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MIS

is short for management information system or management information

services.
Management information system, or MIS, broadly refers to a computerbased system that provides managers with the tools to organize, evaluate
and efficiently manage departments within an organization. In order to
provide past, present and prediction information, a management
information system can include software that helps in decision making,
data resources such as databases, the hardware resources of a system,
decision support systems, people management and project management
applications, and any computerized processes that enable the department
to run efficiently.

Component : of mis
Internal records : The first component of MIS is Internal Record.
Marketing managers get lots of information from the internal-records of
the company. These records provide current information about sales,
costs, inventories, cash flows and account receivable and payable. Many
companies maintain their computerized internal records. Inside records
help marketing managers to gain faster access to reliable information.

Marketing intelligence :
The second component of MIS is Marketing Intelligence. It collects
information from external sources. It provides information about current
marketing-environment and changing conditions in the market. This
information can be easily gathered from external sources like; magazines,
trade journals, commercial press, so on. This information cannot be
collected from the Annual Reports of the Trade Association and Chambers
of Commerce, Annual Report of Companies, etc. The salesmens report
also contains information about market trends.

Marketing research :
The third important component of MIS is Marketing Research. MR is
conducted to solve specific marketing problems of the company. It collects
data about the problem. This data is tabulated, analyzed and conclusions
are drawn. Then the recommendations are given for solving the problem.
Marketing research also provides information to the marketing managers.

Marketing decision support system :

The fourth component of MIS is Marketing Decision Support System.
These are the tools which help the marketing managers to analyze data
and to take better marketing decisions. They include hardware, i.e.
computer and software programs. Computer helps the marketing manager
to analyze the marketing information

Information Technology," IT

Stands for "Information Technology," and is pronounced "I.T." It refers to

anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware,
software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies.
Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers,
networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. IT jobs include
computer programming, network administration, computer engineering,
Web development, technical support, and many other related occupations.
Since we live in the "information age," information technology has become
a part of our everyday lives. That means the term "IT," already highly
overused, is here to stay.

Applicatipn and Its Uses in Business Management

Storage
You may already use a computer for data storage for your business.
Inventory, sales, receivables and payables stored in Excel, Open Office or
a similar program keeps these figures at your fingertips. Accounting
software stores your payroll information, tax records and specialized data
for your business. Once youre acquainted with a program, you wont
know how you functioned without it.

Marketing

Large and small businesses are on a level playing field on the Internet.
You can have a Web presence, take orders, buy merchandise, sell excess
or even operate some businesses entirely online. A marketing tool that
uses information technology is the Quick Response or QR Code that looks
like a bar code but is square.

Information
Whether you learned business management by the book or by practical
experience, youll need updates all of your life. The Internet is a wealth of
information to keep you current with trends, techniques, software and
human resources. You can draw on online databases and websites to
locate potential employees, compare insurance proposals, tackle
employee issues or check out the competition. Managing your business
with information gleaned from the Internet keeps you knowledgeable and
on the cutting edge.

Communication

Communication by email is faster and costs less than sending a paper

letter in the mail. You can transform your business to the 21st century
with the use of email for communication with clients or customers.
Information technology allows you to organize email file folders by client
or by type of communication, such as orders or billing.
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Information system
An information system is any organized system for the collection,
organization, storage and communication of information. Such a system
may be as simple as a 3x5 card catalog system on a desk, a Rolodex, a
desktop calendar, or a Daytimer. Or, it may be as complicated as a multinode computer database system used to manage vast quantities of
related information.
A computer Information System (IS) is a system composed of people and
computers that processes or interprets information.[1][2][3][4] The term
is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the
software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a
computer system.
Information system is an academic study of systems with a specific
reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware
and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process,
create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an Information
System having a definitive Boundary, Users, Processors, Stores, Inputs,
Outputs and the aforementioned communication networks

information system resources

1.Hardware:
The term hardware refers to machinery.This category includes the
computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit
(CPU), and all of its support equipments. Among the support equipments
are input and output devices, storage devices and communications
devices.

2.Software:
The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any)
that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions
that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the CBIS to function
in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are
generally stored on some input / output medium,often a disk or tape.

3.Data:
Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful
information.Like programs,data are generally stored in machine-readable
form on disk or tape until the computer needs them.

4.Procedures
Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer
system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a
common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a CBIS.

5.People:
Every CBIS needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most over-looked
element of the CBIS are the people, probably the component that most
influence the success or failure of information systems.

A geographic information system (GIS)

is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and
present all types of spatial or geographical data. The acronym GIS is
sometimes used for geographic information science (GIScience) or
geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or
career of working with geographic information systems and is a large
domain within the broader academic discipline of Geoinformatics.[1] What
goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has no
such restrictive boundaries.
In a general sense, the term describes any information system that
integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic
information. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create
interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information,
edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations.[2][3]
Geographic information science is the science underlying geographic
concepts, applications, and systems

Networking definition
In information technology, networking is the construction, design, and use
of a network, including the physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router,
and so forth), the selection and use of telecommunication protocol and
computer software for using and managing the network, and the
establishment of operation policies and procedures related to the
network.
the exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or
institutions; specifically : the cultivation of productive relationships for
employment or business
the establishment or use of a computer network : types of

networking
Personal Area Network
A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network organized around
an individual person within a single building. This could be inside a small
office or residence. A typical PAN would include one or more computers,
telephones, peripheral devices, video game consoles and other personal
entertainment devices.
. In a very typical setup, a residence will have a single wired Internet
connection connected to a modem. This modem then provides both wired
and wireless connections for multiple devices. The network is typically
managed from a single computer but can be accessed from any device.

Local Area Network

A local area network, or LAN, consists of a computer network at a single
site, typically an individual office building. A LAN is very useful for sharing
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resources, such as data storage and printers. LANs can be built with
relatively inexpensive hardware, such as hubs, network adapters and
Ethernet cables.
The smallest LAN may only use two computers, while larger LANs can
accommodate thousands of computers. A LAN typically relies mostly on
wired connections for increased speed and security, but wireless
connections can also be part of a LAN. High speed and relatively low cost
are the defining characteristics of LANs.

Wide Area Network

A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an
entire country or the entire world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller
networks, such as LANs or MANs. The Internet is the best-known example
of a public WAN.
Private NetworksOne of the benefits of networks like PAN and LAN is
that they can be kept entirely private by restricting some communications
to the connections within the network. This means that those
communications never go over the Internet

The systems development life cycle (SDLC

is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the

stages involved in an information system development project, from an
initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application.
Various SDLC methodologies have been developed to guide the processes
involved, including the waterfall model (which was the original SDLC
method); rapid application development (RAD); joint application
development (JAD); the fountain model; the spiral model; build and fix;
and synchronize-and-stabilize. Frequently, several models are combined
into some sort of hybrid methodology. Documentation is crucial regardless
of the type of model chosen or devised for any application, and is usually
done in parallel with the development process. Some methods work better
for specific types of projects, but in the final analysis, the most important
factor for the success of a project may be how closely the particular plan
was followed.

The system investigate

the IT proposal. During this step, we must consider all current priorities
that would be affected and how they should be handled. Before any
system planning is done, a feasibility study should be conducted to
determine if creating a new or improved system is a viable solution. This
will help to determine the costs, benefits, resource requirements, and
specific user needs required for completion. The development process can
only continue once management approves of the recommendations from
the feasibility study.[11]

stages os investigation
1.

Problem definition:
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The first responsibility of a system analyst is to prepare a written
statement of the objectives of the problem. Based on interviews with the
user, the analyst writes a brief description of his/her
understanding of the problem and reviews it with both the groups. People
respond to written statements. Following are some possible definitions of
problems:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

2.

The existing system has a poor response time

It is unable to handle the workload.
The problem of cost, that is the economic system is not feasible.
The problem of accuracy and reliability
The required information is not produced by the existing system
The problem of security.

Feasibility study:

Thus, feasibility study provides an overview of the problem and acts as an

important checkpoint that should be completed before committing more
resources. The feasibility of a proposed system can be assessed in terms
of four major categories as given below:
a)
Organizational feasibility: the extent to which a proposed
information system supports the objective of the organizations strategic
plan for information systems determines the organizational feasibility of
the system project.
b)
Economic feasibility: In this study, costs and returns are evaluated
to know whether returns justify the investment in the system project.
c)
Technical feasibility: whether reliable hardware and software,
capable of meeting the needs of the proposed system can be acquired or
developed by the organizations in the required time is a major concern of
the technical feasibility.
d)
Operational feasibility: the willingness and ability of the
management, employees, customers, suppliers, etc to operate, use and
support a proposed system come under operational feasibility. In other
words, the test of operational feasibility asks if the system will work when
it is developed and installed.

Database
Often abbreviated DB, a database is basically a collection of information
organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select
desired pieces of data. You can think of a database as an electronic filing
system.
Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is
a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a
file is a collection of records. For example, a telephone book is analogous
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to a file. It contains a list of records, each of which consists of three fields:
name, address, and telephone number.
An alternative concept in database design is known as Hypertext. In a
Hypertext database, any object, whether it be a piece of text, a picture, or
a film, can be linkedto any other object. Hypertext databases are
particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information,
but they are not designed for numerical analysis.

Roles and Responsibilities

Since computers are often smart enough to run themselves, you may
wonder why they need people to help them manage data. You'll often find
a database administrator, or DBA, in an organization that manages a large
DBMS. One of a DBA's primary roles is in ensuring that database
information is secure. In addition to designing a database, a DBA may be
the only person in an organization who can perform certain database
tasks such as archiving data tables. DBAs also help resolve problems that
a system's users encounter.
Not every database has a DBA. You probably know this if you manage a
simple database that powers your website. Some organizations may hire
programmers who also serve as database administrators. Smaller
organizations may even allow developers to design databases and manage
them. On the opposite end of the scale you'll find large companies that
hire database architects. These highly trained professionals assume the
design role that DBAs often have. Database architects also work with
departments within an organization to ensure that all DBMSs meet
everyone's needs.

expert system
A computer application that performs a task that would otherwise be
performed by a human expert. For example, there are expert systems that
can diagnose human illnesses, make financial forecasts, and schedule
routes for delivery vehicles. Some expert systems are designed to take
the place of human experts, while others are designed to aid them.
Expert systems are part of a general category of computer applications
known as artificial intelligence . To design an expert system, one needs a
knowledge engineer, an individual who studies how human experts make
decisions and translates the rules into terms that a computer can
understand.

What Is a Client-Server Network?

A client-server network is designed for end-users called clients to access
resources (such as files, songs, video collections or some other service)
from a central computer called a server. A server's sole purpose is to do
what its name implies - serve its clients! You may have been using this
configuration and not even have known it. Have you ever played Xbox Live
or used the PlayStation Network? Your Xbox One is the client, and when it

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logs into the network, it contacts the Xbox Live servers to retrieve gaming
resources like updates, video and game demos.
Transaction Processing Systems
A transaction is an elementary activity conducted during business
operations. Transaction processing systems (TPS) process the company's
business transactions and thus support the operations of an enterprise. A
TPS records a non-inquiry transaction itself, as well as all of its effects, in
the database and produces documents relating to the transaction.
TPS are necessary to conduct business in almost any organization today.
TPSs bring data into the organizational databases, these systems are also
a foundation on which management oriented information systems rest.

What is a network topology? In communication networks,

a topology is a usually schematic description of the arrangement of a
network, including its nodes and connecting lines. There are two ways of
defining network geometry: the physical topology and the logical (or
signal) topology.
The physical topology of a network is the actual geometric layout of
workstations. There are several common physical topologies, as described
below and as shown in the illustration.

1:In the bus network topology, every workstation is

connected to a main cable called the bus. Therefore, in effect, each
workstation is directly connected to every other workstation in the
network.
2:In the star network topology, there is a central computer or server to
which all the workstations are directly connected. Every workstation is
indirectly connected to every other through the central computer.
3:In the ring network topology, the workstations are connected in a closed
loop configuration. Adjacent pairs of workstations are directly connected.
Other pairs of workstations are indirectly connected, the data passing
through one or more intermediate nodes.
4:If a Token Ring protocol is used in a star or ring topology, the signal
travels in only one direction, carried by a so-called token from node to
node.

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5:The mesh network topology employs either of two schemes, called full
mesh and partial mesh. In the full mesh topology, each workstation is
connected directly to each of the others. In the partial mesh topology,
some workstations are connected to all the others, and some are
connected only to those other nodes with which they exchange the most
data.
6:The tree network topology uses two or more star networks connected
together. The central computers of the star networks are connected to a
main bus. Thus, a tree network is a bus network of star networks.

Direct access
In computer storage, direct access is the ability to obtain data from a
storage device by going directly to where it is physically located on the
device rather than by having to sequentially look for the data at one
physical location after another. A direct access storage device (DASD) has
the electrical or electromechanical means to be immediately positioned
for reading and writing at any addressable location on the device

Sequential access
In computer science, sequential access means that a group of elements
(such as data in a memory array or a disk file or on magnetic tape data
storage) is accessed in a predetermined, ordered sequence. Sequential
access is sometimes the only way of accessing the data, for example if it
is on a tape. It may also be the access method of choice, for example if all
that is wanted is to process a sequence of data elements in order.

What are the differences between Primary

and Secondary Memory?
The memory hierarchy is very crucial operation functionality in the
computer and can be categorized into primary and secondary memory.
Both these memories vary in the speed, cost and capacity. Primary
memory is considered as a main memory that is accessed directly by the
computer, so as to store and retrieve information. Secondary memory is
considered as an external or additional memory, this memory is not
directly accessed by the CPU because, the secondary memory is an
external storage device, It can be used as a permanent memory, because
even the computer is turned off we can retrieve the information.

End-user computing

End-user computing (EUC) refers to systems in which non-programmers

can create working applications.[1] EUC is a group of approaches to
computing that aim to better integrate end users into the computing
environment. These approaches attempt to realize the potential for highend computing to perform problem-solving in a trustworthy manner.[2][3]

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End-user computing can range in complexity from users simply clicking a
series of buttons, to writing scripts in a controlled scripting language, to
being able to modify and execute code directly.
Examples of end-user computing are systems built using fourthgeneration programming languages, such as MAPPER or SQL, or one of the
fifth-generation programming languages, such as ICAD.

Feasibility study:
Thus, feasibility study provides an overview of the problem and acts as an
important checkpoint that should be completed before committing more
resources. The feasibility of a proposed system can be assessed in terms
of four major categories as given below:
a)
Organizational feasibility: the extent to which a proposed
information system supports the objective of the organizations strategic
plan for information systems determines the organizational feasibility of
the system project.
b)
Economic feasibility: In this study, costs and returns are evaluated
to know whether returns justify the investment in the system project.
c)
Technical feasibility: whether reliable hardware and software,
capable of meeting the needs of the proposed system can be acquired or
developed by the organizations in the required time is a major concern of
the technical feasibility.

DBMS

A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that

enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database.
There are many different types of database management systems,
ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge
systems that run on mainframes.
Examples of Database Applications
The following are examples of database applications:
computerized library systems
automated teller machines
flight reservation systems
computerized parts inventory system

workgroup computing
A workgroup is a collection of individuals working together on a task.
Workgroup computing occurs when all the individuals have computers
connected to a network that allows them to send e-mail to one another,
share data files, and schedule meetings. Sophisticated workgroup
systems allow users to define workflows so that data is automatically
forwarded to appropriate people at each stage of a process.

What is media? Explain the guided and

unguided media in detail.
The path through which data is transmitted from one place to another in
called channel. it is also known as communication media or transmission

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media. These are different types of transmission media (i) Guided media
(ii) Unguided media

Guided media
In guided media communication device are directly connected with each
other by using some physical media like wires. It also called bounded
media.
Some example of bounded media for communication is as follows:
Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber Optics Twisted Pair

Unguided Media

In unguided media communication devices communication with each other

thourgh air or space using broadcast radio signals microwave signals and
infrared signals unguided media is used where it is impossible to install
cable data can be transfer all over the world using media it is also called
unguided media.
Microwave Communication satellite Broadcast Radio Cellular Radio

DOS

The term DOS can refer to any operating system, but it is most often used
as a shorthand for MS-DOS (Microsoft disk operating system). Originally
developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standard operating
system for IBM-compatible personal computers.
The initial versions of DOS were very simple and resembled another
operating system called CP/M. Subsequent versions have became
increasingly sophisticated as they incorporated features of minicomputer
operating systems. However, DOS is still a 16-bit operating system and
does not support multiple users or multitasking.

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