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1

PILE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS


William

E. Saul

October 8- 9 ,
UII'EX, bladison

PTLE FOUNDATION ANALPSZS


W i l l i a m E. sau1.l

Fellow ASCE

The design of p i l e foundatioaa f o r statir o r dynamic lo&

cur b e

u c o m p l i s h d through t h e s t i f f n u s metbod of u u l y s L utilizing s o i l p i l a i n t e r a c t i o n l a o d r l r deriuwi from t b e b-prirrg

f o d a t l a n id&-

r a t i o n although ariy linear o r pieceuise l l n u r m o d d v i l l s u f f i c e the

Podel a d v w t d may b e of f i n i t e l e n g t h o r m d e up of a s e r i e s of

f i n i t e length. due t o variation in the s o i l o r the pile.

Tbe s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s of p i l e foun&tions requires computation of


d i s p l a c e m e t of t h e p i l e cap and forces on and displacements of each of
the piles.

A lengthy s e t of r e f r r e n c n t o this problem were givan by

Saul, 1968(1), i n a paper vhich presented t h e b a s i c framework of t h e


material contained herein.

Subsequent a d d i t i o n s by O'Ueill(2).

and Shrivastava(3). P r l l u o b and Chandrarakaran(S), Saul(5.6)


and 'blf(7.8)

Murthy

and S a d

point out shortcomings t o t h e o r i g i n a l paper and supple-

ment it considerably.

F o r w i k t i o n of t h e problem and the computational

techniques have not been f o d lacking; s e e VesiL(9), Eoules(lO), and


Arya, O'Neill and Pfncw(l1).

Imprweteente and discussion of the pile-

s o i l i n t e r a c t i o n modeling, hovever, continua t o appear; s e e reference:,

( 9 , l l ) for,.general discussions and smmaries.

Ya'ajor work is being

done by ~ e n i f ( 9 ) , Poulos(l2) and by h'ovak(13) and t h e i r colleagoea,


*ere

tha references c i t e d a r e samples of t h e i r exteasive vorks, on pile-

s o i l interaction.

The prinury t h r u s t i n these worlu, however, has been

derived from e l a s t i c theory although in a -re


sense than t h e spring foundation idealization.

complete and complex

This l e a d s t o a b e t t e r

underatanding of t h e problem; but a s y e t , v i t h s o i l p r o p e r t i e s normally


a v a i l a b l e , it is questionable vhether any model is b e t t e r s u i t e d f o r
design and a n r l y s f s in practice.

I n t e r a c t i o n of t h e p i l e cap with

t h e s o u has been investigated by O',Murka and Dobry(l4).

When t h i s

f a c t o r .is t o be included t h e s t i f f n e s s contribution of t h e soil-cap


a9y b e d i r e c t l y added t o t h e foundation s t i f f n e s s matrix a s computed
herein.
The objectives i n t h i s paper a r e to:
presented e a r l i e r ( 1 ) .

2.

1. Update the material

Include inprovements developed since(5,6,8).

Professor, Department of C i v i l and Environmental Engineering, The Univsrs i t y of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.

3.

Present a major development which a l l o v s inclusion of layered s o i l s ,

p i l e s which may vary i n s e c t i o n


(9).

And, 4.

v i t h length, o r s h o r t p i l l n g

Give exapplrr t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e coatputatioaal method.

A DK3ONSTRATXON

Consider a p i l e focmdrtioo conriscing of a rigid r e i n f o r e d camc r e t e u p and any rider of a t t l c h d piling.

Tho p F l u may be v e r t i c a l

o r battered, s h o r t o r long, a t t h e same refermace e l m L I o a vitbkl tbr


cap o r a t s e v e r a l levels a d of s i m i l a r o r d i f f e r e s c m f . ~ ,
s e c t i o n s o r sizes.

The p i l e a m8y b

by d i f f e r e n t methods a t t h r samm t
c i p a l axes may b e a t any angle and
hinged and r i g i d v i t h t h e cap.

m b

m phcod in m y maaor o r

l o r~at ~
varlolu tima,

hm any d e g m

Their prin-

of f i x i t y beernem

The cap is'ammamed rigid (in l a t o r c o w

putations), but may be of .any s h p and thichress,


thickness such as stepped, and may b e c o a s t r a r t c d

variablm
that t h e p i l e s

80

are enbedded a t d i f f e r e n t e l m t i o n . v i t h i a tha cap.

The s o i l mny b e

h o m ~ g m w w ,varyLng o r layered, including l a y e r s of a r y w e ~ ko r


The p i l e cap m y be in a m t a c t o r embedded i n t h r

negligible solls.

top l a y e r of s o i l o r e l m t e d am a platfurm.

I n sunnmv, f o r t h e exper

i m m t , t h e r e a r e n e a r l y no c o n s t r a i n t s .
To proceed, a coordiaatm c a t e r f o r t h e p i l a fouudation is assigned

and a s e t of Cartesian coordinates.

I asmipad
Although t h e s e ~ P ;be

a r b i t r a r i l y , it is useful t o choose an o r i g i n a t l e a s t v e r t i c a l l y
aligned v i t h t h e c e n t e r of mass of t h e foundation and/or load and have
one h o r i.z- o n t a l a x i s p a r a l l e l t o an a d s of syuauetry of foundation o r

loads, should one 'exist.


The demonstration is t o load t h e foundatioa in each of s i x comporr
e n t s , one component a t a t i m e .

These s i x a r e t h e t h r e e r e c t i l i n e a r

f o r c e s m d t h e t h r e e r m m ~ t scorresponding t o t h e ax&sj u s t established

as shown i n Fig. 1. When w e of t h e s e f o r c e s

Qi

is applied, and n o w

~ 3
other, t h e s i x corresponding components of d e f l e c t i o n , ( ~ 1 ~rectfl i n e a r and 3 r o t a t l o n i l , may b e measured and plotted.
be applied by increments of force, i.e.,

i.e.,

by jacking,

by d

dead loads, o r d i s p l a c e m n t ,

r o r l a r g e r incra-ta,

r a p i d l y , and m o n o t o n i u l l y o r cycled.

These forces ~y

s l o w l y o r more

The r e s u l t i n s c a m s may be

nonlinear v i t h t h e r a t e of d e f l e c t i o n i n c r e a s i n g v i t h highor loads.


Creep o r r e l a x a t i o n , depending o n t h e type of load t e s t , =y
time dependency, 5-e.,
load-deflection

a viscoolastic m t e r i r l .

ehw a

In many c u e s , t h e

curva v i l l e x h i b i t a regima with a s l w l y changing o r

air-st constant s l o p s f o l l w e '

b; a regime with a r a p i d l y changing s l o p ,

. b. Displacrrrotr

a. hod.

Fig. 1

- ~ o ~ d a t ' i oLardr
n
and Dfsplacawntr

and then another regime v i t h a very s t e e p , perhaps again constant, slope.


Although t h i s may appear a s a t y p i c a l s t r e s s a t r a i n currre with an elas-

tic, y i e l d and p l a s t i c behavior such is most probably not t h e c a s e and


i t may o f t e n b e d i f f i c u l t t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e t h r e e zones.

The reason is

t h a t s o i l is o f t e n v i s c a e l a s t i c and t h a t t h e r e a r e sir. e f f e c t s , edge


e f f e c t s , p o s s i b l a f r i e t i o a between cap and soil, s o i l pressures d o v e l o p

ing against cmbdded caps,

and m y n u n k r of o t h e r p o s s i b l e influeac8r

vhich could i n h i b i e n p m d u d b i l l t y of test r e s u l t s .

N w e r t h e l u ~ ,if

k suggested t h a t if t h e l o a d vere c7eL.d a m r a 1 , t i m r s in t h e neighbor

hood of magnitude which is . ~ a a t w l l yexpected, t h a t a nearly constant


elope t o each cunre would b e found.
tude was expectad t o b e wid.,
l i n e a r o r piecewine l i n e a r .
produces 6 d e f l e c t i o n s d

I f the f l u c t u a t i o n of load magni-

t h e came could be approximated a s bi-

Thus, each of t h e 6 loading conditions


where d
= D /Q ; t h a t is, the d e f l e c t i o n

13
13
i) j
in d i r e c t i o n i due t o a u n i t load i n d i r e c t i o n j, dii,

d e f l e c t i o n a t i. D

11

divided by t h e load Q

a t j.

is t h e measured

'6e 6 by 6 m a t t i x of

t h e s e f l e x i b i l i t y i n f l u e n c e c o e f f i c i e n t s [dl, where each coluum


produced by one load, is the e t r u c t u r a l flexibility matrix.
i n v e r t e d t o o b t a i n t h e s t r u c t u r a l s t i f f n e s s matrix IS],
v h e r e each c o e f f i c i e n t S

11

b 1f

is

It m y be

IS1 * [dl",

i s t h e f o r c e a t p o s i t i o n i duo t o a u n i t dls-

placement a t p o s i t i o n j v i t h a l l o t h e r displacecnmts equal t o zero.


It is t o b e observed t h a t t h e s l o p e determined upon immediate load-

i n g of a p i l e foundation, o r v i t h a l i g h t loading, o r by using a d i f f e r e n t ~foundation design, 'such a s a scaled-down configuraeion, would be


d i f f c r e n t , u s u a l l y s t i f fe<

-than

t h e v a l u e obtained a s described e a r l i e r .

Such a t e s t m u l d be expensive, t i m e consuming, and t r u e only f o r t h a t


foundation i n t h a t place.

Hovever, t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e is i n understanding

t h e n a t u r e of t h e s t r u c t u r a l e t i f f n e s s n a t r i x s i n c e it is a r e a l and
h p o r t a n t property of t h e foundation, i n f a c t , t h e foundatfon's signature.
I
:r e l a t e s f o r c e s , o r l o a d s , applied t o t h e foundation and t h e r e s u l t i n g

displacements i n t h e coordinates a l r e a d y u c a b l i s h e d .

Thus,

vhere {Q) a r e l o a d s and {A) d e f l e c t i o n s of t h e foundation.

The compon-

ents of [S] a r e constant i f t h e s y s t e s i s l i n e a r o r quasi-linear a s

described e a r l i e r ; otherwise they a r e v a r i a b l e s vhich may be taken a s


piecewise l i n e a r .
PTLE BEH.4VIOR

Sinc,e determir .\tion of the s t r u c t u r a l s t i f f n e s s matrix [ S ] by experiment h a s t h e limitations noted a design 3 l t e r n a t P r e is necessary and

provided.

It is f i r s t u s e f u l t o consider a s i m i l a r d e m n s t r a t i o n con-

ducted on a s i n g l e p i l e .

The p i l e may be placed i n any mnner, be of

any shape o r materials, any length, b e placed i n any type of s o i l o r


s o i l s , and be f l u s h v i t h t h e s u r f a c e o r extend i n t o t h e a i r .
d e m n s t r a t i o n the p i l e should be v e r t i c a l .

For t h i s

Coordinate axem a r e chosen

along the l o n g i t u d i n a l c e n t r o i d a l a x i s and t h e p r i n c i p a l xxas of bending.

Applying 6' loads, d o n g each axis and a molnnt about each

one a t a tiw, as shown in Fig. 2 results i n

{c)~
for

fn

&,

dfsplrc8mest vector

N t h a r g b v e c t o r (Cli hU 6 coaponeuts, most w i l l

each load.

b e zero six* flmmue a b o u a p r i n c i p a l axis should m

e out-of-

Rw, the arial and tors-

p h , t o r s b u d and axial c a r p o n a f s .

l o r d s a r e exputad to r u u l t in o n l y axial and t o r a i o o r l d i r p h ~ t r ,


r e s p e c t f v e l y , and t h e f l ~ r m - p t o d u c i n gload8 in only 2 compaornt d i e

The matrix [c] t h m is quite sparse, v i t h o d y s l i g h t

p k r a e n t s each.
f l e x u r a l coupling.

Once agaio, the soil-pilm intmractlon is malio.at

s o it would b e w m f u l t o c y c l e th.

load l n t h e neighborhood of magrdtudm

of t h e l o l d s expmcted so that a r e a l i s t i c l i n e a r appmxirmtion can be


Once t h i s constant slope i s

achieved betueea load apd d a f l e c t i o n .

s e l e c t e d , dividing t h e mwured d i s p l a c e w n t s { c ) ~by t h e !sagnitude of


t h e load i n d i r s c t i o n i, t h e r e s u l t i n g dfsplaccmrncs a r a t h e p i l e
flexural influence coefficients g

i j'

t h e d e f l e c r i o n in t h e d i r e c t i o n i

to a u n i t f o r c e i n d i r e c t i o n j w i t h a l l o t h e r f o r c e s zero.
f l e x i b i l i t y catrix

Is]

The p i l e

may be i n v e r t e d t o o b t a i n t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s

matrix [b'] where b W i j is t h e f o r c e i n d i r e c t i o n i due t o a u n i t dis-

placement i n d i r e c t i o n j w i t h a l l o t h e r displacements zero.

The f o r n

of t h e s e p i l e r u t r i c e s vould b e

a c t i n g on p i l e i a r e

and thm f o r c e s (PIi and displacanmnts


r e l a t e d by

and

IrIi

[gllCFli

(3 1

GROUP ACTION
Xhen placed i n t o t h e foundation coordinate system, a s shovn i n
M g - 3, the p i l e may be b a t t e r e d , t h a t is, placed a t an angle Yi v i t h

v i t h Respect

Axis of Pile

C.

Elevation

Ng. 3

- P i l e Cap with P i l e

t h e v e r t i c a l o r on a b a t t e r s l o p e o f l / h i where c o t a n g e n t Yi

hi and

is t h e c l o c k v i s e a n g l e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f b a t t e r from t h e U a x i s o f
i
1
t h e f o u n d a t i o n i n p l a n v i w . F u r t h e r , t h e p i l e head is l o c a t e d a t

c o o r d i n a t e s U du ,u , u ) v i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e u p c o o r d i n a t e system m d
1 1 2 3
t h e p i l e ' s p r i n c i p a l a x e s may b e r o t a t e d t o an a n g l e E i v i t h r e s p a c t
t o a c o o r d i n a t e n p s t c a d e x r l b a d by t h r v e r t i c a l p l a n e c o n t a i n i n g t h e
b a t t e r e d p i l a v h e r a ui is p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h i s p
w n t a l U p l a n and

u; o f the p i l e .
mat&

is

U;

h aud in t h a hod-

i. p e r p e n d i c u l a r to ui and tha l o n g i t u i h d uis

Using t h o approprlrto t r a n s f m e i o n m , t h o s t i f f n e s s

o f the p i l o v i t h rwpmct t o the fauodrtfoP eoardhata system U

[S1Ii

~ ~ l ~ ~ a l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ b ' l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ( ~4 ) a 1 ~ ~ d l ~

vhere

i
COSE

[P*]~-[-.~

sin^
.;c

and

-sins e i n y c o s a
COW

siPysina

cosy

which may b e v r i t t e n

Is'l,

[ca~l~[b'l~

The s t i f f n e s s n a t r i x of t h e f o u n d a t i o n is t h e sum o f the s t i f f n e s s of a l l


t h e p i l e s n i n t h e foundation

1 t h e l o a d s may be determinad f o r a given d i s p k c w r n t

Thus, from Eq.

{A} of t h e foundatiota o r the displacemenl: deterrakud f o r a given load

191
Once t h e foundation d i s p l a c a w n t s {A} are detararined, t h e f o r e a

in t h e c w r d i ~ ~

and d i s p ~ ~ oft i sn d i v i d u a l p i l i n g may b e . c & u b t d

ate system p a r a L l d to the foun&tion e o o r d i o r t r U from

o r i n member p r i n c i p a l axu f r m

i ~ 1[ c a ~d i

{ ~=d ~

( ~ 1t b -~
Ii ( ~ )

I~*J~~C=PI:{AI

when e i t h e r member p r i n c i p a l axis is h o r i z o n t a l [p]


f o r e , t h e r o t a t e d member s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x [b]

Ibl

Ipl

D'I

becomes i d e n t i c a l w i t h [b'].

(13)

[I] and, there-

,where

[PI=
Elements of Eq. 10 w i t h [b']

04)
[b] are

p r e s e n t e d in a n a l y t i c form i n Appendix I.

SOIL-PILE I ~ T I O HODELS
N
l%e components of t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x [b'],

Eqs. 2 and 3,

may be obtalned by experiment, as noted, b u t a n a l y t i c nodels u s i n g


r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e s o i l d a t a a r e necessary.

Herein f i v e a n a l y t i c podels

a r e presented, a11 based on t h e s p r i n g foundation i d e a l i z a t i o n f o r


l a t e r a l l o a d i n g (flexure).

It nay be assumed t h a t i n t h e neightborhood of i n t e r e s t , i.e.,


load magnitude and p i l e dimensions, t h e s o i l ' s r e a c t i v e p r e s s u r e on
t h e p i l e is l i n e a r l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e d e f l e c t i o n , thus, d e f i n i n g

a v a l u e ks, i n units of p r e s s u r e p e r u n i t d e f l e c t i o n such a s l b / i n 3 o r


3
N / m , which is a p r o p e r t y o f t h e s o i l . The p r e s s u r e then is k x
s i
which is analogous t o a l i n e a r s p r i n g . Considering t h e p i l e a s a
b-az t h e r e a c t i v e f o r c e p e r unit l e n g t h o f bean may be expressed a s
k D.x where D is t h e p r o j e c t e d w i d t h of t h e beam i n t h e d i r r e t l o s of
s r i
i
bending.
Now k is n o t a primary s o i l p r o p e r t y b u t may b e e x p r e s s ~ di n

t e n s of e l a s t i c c o n s t a n t s (15) o r a d j u s t e d f o r size and shape (16)


from t e s t data.
i n g f u l than k

Thus, i t m y be t h a t t h e product kSDi=k:

s alone.

is nore aean-

Since t b a spring concept n e g l e c t s s h e a r coupling

i n t h e i d e a l i z a c i o n , i t appears t h a t t h e r e c e r t a i n l y should b e considered


an c:ge

ef fecr a s w e l l as a Lirecc s p r l n g e f f e c t .

This, hovever, is done

when t e s t s v i t h a u n i t p l a t e s i z e a r e used a s a standard t o deternine


k

and t h i s value i s then adjusted f o r shape and s i z e .


The subgrade modulus a l s o v a r i e s with depth because of confinement

of the s o i l , s o i l properties, and p o s s i b l e v a r i a t i o n of s o i l with depth,


i.e.,

l a y e r i n g (17).

It i s e a s i l y postulated and confirmed by m a r s u r r

ment t h a t t h e s o i l a t s u r f a c e about a freestanding p i l e has no v e r t i c a l


c o n s t r a i n t and, therefore, cannot support even low values of horizontal
pressure.

Bowever, prw.nce of a cap may prmridr t h e c o o r t r a i n t o r


The rubgradr;nodulua f o r an over-

accounc f o r t h e c a p m i l f r i c t i o n .

coruolldatd c o h e s i a s o i l a p p u r r t o approach r eoascaar d u e with


of s u r f a c s e f f e c t s , i.a., k D 8 coastant. Rawa i
c o h a i v a soil., t h o rub+e
modue w r , I n granuLu o r nonmlLy 10-

depth once o u t o f ran-

1- incruses vith depth and uny be a s s c u d t o 'do so l i n u r l y s o that


has t h e
k
@ vhera 2 is depth of s o i l and t h e soil p a r t o r
s
6
d t s of 1 b / h e 4 o r N/=
Solution of t h e beam equation introduces p a r w c e r s B and 9,

vhera

which hap. d t s of p e t u n i t length, i.e.,


thene parameters are d i r e c t i o n a l , i.e.,
each p d c i p a l a d s i f Ii and o r D

in.-1

~y

-1
o r mn

Note t h a t

be d i f f e r e n t v i t h respect t o

a r e n o t equal.

If & or $
2
I
.
n,

where L is t h e eubedded l e n g t h of t h e p i l e , t h e p i l e aay be considered


u, being long o r i n f i n i t e i n length; which means t h a t l a t e r a l deflec-

t i o n has been e f f e c t i v e l y damped t o n e g l i g i b l e above t h e p i l e t i p .

For

t h e case of a long p i l e four models f o r t h e f l e x u r a l s t i f f n e s s coeffic i & t r a r e p&sented 'in Appendix X I .

They are:

a constant.

Al.

A s i n g l e l a y e r of s o i l v i t h k

A2.

A s i n g l e l a y e r of s o i l v i t h k -2,

s
s

i.e.,

increasing l i n e a r l y with

depth.
81. A two-layer system where kS=O in t h e top l a y e r because of an ele-

vated cap (platform), n e g l i g i b l e o r poor s o i l , o r l a c k o f confinement


t o develop an e f f e c t i v e l a t e r a l s o i l pressure.
k

The l o v e r l a y e r has

constant,

BZ. A Wo-layer system where k -0 i n t h e t o p l a y e r , s i m i l a r t o 8 1 and


k.-WZ

s
i n t h e l o v e r 1 e v e l ~ Z - Oa t t h e top of t h e second layer.

When & o r JlLca l a t e r a l d i s p l a c e m a t oE t h e p i l e t i p may occur


and t h e s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t s which apply f o r long p i l e s become l e s s
useful.

The smalle'r BL o r 9L t h e nore pronounced t h e e f f e c t .

In

addition t o s h o r t o r i n t e r n e d i a t e length p i l e s , nonlinear v a r i a t i o n of


9

ks v i t h depth, l a y e r i n g o r s t r a t a of the soil, o r v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e p i l e


s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o r naaterials alonq its l e n g t h protride a p p l i c a t i o n
f o r a f i f t h model based on a layered system. Model C is based on a
beam o r s p r i n g foundation element of f i d t e l e n g t h v f t h 8 lateral kinmatic degrees of freedam (2 r e c t i l i n e a r displaceemnts and 2 r o t a t i o o r l
It is assumui f o r drl

displacements a t each end), see A p d i x 111.

C that f o r each sectioa o r cf-t


kaDIis
c o n s t a n t m d the p i l e fs
p r i s r n t i c ; hovevet, erch e l 5 r any ham d i f f a r a a t s o i l and p i l e
f r o m one to r
p r o p e r t i e s , i n c l u d i n g k s 4 , aad them any he -here
f o r g e number of segments.

A pile of

*9pattS

e r a 1 d e g r m of freedom i n d i s p h c r i w a t ,

w i l l have 4 ( P t l ) ?at-

Since t h e

a degrees

of

freedom, comprnsiarr and t o t s i o a , arm not coupled v i t h t h e f 3 . m


they a r e included k t stage.

although they could errrily b e included a t thim

In t h e computatioa t h e 8 by 8 stiffaas matrix shavn kr

Appendix III is computed f o r each segment and t h e element s t i f f n e s s


matrices summai to produce a 4(-)

plle.

square s t i f f n e s s matrix of t h e

This matrix +a than condensed to e l i m i n a t e all degrees of f r e e

don except those of i n t e r e s t fb'],

a t t h e p i l o head.

The l a r g e matrix

map be r e t a i n e d i f l a t e r computation f o r stress r e s u l t a n t s , i.e.,

placements, shear, moments, a r e d e s i r e d d o n g t h e p i l e .

dis-

The proccduta

o u t l i n e d f o r m d e l C is b e s t accompiished thmugh.use of a computer.

The f a c t o r 6 used in expressions f o r t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s coeffii n f l e x u r e is a measure of t h e


v
to. t h e p i l e c a p . Thus, 0
61 1.0 where 6

c i e n t s b'

c o n d i t i o n aud 6

connectivity of the p i l e

1.0 f o r a f i x e d condition.

0 f o r a pinned o r hinged

I f t h e connection fs

s e a i - r i g i d , i.e., 0 < 6 (1.0, t h e d u e of 6 may be estimated. With


m ~ d e lC, t h e layered o r f i n i t e l e n g t h p i l e , 6 should be formulated u
a m u l t i p l i e r t o t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s coutputed e a r l i e r .

These m u l t i p l i e r s

a r e 6 f o r b'44s bnS6, bPLS, a d b'Z4; f o r b V l i and b'2Z

it

is 0.5 ( 1 ~ ) .

The l o n g i t u d i n a l member s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t s , b ' j f a x i a l

b'66-torsion

and

have been s u g g u t e d ( I ) in t h e form

vhcre hE/L and JC/L a r e axial and t o r s i a n d member s t i f f n m s s , r e s p e c t l o a l y ,

d txis been defined e a r l i e r , and t h e c o e f f i c f e n t s kL and kT a r e emperical


participation factors.

I f t h e p i l e were fixed a t i t s end only, t h e s e

f a c t o r s vould b e 1.0; however, they nay d i f f e r considerably.


notes t h a t
ted.

% may

O'Neill(2)

b e much larger, larger 'than the 2.0 previously sugges-

The f a c t o r kL may be l e s s o r g r e a t e r than 1.0.

I f the p i l e t i p

did not move and r e l i e d on f r i c t i o n f o r b e a r i n g k., v o d d be about-=


kvement of the p i l e t i p , however, a c t s t o decrease

\.

Vorks vhich

may be consulted i n c l u d e those by Novak(l8), Pouloa(19). and m l p h


.Pd Wroth(20) f o r d i s c u s s i o n o r alternative c i l c u k t i o n o f bVj3.

For

rmving t i p o r l a y e r a d system b e s t e v a l u r t i o o of t h e l o n g i t u d i m f
I n r k y e r d system t h e relatiara-

s t i f f n e s s appears t o b r e m u n c i a l .

s h i p between l o r d om th. p i l e and d i r r p l a c u p t a t thm top of t h e

of t h e p i l e

l a y e r , where d i s p k w i n d u d a s r i g i d body t-

b r u u s e o f soil shear a d s h o r t e n i n g of t h e pF1. due to a h t i c


p r e s r i o o , may b e denoted by biji

f o r lay-r 1. The s t i f f n e u coaffi-

c i c n t of t h e p i l e i n n l a y e r s i e t h e n ca.lcul.tad

--1jj

COIF

from

1
1
1--+-...
(17)
ill b;3i

b33,1

b33,2

A similar c a l c u l a t i o n can b e d e t o determine t h e t o r s i o n a l s t i f f n e s s

c o e f f i c i e n t , bqb6, i n a layered system.

COMPUTATIONS

MI p i p e p i l e was used in computations t o compare p i l e

A 1 0 inch

s t i f f n e s s p r o p e r t i e s ruing t h e f f n i t e l e n g t h p i l e , Hodel C, and t h e long


p i l e . t b d e l Al.
(ft.)

b'll(k/in.)

2
10
18
24
infinite

1
\

kci.

9,821
69,494
157,355
212,505
215,886
216,786
216,802

bi5(k/rad.

o r in.-k/in.)

614.2
2196.3
3461.2
3598.2
3683.3
3696.9
3697.0

16.1 in.

, Ix=

It can b e seen t h a t t h e r e is a rapid change a f t e r 6 f t . v i t h t h e .

0.0171/in.,

thua &

Note t h a t

s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i ~ i e n t sapproaching t h e v a l u e f o r InflnCte.
)

211.9 in. 4 , Dx = D
I
Y
Y
0.2
E = 30,000 hi, and G- 12,000 hi. S o i l m d u l u s ks

P i l e p r o p e r t i e s are:
10.75 in.,

bi4(in-klradian)

51.31
95.10
114 -02
117.04
125.83
126.06
126.08

1
6

cc-

Results a r e given b d o v :

1i

r f i e l d s I. 2 15.35 f t . as r long p i l e .

If t h e above p i l e is topped v i t h a 2 f t . c a n t i l e v e r , i.e.,

a 26 f t -

p i l e v i t h 24 f t . embedded and 2 f t . i n air, t h e e o e f f i c i m n t s are:


bil = 78.82 klin.,

b14

211,508 in-k/rad,

and bi5 = 3257.1 k/rad.

Obviously, the condition of t h e t o p l a y e r i s of major importance.

.-

A problem vas solved, s e e Fig. 4, t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e method of

computation.

The p i l e p r o p e r t i e s are:

11

- .-.

-*.

.-

.-.-..---

Fig. 4

Example Problem

12

P i l e No.

3 -

400
400
400

1
2

u (in 1 u (in 1 u ( i n
1 '
2
'

L(in.1

30
0
-20

20
0
-20

Ix(in. 1 D x ( i n . )

P i l e No.

1
2
3

10.75
12
10.224

211.9
1017.9
100.6

The soil subgrad.

1.

Elcei
(
)

10.75
12
10.03

30,000
1,500

600.k.

1
2
3

74.90
57.00
58.99

74.96
57.00
78.40

211.9
1017.9
294.7

Material
St-lPip
Timber Pole
BPlO

A follObLiOO 1Qd of

-500 in-k,

P i l e stiffness v h r ,

pile b;l
bi2

16.10
113.09
16.76

G(ksi)
12,000
300
12,000

30,000

3
0
5

300
300.

01 w a r used.

( a l l units i n k i p s and inch-)

Results arm as follows:

. .#:.\

D (in-)

k, = 0.1 kci.

dU;LW

jQIT = [40.k, 2O.k.

1.32
-7.68
1.32

4
I (in. 1
~ ( ~ ~ - 2 )

182,302
64,291
230,558

1207.5
424.1
1257.0

bi6
bi5
b;4

b;5
-

bb4

182,302
64,291
102,426

2614.0
1353.6
1736.1

12,714
4,071
ll.859

-2616.0
-1353.6
-3006.3

The foundation s t i f m a matrix,

2.

308.06

1.1

C i

2I
I
$4

3.

-,

z!

276.97

435.18

74.24

2704.86

2497.66

2600.15

-1699.42

1,277,722

327.69.

-9410.49

-9449.02

-1,202,452

756.74

421.86

6912.82

SYn

{ A } ~ t-0.5132,

285,315

189,448

0.4991, 0.3741, 0.009045, 0.010398,

---

---

327,523

'

-0.0054891

The p i l e displacmnents in member coordinates,

4.

{XI:

{XI:

1x1:
5.

[-0.2441,

0.4742,

0.1749,

0.014099.

0.004483, -0.0010861

[-0.5931,

0.5686,

0.3741,

0.009015,

0.010398. -0.0051891

(-0.8944.

-0.2291,

0.1899,

-0.003017,

0.013032.

-0.0064121

The p i l e forces i n member coordinates.

{rIl

1-6-58, -1.31,
1-19.72.

211.2,

20.16, 158.7.

1330.8. 179.2. -11.81


-188.1.
13

-1

q!J

-.=

1,905,765

The fmmdation displacemmts,

{z}:
&I

26.93

-134.3.

-22.31

I
,

I'

..3 .

- -

Although o computer program

"as used t o sol-

the pml-m the s t i f f n e s s

m a t r i x can b e assembled using the equations i n Appendix I.

The &or
s t i f f n e s s matrices Ib1Ix can be determin+d from n d o l Al but v e r o coaputed f o r t h i s problem u a h g C t o check Al.
CONCLUSIONS

The s p r i n g formdacioa model has r n u d e r of advantag..

f o r arod.1-

i n g l a t e r a l l o r d i n g including t h o a b i l i t y t o compute detloetions,


shears, bending momeats and s t r u s o s along t h e p i l a .
a r e s t r a i g h t f o m a r d and und8rstandable.

The c o r a p u r t i a r u
Vark rcautns t o be done on

impmvlng t h e s o i l - p i l a i n t e r a c t i o n models snd adding t o t h o l i b r a r y

of models m a i l a b l e t o t h e designer.

It i s u s e f u l t o r e a l i z e t h a t when p i l b g a r e hinged o r v e r t i c a l , a
number of variahlu b u m zero.

Io addition, t h o Ib'] matrix nay b e

t h e s a w i f several o r all p i l e s i n t h e fouadatioo a r e t h e same.

fir-

ther, s p e t r y of t h e arrangewsnt of p i l i n g in a folmdation may a l l o w

a decrease i n t h e amount of cosputations.

Syrmacem of loadlag may

a l s o s h o r t e n computatioos, e s p e c i a l l y i f a combination of gaometrp and


loading a l l w t h e foundation t o be analyzcd as a plane figuro.
P a r t i a l c o n s t r a i n t o f t h e p i l e t o tho cap i s accounted f o r through
choice o f d b e t v e e n 0 and 1.
The a d d i t i o n of t h e finite l e n g t h model, C, herein, is an impor- t a n t and valuable Step forvard alloving use of s h o r t p i l e a , v a r i a b l e

o r layered soils, and v a r i a b l e s e c t i o n piles.

&oHram PILEFDN, b7J Dep;.-.tmcnt of C i v i l and Environmental Enginrering.


14

APPENDIX I

- FORHUTAS FOR

STIFFNESS ItWLUOJCE COEFFICICFTS

Formulas a r e 8iv.n f o r s i n g l e piloa. S t i f f n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t S '


S'
i)
ji
by r e c i p r o c i t y and frurction Bi a r e defined f o r convd8ncm a e followa:

-q
bll

B1

B2

B3
Bb
B5

B6

(b

cos Y

- bZ2 + bj3

2
'in Y

-b ) 8inY coeY
11 33

(blS+bZ4)

COSY 8 i ~ O
coea

sina u2 cons
2
2
bll sin y b33 cos y

bgq cos y

- bS5 + bb6 sin2 y

B1 = u3 [b22+i31 c o s 2 d

B16

B17

bg

(b22+Bl sh20)

B~ u3 s i n a cosu

B10

+ bZ2

cosa

S*12 ' B1B18


"13
Stl4

' -B1l
-u2 Bll

- Bg-B3

"15 ' 5 B1l '7


+

-.

S'16 ' BI, B10

(b15 s i n a
u1 bZ2

B 18- sins
B19

Thus S t U

'14

- u2b22 + bZ4 sLL~( sim

(b44

- b24 cos 2a)cosy

- bZ4 sinY c o s a

COS~

- b 66) s i n y cosy

S ' 44

"55

s * 56
S' 66

-B (u sina+osa)-u
(u B +u B +u B B +2B3)
1 2 5 6 1 8 15 1
3 211 113 3 1 1 8
(B -B B 1-u B -B C O ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ( B ~ ~ B ~ + B ~ , )
2 3 2 4 1 16 19

= -u u B +B B

"46

"45

2
2
u2B5+2u2Bl5~iua+B6~~s
a+bS5+U3 (2u2B13+B8+2B16)

B'U

2
+B sin a++ +2 6 cosWu3(B,+2tyBU+2B14)
55 "l 15
1 5 6

-q
-

( B ~ B ~ + B ~ ) - B ~ ~ s[shy
~ u (gBlc~W+b24sino)~2
~ B ~ ~ + u ~
(~~~cos0cb~~~l

2
2 2
2
b l B 4 + ( ~ l ~ Z ) b U - 2 b 2 4 ( ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ i ~ ) ~ i n Y + ( b 4 4 - b 6Y+b66
6)~b

vhere U1(u1,u2.u3)

are the coordinates of the pifa top in thm f o d r

tion, ai is the angle to the direction of batter elockuiss in p l w


and yi is the angle of batter f r o m the vertical in
fron the U1

the plane of batter.

-- -.-.- -

APPENDIX I1

STIFFNESS COEFRCIEfiTS FOR LONG P I L E S

APPENDIX 111

where, Tli

(C'S'

n, = (C'S
T3i = 2(CS

T4i
T5,

T6,

'

---

- STIFFNESS KATRIX FOR A PILE SEGMENT

CS)q

- CS')K~

+ C'S*)KB 2q
2
2(C'S + CS')KB q
(s*' + s2)rk

Segment i of Pile vlth Hembe?


Degrees of Fretdoa

2SS'dq

q
l/(sq2-s2)
C COSSL
S = sia0L

APPENDIX I V

1.

S a d . W i l l i a m E., " S t a t i c and Dynamic Analysts of P l l e Foundations,"


Journal of the S t r u c t u r a l Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. STS, Uay.
1968, pp. 1077-1100.

2.

O'Neill, Hiclue1 U,, discussion of "Static and Dynamic hualyli8 of


P l l e Fuun&tlmu," by William E. Saul, J o u r n a ~of t h e S t r u c t u r a l
Division, &CE, Vol. 95, NO. ST?, Feb., 1969, pp. 289-295.

3.

~ b r t h y , v.N.s.,
and shtivastrwa, s.P.,
discusaioa o f " s t a t i c and
D y n m i c Analpis of P i l e Foua&efoar," by W i U + p p 2. Saul, J o u d
Vol. 95, No. SR, Feb., 1969,
of tho S t m c t u r a l Mviaioo, AS=,
pp. 288-289.

4.

Prakash. Shaadiar, rrd Cluadrasokaran, v.,' d i s c u u i o n of "Static


and Dynamic Analysis o f P U e ~oun&tioos," by U i l l k n E. Saul,
Journal of the S t r u c t u r a l Mvision. ASCE. Vol. 95, No. STIl.
&v., 1969, p. 762.

5.

S a i l , W i l l i a m E., closure t o " S t a t i c and Dynamic Analysis of P i l e


Foundations," Journal of t h e S t r u c t u r a l Division, ASCE, Vol. 95,
No. STll, Nov., 1969, p. 2511.

Saul, Willlam E., discussion of "Full-Scale L a t e r a l Load Tests of


P i l e Groups," by J a i B. Kim and Robert J. Brungraber, J o u n d of
t h e G m t e c h n k a l Division, ASCZ, Vol. 103, No. CT2, Feb., 1977,
pp. 147-148.

7.

Saul, W i l l i a m E., and Wolf, Thomas V., discussion of "Design of


Hachina Foundations on Piles," by Jogeshvar P. Singh, Neville C.
Ibnovan, and Adrianus C. Jobsis, Journal of t h e Ceotechnical
Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. GTl2, Dec., 1978, pp. 15261530.

'. i

- REFERENCES

!-

'

8.

9.

.Saul, U f l l i a a E., and Wolf, ~hontasW., "Applications For New Research


f o r P i l e Supported Hachine Foundations," paper presented a t the 1979
Annual Conventloo, ACI, H i l v a k e e , W i s . , March, 1979.
~ e s i ; , Aleksandar S.,

"Design of P i l e ~oundatioos," NCARP Synthesis

42, TRB, 1977.

10.

Bovles, Joseph E.,


H i l l , N.Y.,
1977.

ll.

Arya, Suresh C., O'Neill, Mchael W., and Pfncus, George, Design of
Structures and Foundations foe Vibrating Fachinas, 'Gulf Publ. Co.,
Houston, 1979.

-?

Foundation Analysis and Desim, 2d Ed.,

HcGrar

12- Poulos, Harry C.,

"Group Factors f o r P i l d e f l e e t i o n Eatirmtioa,"


Journal of the Ceotechnicd Ennineerinx Division, ASCZ, Vol. 105,
No. GT12, Dec., 1979, pp. 1489-1509.

13.

Novak, Milos, "Vertical Vibration of Floating Piles," Journal o f t h e


Lhgineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vo1. 103, No. EHl, Feb., 1977,
pp. 153-168.

14-

O'burka, M c h a r l J., and Dobry, Picardo, "Spririg and Dashpot Caeffic i e n t s f o r rachine Foundatious on Piles," p a p e r presented a t the 1979
Annual Convention, ACI. Htlwaukea, U i s . , Parch, i979.

15.

vesif. A. H.. "Bending of Beams Resting on I s o t r o p i c E l a s t i c Solid*"


Journal Engineering KechanLcs Divfsion, ASCE, Vol. 87, EHZ, Apr.,
1961, pp. 35-53.

16.

Terzaghi, K., "Evaluation of Coefficient of Subgradm Re.ctiom,~


Ceotechnique, Vol. 5, No. 6 , Dec., 1955, pp. 297-326.

17.

Robinson, K.E., "Horfzone;ll Subgrade Reactions Estimated f r o m


Lateral Loading Tests on Timber Piles," Behavior of Deep Foundat i o n s , ASTH SrP 670, Raymond Lundgren, Ed., 1979, pp. 520-536.

18.

Novak, W o s , "Dynamft S t f f f n e a s and Damping of Piles," Canufiro


C e o t e c M c a l Jou-,
Vol. 11, No. 4, Elov., 1974,

19.

P o d o s , H.G.,
and TIIvts, E.X.. "The Settlement Behavior of Single
Axially Loaded Incompressible P i l e s and Piers," Ccotechaique, Vol.
18, 1968, pp. 351-371.

20.

"A Simple Approach t o P i l e D w i g u


Randolph, H.F. and Wroth, C.P.,
and Evaluation of P i l e Tests," Behavior of P i l e Foundations,
ASTM STP 670, RayraondLundgren, Ed., 1979, pp. 484-499.

Errata

&

Discussions R e l a t i n g t o Paper

" S t a t i c and Dynamic A n a l y s i s o f P i l e F o u n d a t i o n s "


by William E. S a u l
P u b l i s h e d i n t h e S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l , ASCE, May 1968, pp.

1.

Errata:
pp.

2.

1077=1100

1.

Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b
to 2 in
11
Eqs. 3 , 1 3 & 1 9 .

2.

Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b
to 1 i n
22
Eqs. 4 , 1 4 , & 20.

3.

Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b = b
to
2 i n Eqs. .9, 1 7 , & 2 3 .
15 51

4.

Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b = b
to
1 i n Eqs. 1 0 , 1 8 , & 24.
24 42

5.

Chanqe e x p r e s s i o n i n Eqs.
( i . e . , change
t o +.)

1080-81-82

19

Note :

p . 1086

1.

Change Eq. 47 t o Qi = m r

2.

Chanqe Eq. 49 t o -[S] {A} = r n [ ~ ' ] { h ' }

3.

Change Eq.

n o t shown i n Fig.

50 t o

I
:
[

20 t o (1 + 2 B i k ) ;

5 , it i s t h e v e r t i c a l component.

p. 1084

&

a'
( i )i

X~[I]]{A) = 0
n

p.

1091

( c a u t i o n ) I t h a s been s a i d and n o t y e t v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v e c t o r s i n Table 4 ( g ) a r e i n c o r r e c t .

p.

1095

F o l l o w i n g t h e Eq. f o r S h 5 change 8' t o S i 6 .


46

D i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e above p a p e r were p u b l i s h e d a s f o l l o w s :

1.
2.

O'Neill,

M.W.,

S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l , ASCE, Feb. 1969, pp. 289-295.

Murthy and S. P. S h r i v a s t a v a , S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l ASCE,


1969, p. 288.

V. N. S.

Feb.

Shamsher P r a k a s h a n d V. C h a n d r a s e k a r a n , S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l ,
ASCE, Nov. 1 9 6 9 , p. 7 6 2
4.
C l o s u r e , s t r u c t u r e s j o u r n a l ASCE, N o v . 1 9 6 9 , p . 2 5 1 1 .
D i s c u s s i o n s o r o t h e r p a p e r s which add t o t h e above.
3.

3.

1.

J o u r n a l o f t h e G e o t e c n n i c a l D i v i s i o n , ASCE, Feb. 1977, pp. 147-148.


Extend models t o i n c l u d e s e m i - i n f i n i t e p i l e i n s c i l w i t h
l i n e a r l y i n c r e a s i n g modulus o f s u b g r a d e r e a c t i o n .

2.

J o u r n a l o f t h e G e o t e c h n i c a l D i v i s i o n ASCE, Dec. 1 9 7 8 , pp. 1526-1530.

3.

" A p p l i c a t i o n s f o r New Research f o r P i l e S u p p o r t e d Machine Foundat i o n s " by W i l l i a m E. S a u l & Thomas W . Wolf, p r e s e n t e d a t A C I Annual
C o n f e r e n c e , Milwaukee, W I , March 1979.

4.

" P i l e F o u n d a t i o n A n a l y s i s " by Willian! E.


ASCE S p r i n ~1980 Convention.

S a u l , Preprint 80-102,

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