored to the all-enclosing links.
The procedure for calculating the section ductility u/y is the same as that for unconfined
concrete as described herein, the only difference being in determining an appropriate value of
ultimate concrete strain cu for use in the expression for fu/fy. It is therefore recommended
that a lower bound for the maximum concrete strain for concrete confined with rectangular
links may be used.
where
b
lc
rv
b f
cu = 0.003 + 0.02 + v yv
l c 138
= ratio of the beam width to the distance from the critical section to the point of
contraflexure
= ratio of volume of confining steel (including compression steel) to volume of concrete
confined
fyv = yield stress of the confining steel in N/mm2

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5.

Example Problem 5.2. Given a singly reinforced concrete beam section with 3-32 reinforcing bars
at the bottom. The confining steel consists of 12 mild steel bars (fy = fyv = 275 N/mm2) at 75 mm
centers and the concrete strength is fc = 25 N/mm2. Estimate the section ductility u/y.
Assume b = 1/ 8
lc
n .a .
500
A s = 3 - 3 2 b a rs
250
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Rev1 04-04 / CE573-146
Adam C Abinales
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5.

Solution and discussion:
To find the curvature at first yield y, first estimate the depth of the neutral axis, the section being
effectively singly reinforced.
3 * 804
A
= s =
evaluate
bd (250)(500)
= 0.0193 and
200000
E
n= s =
Ec 4700 f'c
200000
= 8.511
4700 25
then, n = 0.164
n=
k = ( n) + 2( n) n
2
k = (0.164)2 + 2(0.164) 0.164

k = 0.432
y =
fy
Es (1 k )d
y =
275
= 4.84 x10 6 radian/mm
200000(1 0.432)500
Although this implies a computed maximum concrete stress greater than 0.85fc, the triangular
stress block gives a reasonable approximation. Thus, the curvature at first yield
b f
cu = 0.003 + 0.02 + v yv
l c 138
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Rev1 04-04 / CE573-147
Adam C Abinales
f.asep, pice

5.

To find the ultimate curvature for the confined section, first determine the ultimate concrete strain
cu.
113 * 2(488 + 170)
v =
where, consider link size, 488x170
then
0.0239 * 275
cu = 0.003 + 0.02(1/ 8) +
138
cu = 0.00777
(488)(170)(75)
= 0.0239
Next, find the depth of the neutral axis at ultimate from

Hence, the ultimate curvature is
cu 0.00777
=
c
146.9
u = 5.29x105 radian/mm
u =
c=
As fy
1 * 0.85 f ' c b
( 3 * 804)(275)
0.85 * 0.85(25)(250)
c = 146.9 mm
c=
5
Therefore, the available section ductility is u = 5.29x10 = 10.9
y 4.84 x106
It is of interest to observe that the ultimate strain cu = 0.00777 is about more than twice the value
of 0.004 normally assumed for unconfined concrete. Hence the available section ductility has been
roughly doubled by the use of confinement steel.
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5.
5.2.4 Ductility of reinforced concrete members with flexure and axial load.
load Axial load unfavorably affects
the ductility of flexural members. It is therefore imperative that for practical levels of axial load,
columns must be provided with confining reinforcement.
For rectangular columns with closely spaced links, and in which the longitudinal steel is mainly
concentrated in two opposite faces, the ratio u/y may be estimated from Figure 5.5.
Figure 5.5. u/y for columns

of confined concrete.
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Adam C Abinales
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5.

where
As =
and
h =
area of tension reinforcement, mm2
1.2 Ah fyh
shh f ' c
Ah =
cross-sectional area of the links, mm2
fyh =
yield stress of the link reinforcement, N/mm2
s =
spacing of the link reinforcement, mm
hh =
the longer dimension of the rectangle of concrete enclosed by the links, mm
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Adam C Abinales

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Earthquake Load Combinations: Strength Design

5.1.1 Earthquake Loads and Modeling Requirements.

NSCP eq. 208-1

NSCP eq. 208-2

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-131

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

= Reliability/Redundancy Factor determined as:

NSCP eq. 208-3

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-132

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Structure is located in Zone 4;

Strength design moment at beam end A.

Seismic source type: A

Soil profile type: SD

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-133

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0 f1L

NSCP eq. 203-5

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

therefore, strength design moment at beam end A

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-135

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

PC = 1.32PD + 1.10PE + 1.10 f1pL

for the moment Mc

MC = 1.32MD + 1.10ME + 1.10 f1ML

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-136

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

In-situ Reinforced Concrete Design and Detail

5.2.1 Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete.

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-137

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

5.2.2 Principles of Earthquake-Resistant Design.

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-138

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

VDL is the dead load shear force

As is the steel area in the tension zone

Mapua Institute of Technology (MAPUA Tech)

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-139

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

Rev1 04-04 / CE573-140

Seismic Design of Concrete Structures

Structural Design and Detailing for Earthquake Resistance

1. Working stress or factored ultimate stress

2. Working stress or factored ultimate stress