Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E. Saul
October 8- 9 ,
UII'EX, bladison
Fellow ASCE
cur b e
f o d a t l a n id&-
Podel a d v w t d may b e of f i n i t e l e n g t h o r m d e up of a s e r i e s of
Subsequent a d d i t i o n s by O'Ueill(2).
Murthy
and S a d
ment it considerably.
s o i l interaction.
This l e a d s t o a b e t t e r
I n t e r a c t i o n of t h e p i l e cap with
When t h i s
2.
Professor, Department of C i v i l and Environmental Engineering, The Univsrs i t y of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
3.
And, 4.
v i t h length, o r s h o r t p i l l n g
A DK3ONSTRATXON
Tho p F l u may be v e r t i c a l
The p i l e a m8y b
by d i f f e r e n t methods a t t h r samm t
c i p a l axes may b e a t any angle and
hinged and r i g i d v i t h t h e cap.
m b
m phcod in m y maaor o r
l o r~at ~
varlolu tima,
hm any d e g m
Their prin-
of f i x i t y beernem
variablm
that t h e p i l e s
80
The s o i l mny b e
negligible solls.
top l a y e r of s o i l o r e l m t e d am a platfurm.
I n sunnmv, f o r t h e exper
i m m t , t h e r e a r e n e a r l y no c o n s t r a i n t s .
To proceed, a coordiaatm c a t e r f o r t h e p i l a fouudation is assigned
I asmipad
Although t h e s e ~ P ;be
a r b i t r a r i l y , it is useful t o choose an o r i g i n a t l e a s t v e r t i c a l l y
aligned v i t h t h e c e n t e r of mass of t h e foundation and/or load and have
one h o r i.z- o n t a l a x i s p a r a l l e l t o an a d s of syuauetry of foundation o r
These s i x a r e t h e t h r e e r e c t i l i n e a r
Qi
is applied, and n o w
~ 3
other, t h e s i x corresponding components of d e f l e c t i o n , ( ~ 1 ~rectfl i n e a r and 3 r o t a t l o n i l , may b e measured and plotted.
be applied by increments of force, i.e.,
i.e.,
by jacking,
by d
dead loads, o r d i s p l a c e m n t ,
r o r l a r g e r incra-ta,
r a p i d l y , and m o n o t o n i u l l y o r cycled.
These forces ~y
s l o w l y o r more
The r e s u l t i n s c a m s may be
a viscoolastic m t e r i r l .
ehw a
In many c u e s , t h e
. b. Displacrrrotr
a. hod.
Fig. 1
- ~ o ~ d a t ' i oLardr
n
and Dfsplacawntr
The reason is
and m y n u n k r of o t h e r p o s s i b l e influeac8r
N w e r t h e l u ~ ,if
13
13
i) j
in d i r e c t i o n i due t o a u n i t load i n d i r e c t i o n j, dii,
d e f l e c t i o n a t i. D
11
divided by t h e load Q
a t j.
is t h e measured
'6e 6 by 6 m a t t i x of
11
b 1f
is
It m y be
IS1 * [dl",
i s t h e f o r c e a t p o s i t i o n i duo t o a u n i t dls-
-than
t h e v a l u e obtained a s described e a r l i e r .
Hovever, t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e is i n understanding
t h e n a t u r e of t h e s t r u c t u r a l e t i f f n e s s n a t r i x s i n c e it is a r e a l and
h p o r t a n t property of t h e foundation, i n f a c t , t h e foundatfon's signature.
I
:r e l a t e s f o r c e s , o r l o a d s , applied t o t h e foundation and t h e r e s u l t i n g
displacements i n t h e coordinates a l r e a d y u c a b l i s h e d .
Thus,
The compon-
Sinc,e determir .\tion of the s t r u c t u r a l s t i f f n e s s matrix [ S ] by experiment h a s t h e limitations noted a design 3 l t e r n a t P r e is necessary and
provided.
It is f i r s t u s e f u l t o consider a s i m i l a r d e m n s t r a t i o n con-
ducted on a s i n g l e p i l e .
For t h i s
{c)~
for
fn
&,
dfsplrc8mest vector
each load.
e out-of-
p h , t o r s b u d and axial c a r p o n a f s .
p k r a e n t s each.
f l e x u r a l coupling.
s o it would b e w m f u l t o c y c l e th.
i j'
t h e d e f l e c r i o n in t h e d i r e c t i o n i
to a u n i t f o r c e i n d i r e c t i o n j w i t h a l l o t h e r f o r c e s zero.
f l e x i b i l i t y catrix
Is]
The p i l e
may be i n v e r t e d t o o b t a i n t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s
The f o r n
of t h e s e p i l e r u t r i c e s vould b e
a c t i n g on p i l e i a r e
and
IrIi
[gllCFli
(3 1
GROUP ACTION
Xhen placed i n t o t h e foundation coordinate system, a s shovn i n
M g - 3, the p i l e may be b a t t e r e d , t h a t is, placed a t an angle Yi v i t h
v i t h Respect
Axis of Pile
C.
Elevation
Ng. 3
- P i l e Cap with P i l e
t h e v e r t i c a l o r on a b a t t e r s l o p e o f l / h i where c o t a n g e n t Yi
hi and
is t h e c l o c k v i s e a n g l e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f b a t t e r from t h e U a x i s o f
i
1
t h e f o u n d a t i o n i n p l a n v i w . F u r t h e r , t h e p i l e head is l o c a t e d a t
c o o r d i n a t e s U du ,u , u ) v i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e u p c o o r d i n a t e system m d
1 1 2 3
t h e p i l e ' s p r i n c i p a l a x e s may b e r o t a t e d t o an a n g l e E i v i t h r e s p a c t
t o a c o o r d i n a t e n p s t c a d e x r l b a d by t h r v e r t i c a l p l a n e c o n t a i n i n g t h e
b a t t e r e d p i l a v h e r a ui is p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h i s p
w n t a l U p l a n and
u; o f the p i l e .
mat&
is
U;
h aud in t h a hod-
Using t h o approprlrto t r a n s f m e i o n m , t h o s t i f f n e s s
[S1Ii
~ ~ l ~ ~ a l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ b ' l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ( ~4 ) a 1 ~ ~ d l ~
vhere
i
COSE
[P*]~-[-.~
sin^
.;c
and
-sins e i n y c o s a
COW
siPysina
cosy
which may b e v r i t t e n
Is'l,
[ca~l~[b'l~
191
Once t h e foundation d i s p l a c a w n t s {A} are detararined, t h e f o r e a
in t h e c w r d i ~ ~
o r i n member p r i n c i p a l axu f r m
i ~ 1[ c a ~d i
{ ~=d ~
( ~ 1t b -~
Ii ( ~ )
I~*J~~C=PI:{AI
Ibl
Ipl
D'I
becomes i d e n t i c a l w i t h [b'].
(13)
,where
[PI=
Elements of Eq. 10 w i t h [b']
04)
[b] are
p r e s e n t e d in a n a l y t i c form i n Appendix I.
SOIL-PILE I ~ T I O HODELS
N
l%e components of t h e p i l e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x [b'],
Eqs. 2 and 3,
Herein f i v e a n a l y t i c podels
s alone.
is nore aean-
ef fecr a s w e l l as a Lirecc s p r l n g e f f e c t .
l a y e r i n g (17).
accounc f o r t h e c a p m i l f r i c t i o n .
vhera
in.-1
~y
-1
o r mn
Note t h a t
be d i f f e r e n t v i t h respect t o
a r e n o t equal.
If & or $
2
I
.
n,
For
They are:
a constant.
Al.
A s i n g l e l a y e r of s o i l v i t h k
A2.
A s i n g l e l a y e r of s o i l v i t h k -2,
s
s
i.e.,
increasing l i n e a r l y with
depth.
81. A two-layer system where kS=O in t h e top l a y e r because of an ele-
The l o v e r l a y e r has
constant,
s
i n t h e l o v e r 1 e v e l ~ Z - Oa t t h e top of t h e second layer.
In
A pile of
*9pattS
e r a 1 d e g r m of freedom i n d i s p h c r i w a t ,
w i l l have 4 ( P t l ) ?at-
Since t h e
a degrees
of
plle.
square s t i f f n e s s matrix of t h e
a t t h e p i l o head.
The l a r g e matrix
dis-
The proccduta
c i e n t s b'
c o n d i t i o n aud 6
connectivity of the p i l e
1.0 f o r a f i x e d condition.
0 f o r a pinned o r hinged
I f t h e connection fs
These m u l t i p l i e r s
it
is 0.5 ( 1 ~ ) .
b'66-torsion
and
% may
O'Neill(2)
I f the p i l e t i p
\.
Vorks vhich
For
rmving t i p o r l a y e r a d system b e s t e v a l u r t i o o of t h e l o n g i t u d i m f
I n r k y e r d system t h e relatiara-
s t i f f n e s s appears t o b r e m u n c i a l .
of t h e p i l e
l a y e r , where d i s p k w i n d u d a s r i g i d body t-
c i c n t of t h e p i l e i n n l a y e r s i e t h e n ca.lcul.tad
--1jj
COIF
from
1
1
1--+-...
(17)
ill b;3i
b33,1
b33,2
COMPUTATIONS
A 1 0 inch
b'll(k/in.)
2
10
18
24
infinite
1
\
kci.
9,821
69,494
157,355
212,505
215,886
216,786
216,802
bi5(k/rad.
o r in.-k/in.)
614.2
2196.3
3461.2
3598.2
3683.3
3696.9
3697.0
16.1 in.
, Ix=
0.0171/in.,
thua &
Note t h a t
s t i f f n e s s c o e f f i ~ i e n t sapproaching t h e v a l u e f o r InflnCte.
)
211.9 in. 4 , Dx = D
I
Y
Y
0.2
E = 30,000 hi, and G- 12,000 hi. S o i l m d u l u s ks
P i l e p r o p e r t i e s are:
10.75 in.,
bi4(in-klradian)
51.31
95.10
114 -02
117.04
125.83
126.06
126.08
1
6
cc-
Results a r e given b d o v :
1i
r f i e l d s I. 2 15.35 f t . as r long p i l e .
a 26 f t -
b14
211,508 in-k/rad,
.-
computation.
The p i l e p r o p e r t i e s are:
11
- .-.
-*.
.-
.-.-..---
Fig. 4
Example Problem
12
P i l e No.
3 -
400
400
400
1
2
u (in 1 u (in 1 u ( i n
1 '
2
'
L(in.1
30
0
-20
20
0
-20
Ix(in. 1 D x ( i n . )
P i l e No.
1
2
3
10.75
12
10.224
211.9
1017.9
100.6
1.
Elcei
(
)
10.75
12
10.03
30,000
1,500
600.k.
1
2
3
74.90
57.00
58.99
74.96
57.00
78.40
211.9
1017.9
294.7
Material
St-lPip
Timber Pole
BPlO
A follObLiOO 1Qd of
-500 in-k,
P i l e stiffness v h r ,
pile b;l
bi2
16.10
113.09
16.76
G(ksi)
12,000
300
12,000
30,000
3
0
5
300
300.
01 w a r used.
. .#:.\
D (in-)
k, = 0.1 kci.
dU;LW
1.32
-7.68
1.32
4
I (in. 1
~ ( ~ ~ - 2 )
182,302
64,291
230,558
1207.5
424.1
1257.0
bi6
bi5
b;4
b;5
-
bb4
182,302
64,291
102,426
2614.0
1353.6
1736.1
12,714
4,071
ll.859
-2616.0
-1353.6
-3006.3
2.
308.06
1.1
C i
2I
I
$4
3.
-,
z!
276.97
435.18
74.24
2704.86
2497.66
2600.15
-1699.42
1,277,722
327.69.
-9410.49
-9449.02
-1,202,452
756.74
421.86
6912.82
SYn
{ A } ~ t-0.5132,
285,315
189,448
---
---
327,523
'
-0.0054891
4.
{XI:
{XI:
1x1:
5.
[-0.2441,
0.4742,
0.1749,
0.014099.
0.004483, -0.0010861
[-0.5931,
0.5686,
0.3741,
0.009015,
0.010398. -0.0051891
(-0.8944.
-0.2291,
0.1899,
-0.003017,
0.013032.
-0.0064121
{rIl
1-6-58, -1.31,
1-19.72.
211.2,
20.16, 158.7.
-1
q!J
-.=
1,905,765
{z}:
&I
26.93
-134.3.
-22.31
I
,
I'
..3 .
- -
The &or
s t i f f n e s s matrices Ib1Ix can be determin+d from n d o l Al but v e r o coaputed f o r t h i s problem u a h g C t o check Al.
CONCLUSIONS
f o r arod.1-
The c o r a p u r t i a r u
Vark rcautns t o be done on
of models m a i l a b l e t o t h e designer.
It i s u s e f u l t o r e a l i z e t h a t when p i l b g a r e hinged o r v e r t i c a l , a
number of variahlu b u m zero.
fir-
APPENDIX I
- FORHUTAS FOR
-q
bll
B1
B2
B3
Bb
B5
B6
(b
cos Y
- bZ2 + bj3
2
'in Y
-b ) 8inY coeY
11 33
(blS+bZ4)
COSY 8 i ~ O
coea
sina u2 cons
2
2
bll sin y b33 cos y
bgq cos y
B1 = u3 [b22+i31 c o s 2 d
B16
B17
bg
(b22+Bl sh20)
B~ u3 s i n a cosu
B10
+ bZ2
cosa
' -B1l
-u2 Bll
- Bg-B3
-.
(b15 s i n a
u1 bZ2
B 18- sins
B19
Thus S t U
'14
(b44
- bZ4 sinY c o s a
COS~
- b 66) s i n y cosy
S ' 44
"55
s * 56
S' 66
-B (u sina+osa)-u
(u B +u B +u B B +2B3)
1 2 5 6 1 8 15 1
3 211 113 3 1 1 8
(B -B B 1-u B -B C O ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ( B ~ ~ B ~ + B ~ , )
2 3 2 4 1 16 19
= -u u B +B B
"46
"45
2
2
u2B5+2u2Bl5~iua+B6~~s
a+bS5+U3 (2u2B13+B8+2B16)
B'U
2
+B sin a++ +2 6 cosWu3(B,+2tyBU+2B14)
55 "l 15
1 5 6
-q
-
( B ~ B ~ + B ~ ) - B ~ ~ s[shy
~ u (gBlc~W+b24sino)~2
~ B ~ ~ + u ~
(~~~cos0cb~~~l
2
2 2
2
b l B 4 + ( ~ l ~ Z ) b U - 2 b 2 4 ( ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ i ~ ) ~ i n Y + ( b 4 4 - b 6Y+b66
6)~b
vhere U1(u1,u2.u3)
-- -.-.- -
APPENDIX I1
APPENDIX 111
where, Tli
(C'S'
n, = (C'S
T3i = 2(CS
T4i
T5,
T6,
'
---
CS)q
- CS')K~
+ C'S*)KB 2q
2
2(C'S + CS')KB q
(s*' + s2)rk
2SS'dq
q
l/(sq2-s2)
C COSSL
S = sia0L
APPENDIX I V
1.
2.
3.
~ b r t h y , v.N.s.,
and shtivastrwa, s.P.,
discusaioa o f " s t a t i c and
D y n m i c Analpis of P i l e Foua&efoar," by W i U + p p 2. Saul, J o u d
Vol. 95, No. SR, Feb., 1969,
of tho S t m c t u r a l Mviaioo, AS=,
pp. 288-289.
4.
5.
7.
'. i
- REFERENCES
!-
'
8.
9.
10.
ll.
Arya, Suresh C., O'Neill, Mchael W., and Pfncus, George, Design of
Structures and Foundations foe Vibrating Fachinas, 'Gulf Publ. Co.,
Houston, 1979.
-?
HcGrar
13.
14-
O'burka, M c h a r l J., and Dobry, Picardo, "Spririg and Dashpot Caeffic i e n t s f o r rachine Foundatious on Piles," p a p e r presented a t the 1979
Annual Convention, ACI. Htlwaukea, U i s . , Parch, i979.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
P o d o s , H.G.,
and TIIvts, E.X.. "The Settlement Behavior of Single
Axially Loaded Incompressible P i l e s and Piers," Ccotechaique, Vol.
18, 1968, pp. 351-371.
20.
Errata
&
Discussions R e l a t i n g t o Paper
1.
Errata:
pp.
2.
1077=1100
1.
Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b
to 2 in
11
Eqs. 3 , 1 3 & 1 9 .
2.
Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b
to 1 i n
22
Eqs. 4 , 1 4 , & 20.
3.
Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b = b
to
2 i n Eqs. .9, 1 7 , & 2 3 .
15 51
4.
Change s u b s c r i p t s i n e x p r e s s i o n f o r b = b
to
1 i n Eqs. 1 0 , 1 8 , & 24.
24 42
5.
Chanqe e x p r e s s i o n i n Eqs.
( i . e . , change
t o +.)
1080-81-82
19
Note :
p . 1086
1.
Change Eq. 47 t o Qi = m r
2.
3.
Change Eq.
n o t shown i n Fig.
50 t o
I
:
[
20 t o (1 + 2 B i k ) ;
5 , it i s t h e v e r t i c a l component.
p. 1084
&
a'
( i )i
X~[I]]{A) = 0
n
p.
1091
( c a u t i o n ) I t h a s been s a i d and n o t y e t v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v e c t o r s i n Table 4 ( g ) a r e i n c o r r e c t .
p.
1095
D i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e above p a p e r were p u b l i s h e d a s f o l l o w s :
1.
2.
O'Neill,
M.W.,
V. N. S.
Feb.
Shamsher P r a k a s h a n d V. C h a n d r a s e k a r a n , S t r u c t u r a l J o u r n a l ,
ASCE, Nov. 1 9 6 9 , p. 7 6 2
4.
C l o s u r e , s t r u c t u r e s j o u r n a l ASCE, N o v . 1 9 6 9 , p . 2 5 1 1 .
D i s c u s s i o n s o r o t h e r p a p e r s which add t o t h e above.
3.
3.
1.
2.
3.
" A p p l i c a t i o n s f o r New Research f o r P i l e S u p p o r t e d Machine Foundat i o n s " by W i l l i a m E. S a u l & Thomas W . Wolf, p r e s e n t e d a t A C I Annual
C o n f e r e n c e , Milwaukee, W I , March 1979.
4.
S a u l , Preprint 80-102,