MA6151 Lecture Notes Solved V+ PDF

www.Vidyarthiplus.
com
UNIT I: MATRIX
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION
Let A be a given matrix. Let be a scalar. The equation det is called the
characteristic equation of the matrix A.

1.
Find the Characteristic equation of A =
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie. Where = Trace of A
& = Therefore = 4 & = -5 implies that
2. Find the Characteristic equation of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie., Where =
Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 3 & = -1 &
implies that
EIGEN VALUE
The values of obtained from the characteristic equation are called the Eigen values of A.
EIGEN VECTOR
Let A be a square matrix of order n and be a scalar, X be a nonzero column vector such that AX = X.

The non-zero column vector which satisfies is called eigen vector or latent
vector.
LINEARLY DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EIGEN VECTOR

Let A be the matrix whose columns are eigen vectors.
(i) If then the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.
(ii) If then the eigen vectors are linearly independent.
1.

Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is
=0 ie.
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
www.Vidyarthiplus.com

18
&

To
find
eigen
vector
By
45
the
&
definition
we
have
that
implies
ie.,
CASE (I) : When = -3 , Substituting in (1) we get

; ;
Solving using cross multiplication rule
CASE (ii) : When = 5 , Substituting in (1) we get
If then
; ;
Solving using cross multiplication rule If then
The eigen vectors are
Since the eigen values are repeated the eigen vectors are linearly dependent.
2.

Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie. . Where
= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =
= 0 &
& implies that

To
find
eigen
vector
By
the
definition
CASE (I) : When = -1 , Substituting in (1) we get
we
have
ie.,
All the three equations reduce to one and the same equation
Two of the unknowns, say and are to be treated as free variables. Taking and ,
we get and taking and , we get .

CASE (ii) : When = 2 , Substituting in (1) we get
; ;
The eigen vectors are
Though two of the eigen values are equal, the eigen vectors are are linearly independent.
NOTE:
(i) The eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique.

(ii) If all the eigen values of a matrix are distinct, then the corresponding eigen vectors are linearly
independent.
(iii) If two or more eigen values are equal, then the eigen vectors may be linearly indenpent or linearly
dependent.
PROPERTIES OF EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS:
Property 1: (I) The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the sum of the elements of the principal
diagonal (trace of the matrix). i.e.,
(ii)The product of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the determinant of the matrix.
i.e.,
Property 2: A square matrix A and its transpose have the same Eigen values.
Property 3: The characteristic roots of a triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix.
Property 4: If is an Eigen value of a matrix A, then is the Eigen value of
Property 5: If is an Eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A, then is also its Eigen value.
Property 6: If
are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then
values
(m being a positive integer)
Property7: If are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then
has the Eigen
are the Eigen
values of the matrix KA.
Property 8: Property7: If are the Eigen values of a matrix A and if K is a scalar then
are the Eigen values of the matrix A-KI.

Property 9: The Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real numbers.
Property 10: The Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are
orthogonal.
Property 11: The similar matrices have same Eigen values.
Property 12: Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different Eigen values are orthogonal.
Property 13: If A and B are matrices and B is a non singular matrix then A and have same
Eigen values.
Property 14: Two Eigen vectors and are called orthogonal vectors if
Property 15: If be distinct Eigen values of a matrix then corresponding Eigen

vectors
form a linearly independent set.
Note: The absolute value of a determinant (|detA|) is the product of the absolute values of the eigen values
of matrix A.
c = 0 is an eigen value of A if A is a singular (noninvertible) matrix
If A is a n x n triangular matrix (upper triangular, lower triangular) or diagonal matrix, the eigen
values of A are the diagonal entries of A.
A and its transpose matrix have same eigen values.
Eigen values of a symmetric matrix are all real.
Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix are orthogonal, but only for distinct eigen values.
The dominant or principal eigen vector of a matrix is an eigen vector corresponding to the eigen
value of largest magnitude (for real numbers, largest absolute value) of that matrix.
For a transition matrix, the dominant eigen value is always 1.

The smallest eigen value of matrix A is the same as the inverse (reciprocal) of the largest eigen value
-1
of A ; i.e. of the inverse of A.
1. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =
Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &
Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+5+1= 7 & Product of the Eigen values =
i.e., 1(5-1)-1(1-3) +5(1-15) = 4+2-70 =-64. Therefore &
2. If A =

write down the sum and product of the Eigen values of A.

Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =1+2+3= 6 & Product of the Eigen values =
Ie, 1(6-4)-1(3-2) +1(2-2) = 2-1 =1. Therefore
3. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =
&
Therefore Sum of the Eigen values =6 & Product of the Eigen values = =6
4. Prove that the Eigen values of are the same as those of A =
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0
ie. Where = Trace of A & =
Therefore = 2 & = -3 implies that . Eigen values of A are 3 and -1.
(By the property of Eigen values we know that if are eigen values A then &
are eigen
values of
also if are eigen values -kA)
Since Eigen values of A are 3 and -1. Eigen values of are
Therefore Eigen values of are -1 and 3.
5. If the Sum of the two eigen values and trace of matrix A are equal. Find the value of
Solution: Let be the eigen values of A. From the property of Eigen values
&
implies that
we know that
Given
that is
Therefore Product of the Eigen values =

6. Prove that if X is an eigen vector of A corresponding to the eigen value . Then for any nonzero
scalar multiple of A, X is an eigen vector.
Solution: By definition of eigen values (1) Pre multiplying by k on both sides of (1)
is the Eigen values of (kA) &
is the Eigen vector of (kA).
7. Two eigen values of a matrix A =
are equal to 1 each. Find the eigen values of A & .
Solution: From the property of Eigen values
we know that .
Given . Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5.

(By the property of Eigen values we know that if are eigen values A then
values of ) Therefore the Eigen values of are 1, 1,
&
are eigen
8. Find the eigen value of A =
corresponding to the eigen vector .
Solution: By the definition we have ie. (

2- =0 2 = .BY property = 6 . Therefore eigen
values of A are 2 and 6.
9. If A is an orthogonal matrix. Show that is also orthogonal matrix.
Solution: Since A is an orthogonal matrix .Implies that (A )= = Let B = , to prove
B is orthogonal we have to check = .
To prove: = == , Since =A.
10. Find the constants a and b such that the matrix
has 3 and -2 as its eigen values.
Solution: BY property & &
Given = 1 & -6 Therefore
a(1-a)=-2 a = 2 & a = -1. b = -1 & b = 2. Therefore when a=-1 then b=2

and when a = 2 then b = -1.

11. Given that
verify that eigen values of are the squares of those of A.

i.e., Where = Trace of A & = Therefore = 7 & = 6 implies that
Eigen values are 1 & 6.

The Characteristic equation of is
=0
Eigen values of are 1 and 36, that are the squares of the eigen values of A,
namely 1 and 6.
12. The product of two eigen values of the matrix
value.

is 14. Find the third eigen

Solution: By the property . Given that
13. Find the eigen values of
i.e., Where = Trace of A & = Therefore = 6 & = 5 implies that
Eigen values are 1 & 5.
By the property .
(i.e.) 1 & 25 are the eigen values of .
The eigen values of are 2(1) & 2(25) = 2, 50.
14. Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of
Solution: By the property The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements.
Eigen values of A = 3, 2, 5.
Sum of the squares of the eigen values of A =9+4+25 =38.
15. Find the sum of the eigen values of the inverse of
Solution: By the property The eigen values of a upper or lower triangular matrix are the main diagonal
elements.
Eigen values of A = 3, 4, 5.
By the property .

Sum of the eigen values of
CAYLEY HAMILTON THEOREM:
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

7
This means that, if is the characteristic equation of a
square matrix A of order n, , where I is the unit matrix of
order n.
1. If A is non singular matrix then we can get , using this theorem
2. Higher positive integral powers of A can be computed

1. Verify the Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =
Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley
Hamilton
theorem.
The
Characteristic
equation
of
is
ie., Where = Trace of A & =
=0
Therefore = 8 & = 14 implies that We have to check
A2 =

L.H.S =
=
verified.
& 8A =

2. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find given
=R.H.SCayley
A=
Hamilton
theorem
is
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 i.e., Where = Trace

of A & = Therefore = 4 & = -5 implies that By Cayley Hamilton
theorem we have ..(1) , Premultiplying by
=
3. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find for A =
Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,
on both sides of (1) we get
Where
= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 3 & = -1
& implies that 3
(Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton
theorem.) By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
by on both sides of (1) we get
..(1) Premultiplying


SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie., Where
= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 5 & =9
& implies that 5 (Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.)
we get
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have
..(1) , Premultiplying by on both sides of (1)
SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0
ie., Where
= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 8 & =8
& implies that 8 (Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation is the statement of Cayley Hamilton theorem.)

..(1)
Premultiplying by on both sides of (1) we get =

6. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find interms of , A & I of A =

SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 5 &
=7 & implies that 5
theorem.)
5
To verify C.H.T we have check :

Consider L.H.S of (I) :

= = R.H.S of (i)

Therefore C.H.T is verified.

=
..(1) ,
Premultiplying by on both sides of (1) we get
= (2)

=
10

7. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and also find interms of , A & I of A =

SOLUTION : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,

Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 6 &
=8 & implies that 6
theorem.)
To verify C.H.T we have check :
Consider L.H.S of (I) :

= -

= = R.H.S of (i)

Therefore C.H.T is verified.

6 .
..(1) ,
(
=

8. Verify the Cayley Hamilton Theorem and hence find

Ans: : The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie.,

11
Where = Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & = = 6
& = -9 & 6
By Cayley Hamilton theorem we have 6

DIAGONALISATION OF A MATRIX
..(1)

The process of finding a matrix M such that , where D is a diagonal matrix, if called
diagonalisation of the Matrix A
Note:
DIAGONALISATION BY ORTHOGONAL
TRANSFORMATION OR ORTHOGONAL REDUCTION
If A is a real symmetric matrix, then the eigen vectors of A will be not only linearly independent but also
pair wise orthogonal. If we normalize each eigen
vector i.e. divide each element of
by the square
root of the sum of the square\s of all the elements of and use the normalized eigen vectors of A to form
the normalised modal matrix N, then it can be proved that N is an orthogonal matrix. By a property of
orthogonal matrix, .
The similarity transformation takes the form .
Transforming A into D by means of the transformation is known as orthogonal transformation or

orthogonal reduction.
NOTE:- Diagonalisation by orthogonal transformation is possible only for a real symmetric matrix.
1. Diagonalise the matrix
SOLUTION: Given A =

by an orthogonal transformation.

The Characteristic equation of A is =0
i.e.
= 12 & =36 & implies that
igen values of the matrix A are 2 , 2 & 8.
12
To
find
eigen
vector
By
the
definition
we
have
ie.,
CASE (I) : When =8 , Substituting in (2) we get
CASE(ii) : When =2 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then
We have only one equation
with three unknowns,
let
if If then
CASE(iii) : When =2 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that
must be mutually perpendicular to each other. , &

Modal matrix M=

Normalised modal matrix
If then

= =D
13

2. Diagonalise the matrix by an orthogonal transformation.

Solution: Given A =

i.e.

To
find
eigen
vector:
By the definition
we
have
ie.,

If then
We have only one equation with three unknowns, let if
If then
If then
14

Modal matrix M=
=D

3. Diagonalise the matrix
by an orthogonal transformation.

Solution: Given A =

i.e.

To
find
eigen
vector:
By the definition
we
have
ie.,


If then
15
CASE(iii) : When =14 , Substituting in (2) we get


Modal matrix M=

Normalized modal matrix

If then
If then

=D

QUADRATIC FORMS
A homogeneous polynomial of the second degree in any number of variables is called a quadratic form.
For example, is a quadratic form in three variables.

is called the matrix of the quadratic form Q.

The symmetric matrix
NOTE:
To find the symmetric matrix A of a quadratic form, the coefficient of is placed in the position and
is placed in each of the and positions.
CANONICAL FORM OF A QUADRATIC FORM: Let be a quadratic form in n variables

.
In the linear transformation X = PY, if P is chosen such that is a diagonal matrix of the form

, then the quadratic form Q gets reduced as Q

16
This form of Q is called the sum of the squares form of Q or the canonical form of Q.
NATURE OF QUADRATIC FORMS:
Rank: When the quadratic form is reduced to the canonical form it contains only r terms which is the
rank of A.
Index: The number of positive terms in the canonical form is called the index (p) of the quadratic
form.
Signature: The difference between the number of positive and negative terms is called signature (s) of
the quadratic form [s = 2p-r].
The quadratic form in n variables is said to be
(i) Positive definite: If r = n and p = n or if all the eigen values of A are positive.
(ii) Positive semi definite: If r < n and p = r or if all the eigen values of and atleast one eigen value is
zero.
(iii) Negative definite: If r = n and p = 0 or if all the eigen values of A are negative.
(iv) Negative semi definite: If r < n and p = 0 or if all the eigen values of and atleast one eigen
value is zero.
(v) Indefinite: In all other cases or if A has positive as well as negative eigen values.
RULES FOR FINDING NATURE OF QUADRATIC FORM USING PRINCIPAL SUBDETERMINANTS:
In this method we can determine the nature of the quadratic form without reducing it to the canonical form.
Le A be a square matrix of order n.

Here are called the principal subdeterminants of A. From ,the
nature of the quadratic form can be determined.
17
1.
2.
A Q.F is positive definite if are all positive i.e., for all n.
A Q.F is negative definite if are all negative
i.e., for all n.

4.
A Q.F is positive semi- definite if and atleast one .
5.
A Q.F is indefinite in all other cases.
3.
and are all positive
A Q.F is negative semi- definite if and atleast one .
1. Without reducing to canonical form find the nature of the Quadratic form

Solution: Matrix of the Quadratic form is A =

,
= 0 &

= 0 -2-2 =-4
Since 0 & Nature of the Quadratic form is indefinite.

2.
Reduce the quadratic form
to canonical form using
orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.
Solution: Quadratic form =

Matrix form of Quadratic form = where X = & A =

i.e.
= 3 & =0 & implies that 3

igen values of the matrix A are -1, 2 & 2.
To
find
Eigen
vector
By
the
definition
we
have
ie.,
CASE (I) : When =-1 , Substituting in (2) we get

2

18

If then
let
if If then
CASE (iii) : When =2 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that


Modal matrix M=

If then
=D
Let X = NY be an orthogonal transformation which changes the quadratic form to canonical form.
where Substituting X = NY in (1) we get
Q.F =
19
Q.F = which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F
= Indefinite
Rank of the Q.F (r)
=3
Index of the Q.F (p)
=2
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r = 1.
3.
orthogonal transformation also find its nature, rank, index & signature.


i.e.

igen values of the matrix A are 0, 3 & 15.
To
find
eigen
vector:
By the definition
we
have
ie.,

8
If then

20

If then

If then
, & are mutually perpendicular to each
other.
Modal matrix M=


=D

Q.F =
Nature of the Q.F
= Positive semi definite
Rank of the Q.F (r)
=2
=2
21
4.

i.e.
= 12 & =36 & implies that 12

To
find
eigen
vector
By
the
definition
we
have
ie.,


If then
let
if If then
22


Modal matrix M=

Normalised
If then
modal
matrix

=D

Q.F =
=
=
Q.F = 8 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F
= Positive definite
Rank of the Q.F (r)
=3
=3

5.
to canonical form using orthogonal
transformation also find its nature, rank , index & signature.



23
i.e.

To
find
eigen
vector:
By the definition
we
have
ie.,

2

If then
If then
If then
other.

Modal matrix M=

24

=D

Q.F =
=
=
Nature of the Q.F
= Positive semi definite
Rank of the Q.F (r)
=2
=2
6.



i.e.

To
find
eigen
vector
By
the
definition
we
have
ie.,
25


If then
If then
If then
other.

Modal matrix M=

= =D

Q.F =
26
=
=
=
Nature of the Q.F
= Positive definite
Rank of the Q.F (r)
=3
=3
7.
Reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using


i.e.
Where = Trace of A, =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

To
find
eigen
vector:
By the definition
we
have
ie.,


If then
27

If then

If then
other.
Modal matrix M=

= =D
Q.F =
=
=
Nature of the Q.F
= Positive definite
28
Rank of the Q.F (r)
=3
=3
8.
Reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using orthogonal

Quadratic form =

Solution:
i.e.
Where = Trace of A, =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

igen values of the matrix A are -2, 6 & 6.
To
find
eigen
vector:
By the definition
we
have
ie.,
CASE (I) : When =-2 , Substituting in (2) we get

4

If then
with three unknowns, let ,
if If then
29

Modal matrix M=

If then

= =D

Q.F =
=
=
Q.F = -2 which is the canonical form of the quadratic form
Nature of the Q.F
= In definite
Rank of the Q.F (r)
=3
=2
9.
Reduce the quadratic form to canonical form using orthogonal

30

i.e.

igen values of the matrix A are 2, -1 & -1.
To
find
eigen
vector: By the definition
we
have
ie.,

-2
CASE(ii) : When =-1 , Substituting in (2) we get

If then
with three unknowns, let
if If then
CASE(iii) : When =-1 , Let From orthogonal transformation we know that
If then
31

Modal matrix M=

=D
Q.F =
=
=
Nature of the Q.F
= In definite
Rank of the Q.F (r)
=3
=1
Signature of the Q.F (s) =2p-r =- 1.
32
UNIT II: THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

FORMULAE:
1.
The equation of the straight line through the point p( x1, y1, z1 ) and having direction cosines
(l , m, n) is
2.
The equation of the straight line through the point
(a, b, c) is
3.
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
=
=
l
m
n
B( x2 , y2 , z2 )
and having direction ratios
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
=
=
b
c
a
The equation of the straight line passing through the points A( x1, y1, z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
x - x1
y - y1
z - z1
=
=
x2 - x1 y2 - y1 z2 - z1
4.
Angle between the straight lines:

(I) cos q = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
d. r of oA = (l1, m1, n1 )
d. r of oB = (l2 , m2 , n2 )
(ii) if the lines are perpendicular =90 ,cos 90=0
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 =0
(iii)If the lines are parallel , =0, cos0=1 l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 1 or
l1 m1 n1
=
=
l2 m2 n2
(iv) d.r of OA = (a1, b1, c1 ) d.r of OB = (a2 , b2 , c2 )
cos q =
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
(v) If the lines are perpendicular, cos90 = 0
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
(vi) If the lines are parallel, cos0 = 1
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = a12 + b12 + c12 a2 2 + b2 2 + c2 2
or
a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2
(vii) The co-ordinate of any point on the straight line is

33
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
=
=
= k,
a
b
c
x = x1 + ak , y = y1 + bk , z = z1 + ck
5.
6.
The conditions for the lines are coplanar is
x2 - x1
l1
y2 - y1
m1
l2
m2
z2 - z1
n1 = 0
n2
The equation of the coplanar plane is

x - x1
l1
y - y1
m1
l2
m2
z - z1
n1 = 0
n2
7.
The sphere having centre at the origin and radius r is x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2
8.
The
sphere
having
centre
at
the
point
(a, b, c) and
radius
is
( x - a)2 + ( y - b)2 + ( z - c)2 = r 2

9.
The general equation of the sphere is
with centre
(-u, -v, -w) and
radius
r = u 2 + v 2 + w2 - d
10.
The equation of the sphere having the points ( x1, y1, z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) as the extremities of the
diameter is ( x - x1 )( x - x2 ) + ( y - y1 )( y - y2 ) + ( z - z1 )( z - z2 ) = 0
CONE
DEFINITION: A cone is defined as a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a fixed
point and satisfies one or more conditioni.e.ie, it may intersect a fixed curve.
Note:
1. The fixed point is said to be the vertex of the cone
2. The fixed curve is said to be the guiding curve of the cone
3. The straight line in any position is called the generator of the cone.
FORMULA:
The equation of the cone with vertex ( x1, y1, z1 ) and whose generators intersect the guiding curve
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, z = 0
is
a( zx1 - z1x)2 + 2h( zx1 - z1x)( zy1 - z1 y ) + b( zy1 - z1 y )2 + 2 g ( zx1 - z1x)( z - z1 ) + 2 f ( zy1 - z1 y )( z - z1 ) + c( z - z1 ) 2 = 0
1.
Find the equation of the cone with vertex at (1,1,1) and which passes through the curve
given by x2+ y2=4 ,z=2

34
Solution: let the equation of the generator be
(1)
Its point of intersection with the plane z=2 is
(1)
(2)
This point will lie on x2+ y2=4
( 2 + ( 2=4
(3)
Eliminating l,m,n from (1) & (3) gives
X2 + y2 -2z2 +2xz+2zy-4x-4y+4 = 0
2.
Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and the guiding curve is
x2 + y2 +z2 +4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0, 2x+y+2z+5 = 0

Solution: Equation of the line passing through the origin is
(1)
Any point on this line (1) is (x, y, z) = (lr, mr,nr)

This point (x, y, z) lies on the guiding curve
x2 + y2 +z2 +4x+2y-6z+ 5 =0 , 2x+y+2z+5 = 0
This gives (l2+m2+n2) r2+ (4l+2m-6n) r+ 5 = 0
r (2l+m+2n) +5 = 0
(2)
(3)
Eliminating r from (2) & (3) gives

l2+4m2 2ln2 4lm+6mn+ 2ln = 0
(4)
Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (4) gives

x2+ 4y2 +21z2 -4xy + 6yz +12xz= 0
3.
Find the equation of the cone whose vertex at (1,2,3) and which passes through the curve
x2+y2 +z2=4 , x+y+z=1 (AU MAY/JUNE 2009)

Solution: Equation of any line through (1, 2, 3) is
=r
(1)
Any point on this line is (x,y,z) = (lr+1,mr+2,nr+3)
(2)
But this point (x,y,z) lies on the curve x2+y2 +z2=4 , x+y+z=1
(Lr+1)2+ (mr+2)2 + (nr+3)2 = 4
(Lr+1)+ (mr+2) + (nr+3) =1
(3)
(4)
Solve (4) gives r =
35
Using in (3) 5l2 +3m2 +n2-2ml-4nl-6nm=0
(5)
Eliminating (l, m, n) from (1) & (5), we get

5x2+3y2+z2-2xy-6yz-4xz+6x+8y+10z-26=0
4.
Find the Equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and guiding curve is

Solution: The required cone is homogeneous equation of second degree with vertex at origin
and passes through the given curves hence we have

From (1) & (2) We have

5.
Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the point (1,1,0) and whose base is the curve
Solution: The Guiding curve is the intersection of

Any Generator through (1,1,0) is
Since the point lies on (1) we get
Since this is homogeneous in l, m, n Hence we substitute

36

6.
Find the equation of the cone formed by rotating line about the y-axis
Solution: If the curve x=f(y) in the xy plane is rotated about y-axis , The equation of the
surface of revolution thus generated is

This is the required equation of cone.
RIGHT-CIRCULAR CONE
DEFINITION: A right circular cone is a surface generated by a straight line which passes through a
fixed point and makes a constant angle with a fixed line through the fixed point.
The equation of right circular cone vertex is ( x1, y1, z1 ) ,the semi vertical angle a and axis the line
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
=
=
is
l
m
n
(l 2 + m2 + n2 )(( x - x1 )2 + ( y - y1 )2 + ( z - z1 )2 )cos2 a = (l ( x - x1) + m( y - y1) + n( z - z1))2

1.
Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is the point (2,1,-3) and semi
vertical angle is and the axis is parallel to the straight line

Solution: Vertex O (2, 1,-3), semi vertical angle =45
d. r. for the axis OC parallel to SD d. r. for OC = 1.3.-4

axis equation is
P(x, y, z) any point on the cone . d. r. for OP= x-2,y-1,z+3 =a1,b1c1

d. r. for OC=1,3,-4 =a2,,b2 ,c2
cos = cos 45 =
= 12x2+4y2-3z2 -6xy+24yz+8xz+30x
+100y-130z-117=0
2.
Find the equation of the right circular cone having its vertex at the origin and passing
through the circle y2 +z2=25, x =4, also find its semi vertical angle.
37
Solution: The Equation of the cone with vertex at the origin and
guiding curve y2 +z2=25, x =4is obtained by making
y2 +z2=25, with the help of x =4
y2 +z2=25(2
= 16(y2 +z2) =25x2 and the semi vertical angle is
=510 21
3.
Find the equation of the right circular cone which
passes through the point (2,1,3)with vertex at (1,1,2) and axis

parallel to the line
Solution:
d. r. for VM=2,-4, 3
d. r. for VA=2-1,1-1,3-2=1,0,1
cos =
---------------------------------------
(1)
Let Q(x, y, z) be any point on the cone

d. r. for VQ=x-1,y-1,z-2
d. r. for VM= 2,-4,3
cos =
--------------
(2)
From (1) & (2) equating the R.H.S

17x2 -7y2+7z2+32xy+48yz-24zx-18x-114y-52z+118=0
4.
Find the equation of the right circular cone generated when the straight line 2y+3z=6, x=0
revaluated about z-axis.

Solution: If the curve y= f (z) in the yz plane is rotated about the z-axis
The equation of the surface of resolution thus generated is
X2+y2= (f (z)) 2
Here Y= (f (z)) =
Hence X2+y2=
4(X2+y2)-9z2+36z-36=0
5.
Find the equation of the right circular cone which contains the three coordinate axes as
generators. Obtain the semi vertical angle and the equations of the axis of the cone.
Solution: Let l, m, n, be the d. c. of the axis.
Let be the angle.The axes of the coordinates are generators of the cone and each of the them
is inclined at angle axes.
Since 1, 0, 0, are d.c of the axis

cos =l.1+m.0+n.0=l
38
Similarly cos =m=n
Since l2+m2+n2=1
3cos2 =1
=cos-1(
cos =
is the semi vertical angle of the cone
ertex is at the origin, the equations of axis are
x=
Now ertex of the cone is at the origin, the d.c of axis

cos =
x2+y2+z2= (x 2
6.
xy
Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin and base is the
circle x=a,
y2 +z2=b2.
Solution: Here axis is along x-axis

If is the semi-vertical angle, than Cos =
d. c of axis are (1,0,0) the equation of the cone is
cos =
2(y2+z2) =b2x2
CYLINDER
DEFINITION: A cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a fixed line and
it has to intersect a given fixed curve. The straight line is any position called a generator and the fixed
point is called the guiding curve of the cylinder.
The equation of cylinders whose generators are parallel to the line
x y z
= = and intersect the curve
l m n
ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, z = 0
is
a(nx - lz )2 + 2h(nx - lz )(ny - mz ) + b(ny - mz )2 + 2 gn(nx - lz) + 2 fn(ny - mz) + n2c = 0

1.
Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to the line x =
whose guiding curve is the ellipse x2+2y2=1,z=3
, and
39
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder. Then the equation of the generator
through p is:
Since Generators are parallel to the line:
, then equation of the generator is
-------------
(1)
The line (1) meets at Z=3 from(1)

This point will lie on the ellipse:

The Locus of P(x1,y1,z1) is:
2.
, if:
-----------
(2)
=9
Find the equation of the cylinder whose generating lines have the d. cs (l, m ,n) and which
passes through the circumference of the fixed circle
in the ZOX plane.

, y=0
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder. The given circle is
=
Then the equation of the generator through p is
----
(1)
The point where the line (1) meets y=0 is

-------------------------------------------------
(2)
Point (2) lies on
Locus of the point (x1,y1,z1) is:
3.
Find the equation of the cylinder whose generators are parallel to z-axis and which passes
through the curve of intersection of
, x+y+z=1
Solution: Let p(x1,y1,z1) be any point on the cylinder.

The d. c of z axis = (0, 0, 1)
Then the equation of the generator through p is:
=
-------------------------------------
(1)
If the point (x1,y1,z1) lies on x+y+z=1

40
Solution:
The Equation of the Right circular cylinder is
THE SPHERE
DEFINITION: A sphere is the locus of a point moving at a constant distance form a fixed point. The
constant distance is the radius and the fixed point is the centre of the sphere.
PLANE SECTION OF A SPHERE:
A plane section of a sphere is a circle sphere S: x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 plane U:
ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 the combined equation (S,U) is a circle.

The equation of the sphere through the circle a ( S ,U ) is S1 = S + KU
Ie, S1 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x(2u + ak ) + y(2v + bk ) + z(2w + ck ) + d + kd1 = 0
EQUATION OF THE TANGENT PLANE
The sphere is x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 and the point of contact is ( x1, y1, z1 ) then
Equation of the Tangent plane is xx1 + yy1 + zz1 + u( x + x1 ) + v( y + y1 ) + w( z + z1 ) + d = 0
CONDITION FOR TANGENCY:
Condition for tangency is perpendicular from centre to the plane = radius
-au - bv - cw + d1
= u2 + v2 + w2 - d
a2 + b2 + c2
CONDITION FOR ORTHOGONALITY OF TWO SPHERES:
The condition for orthogonality of two spheres S1 : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u1x + 2v1 y + 2w1z + d1 = 0 and
S2 : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2u2 x + 2v2 y + 2w2 z + d2 = 0 is 2(u1u2 + v1v2 + w1w2 ) = d1 + d2

1.
Find the centre and radius of the sphere

Solution: The General equation
Centre=(-u,-v,-w) =(-3,3,-4) d=9
Radius= r =
43
2.
A sphere of constant radius K passes through the origin O and meets the axes in A, B, C.
Prove that the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is the sphere
Solution: S:
As S passes through O (0, 0, 0): d=0
S:
------------------- (1)
=
--------------------
(2)
As A is in x axis (y=0, z=0)

In (1)
X=-2u & x=0
A (-2u, 0, 0), B (0,-2v, 0), c (0, 0,-2w)
Let G(x,y,z) be the centroid of triangle ABC.
X=
y=
U=
z=
v=
w=
(2) Locus of G(x,y,z) is:

=
3.
Find the equation of the concentric sphere with
and passing through the origin.

Solution: Given sphere is:
------------------
(1)
Equation of concentric sphere is

-------------------
(2)
As sphere (2) passes through (0, 0, 0) K=0

Put in (2)
4.
Find the equation of the sphere concentric with
and
passing through the point (1,2,3)

Solution: The equation of the sphere concentric with

(I) passes through the point (1,2,3),
------------------
(i)
k= -2
The required equation
of the sphere is
44
5.
Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and centre
on the plane x+y+z=6

Solution: S:
------------------ (1)
As c (-u,-v,-w) on the plane x+y+z=6

u-v-w=6
-----------------------------------
(2)
(1, 0, 0): 1+2u+d=0 u=-1/2-d/2

(0, 1, 0): 1+2v+d=0
v=-1/2-d/2
(0, 0, 1): 1+2w+d=0
w=-1/2-d/2 ------------------ (3)
Put in (2)
=
d=
Put in (3): u=-2 v=-2 w=-2

Put in (1): S:
6.
Find the equation of the sphere with centre (1, 2, 3) and touch the plane, x+2y+2z=1.
Solution: Centre = (-u,-v,-w) = (1, 2, 3)
U=-1, v=-2, w=-3
= (perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere
to the plane)2
d= 14S:
S:
7.
Find the equation of the sphere through the circle
, 2x+3y+4z=5 and the
point (1,2,3).
U: 2x+3y+4z-5=0.
Solution:
S1: S+KU = 0
S1:
) + k(2x+3y+4z-5) =0 ------------------
(1)
As S1 passes through (1, 2, 3).

45
(1+4+9-9)+k (2+6+12-5) =0
K=
Put in (1):
8.
(2x+3y+4z-5) =0
Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres

and having its centre on the plane 4x-5y-z=3.
Solution:
Given spheres are:
S=
X2(1+K) +Y2 (1+K) +Z2 (1+K) +X (-2+4K) +Y (-3+5K) +Z (4-6K) + (8+2K) =0
2U=-2+4K, U=-1+2K
2V=-3+5K, V=-3+5K/2
2W=4-6K, W=2-3K
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As centre lie on: 4x-5y-z=3
- (-2+3k) =3
4-8k-5
8-16k-15+25k+4-6k=6
3k=9 K=3
(1) 4(x+y+z) +10x+12y-14z+14=0
9.
Find the centre, radius and area of the circle.

Solution:
Given
sphere
is
, x+y+z=3
S:
U: x+y+z=3
U=0, v=0, w=0, d=-9
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (0, 0, 0)
=3
r=
Radius of the circle R=NP=
CN= perpendicular from center c to the plane

d.r. of CN=(1,1,1)
Equation of CN =
k
46
X=k, y=k, z=k
Now N(x,y,z) satisfies the plane equation
K+k+k=3K=1
.
10. Obtain the equation of the sphere having the circle
, x+y+z=3
as the Great circle.

Solution: Given sphere is S:
U: x+y+z-3=0
S1: S+KU = 0
------------------ (1)
2u=k, u=
2v=10+k, v=
2w=-4+k, w=
Centre = (-U,-V,-W) =
x+y+z=3
=3
4
(1)
11.Find
the
equation
of
the
tangent
plane
to
the
sphere

U=1, v=2, w=-3, d=-6
Point of contact (x1,y1,z1) = (
Tangent plane is
Substitute the values: 2x+4y-10=0
12. Find the equation of the sphere through the circle
, 2x+3y-
7z=10 and touch the plane x-2y+2z=1

U: 2x+3y-7z=10
S1: S+KU = 0
47
(1)
2u=
, u=-2+k
2v=
, v=
2w=
, w=
C= (-U,-V,-W) =
As sphere
touches the plane x-2y+2z-1=0
Radius =
K=1
Substitute the value of k in (1)
13. Show that the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touches the sphere
and
find the point of contact.
(AU MAY/JUNE 2009)

U: 2x-2y+z+12=0
U=-1, v=-2, w=1, d=-3
C= (-U,-V,-W) = (1,2, -1)
r=
=3
CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the

plane
CN =
r = perpendicular
The plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touch the sphere d.r of CN = (2,-2, 1)
Equation of CN is
X=2k+1, y=-2k+2, z=k-1
(1)
As N(x,y,z) lie on the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0

2(2k+1)-2(-2k+2) + (k-1) +12=0
K=-1
Substitute in (1), (-1, 4,-2)
48
14.
Find
the
equation
of
the
,
sphere
that
3x-4y-6z+11=0
passes
and
through
cuts
the
the
circle
sphere
orthogonally.
U: 3x-4y-6z+11=0
S1: S+KU = 0
(1)
U1=
As sphere
v1=
w1=
d1 =
cuts the sphere
Orthogonally.
U2=1, v2=2, w2=-3, d2=11

The condition of orthogonality is 2(U1U2 +, v1v2+, w1w2 = d1+ d2
-2+3k+6-8k+12+18k=17+11k
K=1/2
Put in (1):
2(
15.
)-x+2y-14z+23=0
Find the equation to the sphere passing through the circle
and cuts orthogonally the sphere

Solution:
The required sphere cuts orthogonally

Condition for orthogonal spheres is
Here
Hence equn (3) becomes
Sub k = -1 in (A) We get the required sphere
49
16.
If any tangent to the sphere
makes intercepts a,b,c on the co-ordinate
axes, prove that

Solution: The plane intercept form is:
Perpendicular distance from the centre of the plane = r =k
17.
Find the equation of the sphere passes through the points (1,0,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1) and its
radius as small as possible.

Solution: As sphere passes through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1)
2u=2v=2w=-(1+d)
But
r=
R=
As r is least
d = -1/3
(Since it is least)
The sphere is 3(
18.
)-2(x+y+z)-1=0.
Show that the spheres
=25,
touch
externally and find their point of conduct.

Solution: Given the sphere S1=
u1=-9, v1=-12, w1=-20 d1=225 , c1= (9, 12, 20); r1=
S2 :
= 20
=25
u2=0 , v2=0, w2=0 d1=-25 c2(0,0,0,) ;

r2=
C1C2=25 r1+r2=25
Spheres touch each other externally
50
The point of contact C divides C1C2 in the ratio 20: 5 = 4:1
The point of contact (9/5, 12/5,4)
19.
Find the equation of the sphere which is tangential to the plane 2x + 2y -2z = 11 at (2,2,1)
and passes through the point (1,0,-1)

Solution:
(1)
S:
It passes through the point (1,0,-1)

2u+2w+ d= -2
(2)
Tangent pane at ( 2,2,1) is

x (2+u)+ y(2+v) +z(1+w) + 2u +2v +w + d = 0
(3)
Equation (2) & (3) represent the same line

=
=k
2k-2, v= -2, w= -2k-1 d = -2k-2u-2v-w
(4)
Using (4) in (2) we get k= -9/4

K=-9/4 in (4) gives u = -13/2, v=-2, w=7/2 , d=23/2
Equation (1)
20.
The circle on the sphere:
has centre (2, 1, 2) find the
equation of the circle.

Solution: Given sphere:
whose center is
C( -2,1,-4)
centre of circle N( 2,1,2)

dr of NC = 4,0,-6
Equation of the plane is ax+by+cz+d = 0
(1)
Equation (1) Becomes -4x -6z + d= 0
(2)
The point (2, 1, 2) is on the plane -8-12+d = 0 d= 20

Equation (2) becomes -4x -6z+20 = 0 or -2x -3z+10 = 0
The equation of the circle is
21.
, -2x -3z+10 = 0
Find the equation of the sphere through the spheres

as the great circle
(1)
Solution: Given the spheres S1 :

S2:
(2)
The plane is S1-S2=0 U: 6x + 5y +16z-1=0
(3)
51
The required sphere is
S1+ kU=
(4)
Centre C =
As the circle is the great CN = perpendicular distance from the centre of the sphere to the plane
CN =
Radius of the circle R=NP=
Area of circle R2=6.

To find centre of the circle N(x,y,z)
Circle centre of the sphere should lie on its own plane, gives
k =-197/61
Using k in (4)
22.
Find the equation of the sphere having the points (2,-3,4) and
diameter.
(-1,5,7) as the ends of a
(AU MAY/JUNE 2009)
Solution: Given A (2,-3, 4) and B (-1, 5, 7)
S:
23.
Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the circle
x+2y+3z=3 and touch the plane 4x+3y=15
and
(AU MAY/JUNE 2009)

U: x+2y+3z=3
S1: S+KU = 0
(1)
2u= , u= ; 2v=2 , v= k ; 2w=3 , w=
C= (-u,-v,-w) =
As sphere
touches the plane 4x+3y-15=0 ,We get k = -3
Substitute the value of k in (1)
24.
Find the centre radius and area of the circle given by

52
UNIT III DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Curvature: The rate of bending of a curve in any interval is called the curvature of the curve in that
interval.
Curvature of a circle: The curvature of a circle at any point on it equals the reciprocal of its radius.
Radius of curvature: The radius of curvature of a curve at any point on it is defined as the reciprocal of the
curvature
3
dy 2 2
1 +
dx
Cartesian form of radius of curvature r =
d2y
2
dx
Parametric equation of radius of curvaturer =
Polar form of radius of curvature r =
Implicit form of radius of curvature r =
Centre of curvature: The circle which touches the curve at P and whose radius is equal to the radius of
curvature and its centre is known as centre of curvature.
Equation of circle of curvature: + =

Centre of curvaturee: = x
= y +
Evolute: The locus of the centre of curvature is called an evolute
Involute: If a curve C1 is the evolute of C2 , then C2 is said to be an involute of a curve C1.

Parametric equation of some standard curves
Curve
Parametric form
Y2 = 4 ax (parabola)
X = at2 , y =2at
X= a cosq , y =b sinq
(ellipse)
X= a secq , y = b tanq
(hyperbola)
X= a cos3q , y = a sin3q
Xy = c2 ( rectangular hyperbola)
X = ct , y =
Envelope: A curve which touches each member of a family of curves is called envelope of that family
curves.
54
Envelope of a family of curves: The locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive members of
a family of curve is called the envelope of the family of curves.
Properties of envelope and evolute
Property:1: The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the corresponding
centre of curvature.
The
Property:2
difference
between
the
radii
of
curvature
at
two
points
of
curve
is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.
Property:3: There is one evolute ,but an infinite number of involutes
Property:4 The envelope of a family of curves touches at each of its point. The corresponding member of
that family
Evolute as the envelope of normals: The normals to a curve form a family of straight lines.we know that
the envelope of the family of these normals is the locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive
normals. But the centre of curvature of a curve is also the point of consecutive normals. Hence the envelope
of the normals and the locus of the centres of curvature are the same that is ,the evolute of a curve is the
envelope of the normals of the curve.
Part - A
1. Find the radius of curvature of y= at x=0
Solution:
y=
y1=
at x= 0 y1=1
y2=
at x= 0 y2=1
=2
2. Find the radius of curvature of at x = on the curve y = 4 sin x sin 2x

Solution:
y1=4 cosx 2 cos 2x
y2=
at x= y1=2
at x = y2=-4
2a +3at2
3. Given the coordinates of the centre of curvature of the curve is given as
55
-2at3 Determine the evolute of the curve
Solution: 2a +3at2
-2at3
t3=
( )3 = (2
t2=( )------------ 1
------------ 2
4( -2a)3=27a2
The locus of the centre of curvature (evolute) is 4(x-2a)3=27a2
4. Write the envelope of Am2+Bm+C=0, where m is the parameter and A, B and C are functions of x
and y.
(NOV-08)
2
Solution: Given Am +Bm+C=0(1)

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. m
2Am+B=0
m=-B/2A.(2)
Substitute (2) in (1) we get

A(-B/2A)2+B(-B/2A)+C=0
AB2/4A2-B2/2A+C=0
AB2-2AB2+4A2C=0
- AB2+4A2C=0
Therefore B2-4AC=0 which is the required envelope.
5. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve y=x2. (NOV-07)
Solution: Radius of curvature
Given y=x2 y1= =2x and
6.
Y2 = =2
Find the envelope of the family of x sin a+ y cos a= p, abeing the parameter.
(NOV-07)
Solution: Given x sin a + y cos a= p. (1)

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. a
X cos a- y sin a= o.(2)
Eliminate abetween (1) and (2)
X cos a = y sin a
Tan a =
56
cos
Sin
Substitute in (1)
x.
+ y.
=p
=p
Squaring on both sides, x2 +y2=p2 which is the required envelope
7. What is the curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 at any point on it .
2
(JAN-06)
Solution: Given x +y - 4x-6y+10=0

The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-4 g=-2
2f =-6 f=-3
=
Centre C(2,3), radius r =
Curvature of the circle =

Therefore Curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 is
8. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx
, where m is the parameter (JAN-
06)
Solution: Given y= mx
(y-mx)2=m2-1
Y2+m2x2 2mxy-m2+1=0
m2 (x2-1)-2mxy+y2+1=0 which is quadratic in m
Here, A=x2-1 B=-2xy C=y2+1
The condition is B2-4AC=0
4 x2y2-4(x2-1)(y2+1)=0
4 x2y2-4 x2y2-4x2+4y2+4=0
X2-y2=4 which is the required envelope
9. Find the curvature of the curve 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0
(MAY-05,NOV-07)
Solution: Given 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0

2
x2 +y2 +5/2x-y+1/2=0
Here 2g =5/2 g=5/4
57
2f=-1 f=-1/2 centre C (-5/4,1/2) radius r=
Therefore Curvature of the circle 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0 is
10. State any two properties of evolute .
(MAY-05)
Solution: (i) The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the
corresponding contre of curvature. (ii) The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a
curve is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.
11. Define the curvature of a plane curve and what the curvature of a straight line.
(JAN-05)
Solution: The rate at which the plane curve has turned at a point (rate of bending of a curve is called
the curvature of a curve. The curvature of a straight line is zero.
12. Define evolute and involute .
(JAN-05)
Solution: The locus of centre of curvature of a curve (B1,B2,B3,) is called evolute of the given
curve.
If a curve C2 is the evolute of a curve C1 ,then C1 is said to be an involute of a curve C2.
13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x2 +y2 -6x+4y+6=0
2
(NOV-08)
Solution: Given X +y - 6x+4y+6=0

The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-6 g=-3
2f =4 f=2
=
Centre C(3,-2), radius r =
Radius of Curvature of the circle = radius of the circle=
14. Find the envelope of the family of circles (x-a)2+y2=4a,where a is the parameter.(MAY-07)
Solution: Given (x-a)2+y2=4a
X2-2ax+a2-4a+y2=0
a2-2a (x+2)+x2+y2=0 which is quadratic in
Here A=1 B=-2 (x+2) C= x2+y2
4(x+2)2-4(x2+y2)=0
x2-4x+4- x2-y2=0
58
y2+4x=4 which is the required envelope.
15. Define evolute .
(MAY-07)
is called an evolute .
Solution: The locus of centre of curvature ( ,
16. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y=mx+ for different values of m.
Solution: Given y=mx+
(NOV-07, May 2009)
m2x-my+a=0 which is quadratic in m

Here A=x B=-y C=a

Y2-4ax = 0
There fore y2= 4ax which is the required envelope.
17. Find the envelope of the line +yt=2c, wheret is the parameter.
Solution: Given
(NOV-02,05)
+yt=2c
Yt2-2ct+x=0 which is quadratic in t

Here A=y B=-2c C=x
C2-xy=0
Therefore xy=c2 which is the required envelope.
18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=c cosh(x/c)at the point where it crosses the y-axis.
(NOV-05,May-09)
Given y=c cosh(x/c) and the curve crosses the y-axis. (i.e.)x=0 implies y=c.
Therefore the point of intersection is (0,c)
=c sin h(x/c)(1/c)=sin h (x/c)
(0,c)=sinh 0= 0
=cos h(x/c)(1/c)
(0,c)= cos h(0) (1/c) = 1/c
59
=c
19. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy=c2at (c,c).
(NOV-02)

Given xy=c2
x + y =0
=-
implies (c,c)=-1
(c,c)= =-
20. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx
, where m is the parameter
Solution: Given y= mx
(y-mx)2=(
(Jan 09)
Y2+m2x2 2mxym2 (x2- )-2mxy+y2

Here, A=x2-
m2- =0
=0 which is quadratic in m
B=-2xy C= y2

4 x2y2-4(x2- )(y2 -
)=0
1 which is the required envelope

21. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in terms of parametric coordinate system. (May09)
Solution:
Radius of curvature
22. Define the circle of curvature at a point P(x1,y2) on the curve y = f(x).
(Jan-09)
Solution: The circle of curvature is the circle whose centre is the centre of curvature and radius is the
radius of curvature. Therefore the equation of circle of curvature is
60
PART-B
1. Find the radius of curvature at the point on the curve
Given x= (1)
Solution:
(NOV-07,MAY-08,MAY-09)
Y= ..(2)
Differentiate (1) and (2) w.r.t
=-sec2

Radius of curvature
=3a sin
2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve at the point (-a, 0).
Given
Differentiate w.r.t. x
2y
(NOV-08)
61
3. Find the radius of curvature at the point (a,0)on the curve .(MAY-07)
Given
Differentiate w.r.t.x
2xy +y2.1=-3x2
Therefore
(1)
Differentiate (2) w.r.t.y.

Therefore radius of curvature
62
(since the radius of curvature is non-negative)

4. Find the curvature of the parabola y2=4x at the vertex.
Given; y2=4x
(NOV-07)
2y = 4
=2/y
Therefore
Differentiate (1) w.r.t.y.
Therefore
=2
Curvature K=1/ =1/2
5. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 27ay 2= 4x3 at the point where the tangent of the curve
makes an angle 450 with the X- axis.
Solution; Let (x1,y1) be the point on the curve at which the tangent makes an angle 450
with the X- axis.
(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1-------------------------------- (1)
Given 27ay2= 4x3

54ay =12x2
63
(x1,y1) = = -----------------------------------(2)
(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1=
Gives
-----------------------------(3)
As ( x1,y1) lies on the curve 27ay21= 4x31 ---------------------------------(4)
Using
gives x1= 3a
And using (3) gives y1= 2a
Y1 at (3a,2a)= 1
Y2=
Y2=
=1/6a
Therefore radius of curvature
6. Find the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2.
(JAN-06,NOV-08)
Solution: The equation of the given curve is xy=c2.(1)

The parametric form of (1) is
X=ct; y=
=c; =c =-
Y1=
Y2=

The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is
Where
..(2)
64
(3)
Eliminating between (2) and (3),
(2)+(3)gives

(4)
(2)-(3)gives
..(5)
(4)2/3-(5)2/3gives

Therefore
The locus of centre of curvature is

which
is the required evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2.
7. Find the radius of curvature for the curve r=a(1+cos)at

Solution: Given r=a(1+cos )
r= -a sin
and
is a constant.
(NOV-07,08)
r = cos
The radius of curvature in polar form is
=
=
at
is
65
Also,
Therefore,
8.
= .
Considering the evolute as the envelope of normals, find the evolute of the parabola x2=4ay.
Solution: Given x2=4ay
(NOV-08)
The parametric equations are x=2at, y=at2
=2a and
=2at

m =
We know that the equation of normal to the curve is y-y1= (x-x1)
y-at2= (x-2at)
yt-at3=-x+2at
x+yt=at3+2at.(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t.twe get
t2
Y=3at2+2a
Substitute the value of t in (1)
x =
+x=a
+2a
Squaring on both sides, we get
which is the required evolute.

9. Obtain the evolute of the parabola y2=4ax.
(NOV-07)
Solution: Given y2=4ax(1)

The parametric equations are x= at2, y=2at
=2at
=2a
=y1

Y2=
66
= =

The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is
Where
..(2)

(3)
Eliminating t between (2)and(3),
(2) gives
(3) gives
which is the required evolute.
10. Find the equation of the envelope of . (NOV-02,07)
Solution: Given that (1)
And ..(2)
Differentiate (1)and(2) w.r.t b

..(3)
2a +2b=0(4)
(3)gives ..(5)
(4)gives
(6)
From (5)and (6)

67
Substitute in (2) we get,
Therefore
which is the required envelope.
11. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the parabola y2=12x at the point (3,6).
Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is (NOV-07,08,JAN-09)
Where,
Given
y2=12x
Differentiate w.r.t.x we get
2y =12 implies
Y1= (3,6)=1

Y2= (3,6)=-1/6
( can not be negative)
=3
Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is

12. Find the radius of curvature at t on x=etcost,y=etsint.
Given
(JAN-06)
68
X=
Y=
X=

Y=
The radius of curvature is
13. Find the evolute of the ellipse
Solution: The given curve is
The parametric equations are x=acos
Y1=

,y=bsin
Y2=
(MAY-05,07)
Y2
The Co-ordinate of centre of curvature is

Where
= acos -
= acos

.(1)
69
= +
(2)
Eliminating between (1) and (2),we get
we know that,
The locus of
is
14. Find the envelope of
which is the evolute of the ellipse
where l and m are connected by
and a,b are constants. (MAY
05, NOV-05)
Solution: Given that
..(1)
(2)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t.m. we get
.(3)
Differentiating (2) w.r.t.m
..(4)
70
From (3) and (4)
Substitute in equation (2) ,
which is the required envelope.
15. Find the points on the parabola

Solution: Given
at which the radius of curvature is 4
(MAY 05)
.(1)
Let, P (a,b) be the point on the curve
at where
Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x
Y1=2y
Y 2=
But,
hence 8
a+1=2 a=1,
The points are (1,2),(1,-2).

71
16. Considering the evolute of a curve as the envelope of its normals find the evolute of
(NOV-02,05,MAY-05)
Solution: The given curve is
The parametric equations are x=acos
,y=bsin
m=
We know that the equation of the normal is y-y1= (x-x1)
,we get
..(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. , we get
Substitute in equation (1),we get
72
which is the required evolute of the ellipse.
17. Find the circle of curvature at (3,4)on xy=12.
(JAN-05)
Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is

Where,
Given
xy=12
Differentiate w.r.t.x we get

x
implies
Y1= (3,4)=-4/3
Y2=
(3,6)
=3
Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is
18. Find the curvature for
(JAN-05)
Solution: Given
r=
r =
73
20. Find the radius of curvature at the origin of the cycloid x = a (q + sin q) and y = a( 1- cos q).
(MAY07, Nov 08)
Given: x = a (q + sin q) , y = a( 1- cos q).
x =a( 1 + cos q) y = a( sin q)
x = -a sin q
y = a cos q
The radius of curvature is

= 4a cos
=
At q= 0
21. Find the envelope of the straight lines represented by the equation x cos + y sin = a sec , is
the parameter
(Nov 07)
Solution: Given x cos + y sin = a sec

Divided by cos
x + y tan = a sec2
x + y tan = a ( 1 + tan2)
a tan2 y tan + a x = 0
which is quadratic in tan
A = a, B = -y C = a-x
The envelope is given by B2 4AC = 0
y2 = 4a(a-x) which is the required envelope
22. Prove that the evolute of the curve x = a (cos q + log tan ), y=a sin q is the catenary y = a cosh
( Nov 05)
Solution : x = a (cos q + log tan )
x = a(-sin q +
) = a cot q cos q
y=a sin q
y = a cos q
y1 =
y2 =
= tan q
= (sec 4 q sin q)
75
( 1 + tan 2
= a (cos q + log tan )=a log tan ..(1)
= a sin q+
( 1 + tan 2
.(2)
Eliminate qfrom (1) and (2)
tan =
.(3)
=
y = a cosh which is the required evolute
23. Obtain the equation of the evolute of the curve x=
.(May-09)
Solution: Given x=
= tan
tan
tan
The co-ordinates of centre of curvature is
=
.(1)
=
76
.(2)
from equations (1) & (2) we get,
Eliminating

24. Find the envelope of the straight line
which Is the required evolute.

,where a and b are parameters that are connected
by the relation a+b = c.
(May-09)
.(1)
Solution: Given
And a+b = c..(2)

Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t b
=0
(3)
(4)
Equate (3) & (4) we get
and
a=
b=
Substitute in eqn (2)
, which is the required evolute.

25. Find the envelope of the family of lines
Solution: Given
subject to the condition a+b =1.(Jan-09)
.(1)
And a+b = 1..(2)

Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t b
-
=0
77
Substitute in eqn (1) we get,

ax
-by
, which is the required evolute of the given curve.

27. Find the radius of curvature of the curve
Solution: Given
at
. (Jan-09)
79
Radius of curvature
80
Unit 4 Functions of several Variables
Problems based on Partial Derivatives
Problems based on Euler`s Theorem
Problems based on Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function
Problems based on Jacobian
Problems based on Taylor`s and Laurent Series
Problems based on Maxima and Minima for Functions of Two Variables
Problems based on Lagrangian Multiplier
Partial Derivatives
Let be a function of two Variables x and y, If we keep y as a constant and
Partial Derivatives:
Vary x alone , then z is a function of x only ,
The derivative of z w.r.to x, treating y as a constant is called the partial derivatives w.r.to x and it is denoted by
the symbols
Notation:
Successive Partial Differentiation: let , then

differentiation partially with respect to x and y.
being the function of x and y can further be
Problems:
1. If u = find
Solution:
2. Find
Solution:
if where and

81

3. If show that
Solution: Given
Adding (1), (2),and (3) we get
4. show that
Solution: Let ,
(1)+ (2)+ (3)
5. If
----------------
(1)
----------------
(2)
----------------
(3)
Show that
Solution: Given
z is a homogeneous function of degree n=2
As z is homogeneous function of order n=2, it satisfies the Eulers equation
82
6.
If u = , find
Sol: given u =
Euler`s Theorem for Homogeneous Function
Euler`s Theorem: If u be a homogeneous function of degree n an x and y then
Problems:
1. Verify Eulers theorem for the function

Solution: Given
This is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
Adding (1) and (2) we get
Hence Eulers theorem is verified.
2. If , Show that
Solution: Given
As z is a homogeneous function of order n = 1, it satisfies the Eulers theorem
----------------
(1)
(1)
----------------
(2)
By Eulers theorem of second order

----------------
, put in (3)
(3)
83
3.
If u =
Sol: given
prove that
is a homogeneous function of degree 0.

Hence by Eulers theorem, we have
xu=0
Total Derivatives-Differentiation of Implicit Function
Total Derivative: If , then we can express u as a function of t

alone by substituting the value of x and y in Thus we can find the ordinary derivatives
called the total derivative of u distinguish it from partial derivatives

Now to find the
formula
if where and
Solution:
2. If where and find and

Solution:
which is
without actually substituting the values of x and y in we establish the following
Problems:
1. Find
3. Find if
Solution: Let
4.
Find
Ans :
84
5. If z be a function of x and y and u and v are other two variables, such that
show that
Solution: z may be represented as the function of u,v
(1)
Similarly
6.
(1)+(2)
(2)

Ans: Here Z is a composite function of u and v
Now
(1)
..(2)
Sub these values in (1) & (2) We get
Now
(3)x(4) We get
..(3)
Which implies
Similarly we get
(A)+(B) Gives
..(4)
..(A)
(B)

85
7.If u is a function x and y and x and y are functions of r and q given by (a) x = er cos q , y = e r sin q
shown that
2
2u
2u 2u
-2 r u
+
=
e
+
2
x 2 y 2
q 2
r
(b) x = r cos q , y = r sin q prove that

2
2 z 2 z 2 z 1
1 z
z z z
d
+
=
+
an
2 + 2 = 2 + 2

2
x y r r r
x y r r
Solution
2 z 1 z
2 + .
q r[ q
(a) Here u is a function of x, y which is given as a function of r and q .

x r
x
= e cos q = x;
= -e r sin q = - y;
r
q
y
y
= e r sin q = y;
= e r cos q = x
r
q
y
y
x
x
= - y;
= x and
=y
\ = x;
q
q
r
r
u u x u y
u
u
Now
= . + . =x +y
r x r y r
x
y
u u x u y
u
u
= .
+ .
= -y + x
q x q y q
x
y
From (1), we get ,
=x +y
r
x
y
From (2), we get ,
= -y + x
q
x
y
Now,
...(1)
...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
2u u
u
u
= =x + y
x + y
2
r
r r x
y x
y
2
2
2u
2u
2 u
2 u
=
+
2
+
...(5)
x
xy
y
r 2
x 2
xy
y 2
2u
u
u
u
=
- y + x
= -y + x
2
q
q q x
y x
y
2
2
2u
2u
2 u
2 u
y
2
xy
x
...(6)
=
+
q 2
x 2
xy
y 2
86
Adding (5) and (6) we get ,
2
2
2u 2u
2
2 u
2
2 u
+
=
+
+
+
(
x
y
)
(
x
y
)
r 2 q 2
x 2
y 2
2u 2u
2u 2u
= ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + 2 = e2 r 2 + 2
y
y
x
x
2u 2u -2 r 2u 2u
+
=e 2 + 2
i.e.,
x 2 y 2
q
r
(b)
x
x
y
y
= cos q ;
= - r sin q ; = sin q ;
= r cos q
r
q
r
q
z
z
z z x z y
= . +
= cos q . + sin q .
r x r y r
x
y
z z x z y
z
z
=
+
= - r sin q
+ r cos q
q x q y q
x
y
2
z
z
z
z
1 z
z
+ sin q + - sin q
+ cos q
+ 2 = cos q
x
y
x
y
r r q
2
z z
= +
x y
2 z z
=
r 2 r r
=

z
z
+ sin q
cos q
r
x
y
2 z x 2 z y
z x 2 z y
= cos q 2
+
+ sin q xy r + y 2 r
x r yx r
2
2
2
z
z
z
= cos 2 q 2 + sin 2 q 2 + 2sin q cos q
x
y
xy
2 z
z
=
2
q
q q

z
z
=
-r sin q
+ r cos q
q
x
y
2 z x 2 z y
z
= -r cos q
- r sin q 2
+
x
x q yx q
- r sin q
2 z 2 z y
z
+ r cos q
+ 2
q
y
y q
= r 2 sin 2 q
2 z 2
2 z
2 z
z
z
2
2
+
r
cos
q
2
r
sin
q
cos
q
- r cos q + sin q
2
2
x
y
xy
x
y
87
Solution:
4.Find the value of
( y1 , y2 , y3 )
, if y1 = (1 - x1 ) , y2 = x1 (1 - x2 ) , y3 = x1 x2 (1 - x3 ) .
( x1 , x2 , x3 )
Solution :
y1
x1
( y1 , y2 , y3 ) y2
=
( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1
y1
x2
y1
x3
y2
x2
y2
x3
y3
x1
y3
x2
y3
x3
-1
0
0
= 1 - x2
- x1
0
x2 (1 - x3 ) x1 (1 - x3 ) - x1 x2
= ( -1)( - x1 )( - x1 x2 )
= - x12 x2
Hence the solution.
5.If u = xyz , v = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , w = x + y + z , find J =
( x, y , z )
.
( u , v, w )
Solution :
Since u , v, w are exp liciltly given, in terms of x, y , z , we first evaluate
J =
u
x
v
We knowthat J =
x
w
x
( x, y , z )
( u , v, w )
u
y
v
y
w
y
u
z
yz zx xy
v
= 2x 2 y 2z
z
1 1 1
w
z
= yz ( 2 y - 2 z ) - zx ( 2 x - 2 z ) + xy ( 2 x - 2 y )
= 2 yz ( y - z ) - zx ( x - z ) + xy ( x - y )
= 2 x 2 y - x 2 z - xy 2 + xz 2 + y 2 z - yz 2
89
= 2 x 2 ( y - z ) - x ( y 2 - z 2 ) + yz ( y - z )
= 2 ( y - z ) x 2 - x ( y + z ) + yz
= 2 ( y - z ) y ( z - x ) - x ( z - x )
= 2 ( y - z )( z - x )( y - x )
= -2 ( x - y )( y - z )( z - x )
By u sin g , JJ = 1, we get ,
J =
( x, y , z )
( u , v, w )
-1
2 ( x - y )( y - z )( z - x )
xx
xx
xx
6. If y1 = 2 3 , y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1
x2
x3
=
Showthat the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 is 4.

Pr oof :
Given :
y1 =
x2 x3
xx
xx
, y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1
x2
x3
y1
x1
We knowthat
( y1 , y2 , y3 ) y2
=
( x1 , x2 , x3 ) x1
y1
x2
y1
x3
y2
x2
y2
x3
y3
x1
y3
x2
y3
x3
x2 x3
x12
x3
x2
x2
x3
x3
x1
x2
x1
x3 x1
x22
x1
x2
x1
x3
- x2 x3
1
= 2 2 2 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3
x2 x3
x2 x2 x2
= 12 22 32
x1 x2 x3
-1 1
1 -1
1
x1 x2
x32
x3 x1
- x3 x1
x1 x2
x1 x2
x3 x1
- x1 x2
1
1
-1
90
= - 1(1 - 1) - 1( -1 - 1) + (1 + 1)
= 0+2+2 = 4
Hencethe proof .
7. If and . Evaluate with out actual substitution.

Solution: and
Solution:
8. If . Find the Jacobian
91
23. If x = r cos q , y = r sin q , find
( x, y )
(r ,q )
Solution
Given x = r cos q
x
= cos q
r
x
= - r sin q
q
y = r sin q
y
= sin q
r
y
= r cos q
q
x x
( x, y )
r q
=
We knowthat
y y
(r ,q )
r q
cos q -r sin q
=
sin q r cos q
= r cos 2 q + r sin 2 q
= r cos 2 q + sin 2 q = r
9. If ,
show that they are not independent. And also find the relation between them.
Sol: will not be independent if
Hence,
Hence are not independent.
= 0.

To find the relation between them:
Given
and
Now,
, which is the required relation.
Taylor`s Series and Laurent Series
The Taylors series expansion of in the power of and is

Problems:

92
Find the Taylors series expansion of in the power of x and y upto third degree terms.
1.
Sol: The Taylors series expansion of in the power of and is
+...(1)

= 1
=1
= 0
=2
= ..
2. Using Taylors series expansion express in powers of x and y upto second degree
terms at
Solution:
93
Taylors series is
3.
Expand as Taylors series up to second degree terms
Solution:

Taylors series is
4.Use Taylor ' s series oftwo var iables to exp and x 2 y + 3 y - 2 in powers of x + 1 and y - 2.
Solution
We knowthat the exp ansion of f ( x, y ) in powers x - a and y - b is given by
f ( x, y ) = f ( a , b ) + ( x - a ) f x ( a , b ) + ( y - b ) f y ( a , b )
1
( x - a) 2 f xx (a, b) + 2( x - a )( y - b) f xy (a, b) + ( y - b) 2 f yy (a, b)
2!
1
+ [( x - a)3 f xxx + 3( x - a) 2 ( y - b) f xyy + 3( x - a)( y - b) 2 f xyy
3!
+ ( y - b)3 f yyy ]
....(1)
+
Here a = -1, b = 2
Now f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 y - 2
\ f (-1, 2) = 6
f x = 2 xy
f x (-1, 2) = -4
f y = x2 + 3
f y (-1, 2) = 4
f xx = 2 y
f xx (-1, 2) = 4
f xy = 2 x
f xy (-1, 2) = -2
f yy = 0
f yy (-1, 2) = 0
f xxx = 0
f xxx (-1, 2) = 0
f xxy = 2
f xxy (-1, 2) = 2
94
f xyy = 0
f xyy (-1, 2) = 0
f yyy = 0
f yyy (-1, 2) = 0
Substituting these value s in (1) we get ,
x 2 y + 3 y - 2 = 6 + ( x + 1)(-4) + ( y - 2)(4) +
1
[( x + 1) 2 (4) + 2( x + 1)( y - 2)(-2) + ( y - 2) 2 (0)]
2!
1
[0 + 3( x + 1) 2 ( y - 2)(2) + 0 + 0]
3!
= 6 - 4( x + 1) + 4( y - 2) + 2( x + 1) 2 - 2( x + 1)( y - 2) + 2( x + 1) 2 ( y - 2)
Hencethe solution.
+
5. Expand tan -1
y
in the neighbourhood of (1,1).
x
solution
Let f ( x, y ) = tan -1
y
x
1 y
. y 2 x 2
1+ 2
x
y
=- 2
,
x + y2
f x ( x, y ) =
1 1
.
y2 x
1+ 2
x
x
= 2
,
x + y2
f x (1,1) = -
1
2
f y ( x, y ) =
f y (1,1) =
1
2
f xx ( x, y ) = - y (-1)( x 2 + y 2 ) -2 .2 x
2 xy
f xy
(x + y )
( x + y )1 - x 2 x
( x, y ) =
(x + y )
2 2
2 2
y 2 - x2
(x
1
2
f xx (1,1) =
+ y2 )
f xy (1,1) = 0
f yy ( x, y ) = x(-1)( x 2 + y 2 ) -2 .2 y
95
=\tan -1
2 xy
(x
+y
2 2
f yy (1,1) = -
1
2
y
= f ( x, y )
x
= f (1,1) + ( x - 1) f x (1,1) + ( y - 1) f y (1,1) +
1
( x - 1) 2 f xx (1,1) + 2( x - 1)( y - 1) f xy (1,1) + ( y - 1) 2 f yy (1,1) + ...
2!
( u sin g cor : 2 )
1 1
1
1
1
( x - 1) - + ( y - 1) + ( x - 1) 2 . + 2( x - 1)( y - 1)0 + ( y - 1) 2 - + .....
4
2 2!
2
2
2
y p 1
1
1
1
\ tan -1 = - ( x - 1) + ( y - 1) + ( x - 1) 2 - ( y - 1) 2 + ...
x 4 2
2
4
4
Hence the solution
=
Maxima and Minima and Lagrangian Multiplier

Defn: Maximum Value

Defn: Minimum Value
Defn: Extremum Value
Defn: Lagrangian Multiplier
Suppose we require to find the maximum and minimum values of where x,y,z are subject to a
constraint equation
We define a function where
Which is independent of x,y,z

Problems:
1. Examine for its extreme values

Solution: Given
At maximum point and minimum point
The points may be maximum points or minimum points.
96
At and r = 12 > 0
is a minimum point
Minimum value =
At
The points are saddle points.

At and r = -12 < 0
is a maximum point
maximum value = .
2. In a plane triangle ABC ,find the maximum value of .
Solution:
At the maximum point and minimum point

Solving these equations
A+B+C =
At ,
and r < 0
The point is a maximum point.
Maximum value = .
3. Find the volume of the largest rectangular parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid .
Solution: The given ellipsoid is
The volume of the parallelepiped is
----------------
----------------
(1)
(2)
At the max point or min point
97
----------------
(3)
----------------
(4)
----------------
(5)
Solve the equation

(3)x+ (4)y+(5)z
Put in (3)
Similarly,
Put in (2) Max volume =
4. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box without a top of maximum capacity, whose surface is 108 sq. cm
Solution: Given Surface area

The volume is
----------------
(1)
----------------
(2)
----------------
(3)
----------------
(4)
----------------
(5)
Solve the equation

(3)x - (4)y
(3)x - (5)z
Put in (1)
y =6, z =3
The dimension of the box, having max capacity is Length=6cm, Breadth = 6cm, Height = 3cm.
5. The temperature T at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400xy . Find the highest temperature on the surface of
the unit sphere
Solution:

-------------------------------
(1)
(2)

98
----------------
(3)
----------------
(4)
----------------
(5)
Solve the equation
(3)x+ (4)y+(5)z
1600

Put in (3) and (4) we get
The highest temperature is = 50.
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
+
=
+
, where x = u cos a - v sin a , y = u sin a + v cos a
x 2 y 2 u 2 v 2
(OR)
By changing independent var iables u and v to x and y by means of the relations x = u cos a - v sin a ,
6.Pr ovethat
y = u sin a + v cos a , showthat
2 z 2 z
2 z 2 z
+
transforms
int
o
+
.
u 2 v 2
x 2 y 2
Solution :
Here z is a composite function of u and v.
z z x z y
= +
u x u y u
z
z
= cos a + sin a
x
y

( z ) = cos a + sin a z
x
x
y
cos a + sin a
(1)
u
x
y
or
99
z z x z y
= +
v x v y v
z
z
= - sin a + cos a
x
y
Also,

( z ) = - sin a + cos a z
v
x
y
- sin a + cos a
(2)
v
x
y
Now we shall make use of the equivalance of operators as given by (1) and (2).
or
2 z z
=

u 2 u u

z
z
= cos a
+ sin a cos a + sin a
(u sin g (1) and (2) )
u
y
x
y
2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
= cos 2 a 2 + cos a sin a
+ sin a cos a
+ sin 2 a 2
x
xy
yx
y
2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
2
2
ie.,
= cos a 2 + 2 cos a sin a
+ sin a 2
u 2
x
xy
y
(3)
2 z z
Similarly 2 =
v
v v

z
z
+ cos a (u sin g (3) and (4) )

= - sin a + cos a - sin a
y
x
y
x
= sin 2 a
2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
2
cos
cos
sin
sin
a
a
a
a
+
cos
a
x 2
xy
yx
y 2
2 z
2 z
2 z
2 z
2
2
cos
a
a
a
a
=
sin
2
sin
+
cos
v 2
x 2
xy
y 2
Adding (3) and (4),
(4)
2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
+
=
+
u 2 v 2 x 2 y 2
Hence the proof .
7. Investigate the max ima of the functions f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 +
1 1
+ .
x y
Solution :
Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 +
1 1
+
x y
f
1
= 2x + y - 2
x
x
100
f
1
= x + 2y - 2
y
y
2 f
2
= 2+ 3
2
x
x
2 f
2
= 2+ 3
2
y
y
2 f
=1
xy
Step1: For a max imum or min imum, we must have
f
1
= 0 2x + y - 2 = 0
x
x
f
1
= 0 x + 2y - 2 = 0
y
y
i.e., 2 x 3 + x 2 y - 1 = 0
...(1)
i.e., 2 y 3 + xy 2 - 1 = 0
...(2)
(1) y
2 x3 y + x 2 y 2 - y = 0
...(3)
(2) x
2 xy + x y - x = 0
...(4)
From (3) we get x y = y - 2 x y

Substituting (5) in (4) we get
2
...(5)
2 xy 3 + y - 2 x 3 y - x = 0
i.e., 2 x 3 y - 2 xy 3 - y + x = 0
i.e., 2 xy ( x 2 - y 2 ) + ( x - y ) = 0
i.e., 2 xy {( x - y )( x + y )} + ( x - y ) = 0
( x - y ) {2 xy ( x + y ) + 1} = 0
\ x = y (or )2 xy ( x + y ) + 1 = 0
when x = y, the equation 2 x 3 + x 3 y - 1 = 0
gives 2 x 3 + x 3 - 1 = 0
i.e.,3 x 3 = 1
x3 =
x=
1
3
3
1
3
\y =
1
3
1 1
Hence 3 , 3 is a critical po int
3 3
1 1
Step 2 : At 3 , 3 ,
3 3
101
2 f
2
= 2+
=8
2
1
x
3
2 f
2 f
=
=1
8
;
y 2
xy
2
2 f 2 f 2 f
\ 2 . 2 -
= 8 8 -1 > 0
x
y
xy
2 f
and 2 = 8 > 0
x
1 1
\ f ( x, y ) has a min imum at the po int 3 , 3 and
3 3
4
the min imum valueis 3 3.
8. Find the min imum value of the function f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + xy + ax + by.

Solution
Given
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + xy + ax + by
...(1)
f
= 2x + y + a
x
f
= 2y + x + b
y
...(2)
...(3)
2 f
=2
x 2
2 f
=2
y 2
...(4)
...(5)
2 f
=1
xy
...(6)
Step 1: For miimum value of the function

f
= 0 2x + y + a
x
f
=0
y
2y + x + b
...(7)
...(8)
Solving (7) and (8) we get

2 x + y = -a
x + 2 y = -b
102
i.e.,
4 x + 2 y = -2a
x + 2 y = -b
= b - 2a
3x
x=
b - 2a
3
b - 2a
in (8) we get
3
b - 2a
-
+ b
3
y=
2
-(4b - 2a )
=
2
= a - 2b
Substituting x =
b - 2a
\ The critical po int is

, a - 2b
3
b - 2a
Step 2 : At
, a - 2b
3
2
2
f
f
2 f
2
,
2
and
=
=
=1
x 2
y 2
xy
2
2 f 2 f 2 f
\ 2 . 2 -
= 2 2 -1
x y
xy
=3>0
b - 2a
\We have min imum value of the function at

, a - 2b
3
Step 3 :The min imum value of f ( x, y ) is obtained by putting

b - 2a
x=
and y = a - 2b in f ( x, y ).
3
2
2
b - 2a
b - 2a
b - 2a
Minimum value =
+ ( a - 2b ) +
( a - 2b ) + a
+ b ( a - 2b )
3
3
3
b - 2 a b - 2a
=

+ a - 2b + a + ( a - 2b ) [ a - 2b + b ]
3 3
103
b - 2a 4a - 5b
=
+ (a - 2b)(a - b0
3 3
4ab - 5b 2 - 8a 2 + 10ab
=
+ a 2 - ab - 2ab + 2b 2
9
2
4ab - 5b - 8a 2 + 9a 2 - 27ab + 18b 2
=
9
2
2
13b + a - 23ab
=
9
9. Find the shortest dis tan ce between the lines
x -2 y -6 z -5
x -5 y -3 z + 4
=
=
and
=
=
3
-2
-2
2
1
-6
Solution
x -2 y -6 z -5
Let
=
=
=l
...(1)
3
-2
-2
x -5 y -3 z + 4
=
=
=m
...(2)
2
1
-6
Any po int on the first line is P (3l + 2, -2l + 6, -2l + 5) and
any po int on the sec ond line is Q(2 m + 5, m + 3, -6 m - 4)
\ PQ = (2 + 3l - 5 - 2 m ) 2 + (6 - 2l - 3 - m ) 2 + (5 - 2l + 4 + 6 m ) 2
i.e., PQ 2 =17l 2 + 41m 2 - 32lm - 66l + 114m + 99
Let f (l , m ) = 17l 2 + 41m 2 - 32lm - 66l + 114m + 99
f
= 34l - 32 m - 66
l
f
= -32l + 82m + 114
m
2 f
2 f
2 f
=
=
= -32
34,
82,
l 2
m 2
lm
For a max imum or a min imum of ' f ' we should have

f
f
= 0,
=0
l
m
i.e., 34l - 32m - 66 = 0
- 32l + 82m + 114 = 0
Solving thesetwo equations we get
l = 1, m = -1
At (1, -1)
2 f
= 34 > 0
lm
104
2
2 f 2 f 2 f
-
.
>0
l 2 m 2 lm
\ At (1, -1) the function f (l , m ) has min imum.
i.e., At (1, -1) , PQ 2 has min imum which gives the shortest length.
At (1, -1),
PQ 2 = 17 + 41 + 32 - 66 - 114 + 99
=9
\Shortest length = PQ = 9 = 3
1 1 1
10. Find the min imum value of x 2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the condition + + = 1
x y z
Solution
Let f = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
1 1 1
+ + -1
x y z
Let the auxillary function ' F ' be
g=
1 1 1
...(1)
F ( x, y , z ) = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + l + + - 1
x y z
By Lagranges method the values of x, y, z for which ' f ' is min imum are obtained
by the following eqations
F
l
l
= 0 2 x - 2 = 0 = x3
2
x
x
F
l
l
= 0 2 y - 2 = 0 = y3
y
2
y
F
l
l
= 0 2z - 2 = 0 = z3
2
z
z
F
1 1 1
= 0 + + -1 = 0
l
x y z
From (2) , (3) and (4) we get
x3 = y 3 = z 3 =
...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
...(5)
l
2
1
i.e.,
l 3
x= y = z =
2
...(6)
Substituting (6) in (5) we get

3
= 1 or x = 3
x
105
3
= 1 or y = 3
y
3
= 1 or z = 3
z
\ (3,3,3) is the po int where min imum value occur. The min imum value of
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 is 32 + 32 + 32 = 27
11. Athin closed rec tan gular box is to have one edge equal to twice the other , and a cons tan t
valume 72m3 . Find the least surface area of the box.
Solution
Let the sides of the rec tan gular box be 2 x, x, y.
Then volume is 2 x.x. y = 72
i.e.,
2 x 2 y = 72
i.e.,
x 2 y = 36
...(1)
The surface area is given by

S = 2(2 x.x) + 2(2 x. y ) + 2( x. y )
= 4 x 2 + 6 xy
Now we have to find the min imum surface area
...(2)
S = 4 x 2 + 6 xy under the condition

x 2 y = 36
Let f = 4 x 2 + 6 xy,
g = x 2 y - 36
Let the auxillary function ' F ' be F = f + l g
F ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 6 xy + l x 2 y - 36
...(3)
By Lagranges method the values of x, y, z for which ' F ' is min mum is obtained
from the following equations
F
= 0 8 x + 6 y + 2l xy = 0
x
F
=0
y
F
=0
z
6x + l x2 = 0
...(4)
...(5)
0=0
106
F
=0
l
x 2 y - 36 = 0 x 2 y = 36
From (5) we get x = Substituting
x=y=
...(7)
l
6
...(6)
in (6) we get
36
= l2
2
x
...(8)
12. Find the max imum value of x m y n z p when x + y + z = a

Solution
Let f = x m y n z p and g = x + y + z - a
Let the auxillary function F = f + l g
i.e., F ( x, y, z ) = x m y n z p + l ( x + y + z - a )
F
= 0 mx m -1 y n z p + l = 0
x
F
= 0 ny n -1 x m z p + l = 0
y
F
= 0 p x m y n z p -1 + l = 0
z
F
=0 x+ y+ z-a =0
l
Substituting
-
48
x=-
...(1)
...(2)
...(3)
...(4)
...(5)
, y = l 2 in(4) we get
+ 6l 2 - 12l 2 = 0 l 3 = - 8
i.e.,
Substituting
l = -2
l = -2 in(7) and (8) we get
x = 3, y = 4.
\ S has a min imum value at (3, 4)
The min imum value of S = 4(3) 2 + 6(3)(4)
= 108
From (2) , (3) and (4) , we get
- l = mx m -1 y n z p
- l = ny n -1 x m z p
- l = p x m y n z p -1
107
i.e., mx m -1 y n z p = ny n -1 x m z p = p x m y n z p -1
i.e.,
m n p
= =
x y z
m+n+ p m+n+ p
=
=
x+ y+z
a
\Hence max imum value of f occurs when

am
m+n+ p
an
y=
m+n+ p
ap
z=
m+n+ p
The max imum value of
x=
f = a m+ n+ p
mn nn p p
(m + n + p)
m+n+ p
108
I =
2. Evaluate: over the region in the first quadrant of the circle x2+y2=1.
Solution: In the given region, y varies from 0 to and x varies from 0 to 1.
I =
dx
Put x = sin. Then dx = cosd. q varies from 0 to /2.
x 2
2
0 x ( x y + xy )dydx
3. Evaluate:
1
x 2
1 x 2
2
Solution : Let I= ( x y + xy )dydx = ( x y + xy 2 )dydx =
x
0
0 x
x 2 y 2 xy 3
0 2 + 3 dx
x
1
x4
x 3 x.xy 3 / 2 x 4 x 4
5 x5
x7 / 2
- + dx = +
= +
-
2
3 2
3
8 ( 7 )(3) 6 5
0
2
0
1
9
3
21 + 16 - 28
1 2 1
=
= + + - (0) =
=
168
168 56
8 21 6
111
DOUBLE INTEGRATION IN POLAR COORDINATES:
To evaluate , we first integrate w.r.to r between the limits and . Keeping is
fixed and the resulting expression is integrated w.r.to from to .
In this integral and and ,
PROBLEMS BASED ON POLAR FORMS USING DOUBLE INTEGRATION:

PART A
1. Evaluate:
Solution:
2. Evaluate:
Solution: Let I =
PART B
1. Evaluate: over the cardioids r = a (1+cos).
Solution: The limits of r: 0 to a (1+cos) and The limits of : 0 to .
I =
Put 1+cos = t then sin d = dt
112

CHANGE THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION:
The double integral will take the form when the order of
integration is changed. This process of converting a given double integral into its equivalent double integral by
changing the order of integration is often called change of order of integration. To effect the change of order of
integration, the region of integration is identified first, a rough sketch of the region is drawn and then the new
limits are fixed.
PART A
1. Find
the
limits
of
integration
in
the
double
integral
Solution: The limits are: y varies from 0 to 1 and x varies from 0 to 1-y.
2. Change the order of integration
Solution: The given region of integration is bounded by y=0, y=a, x=y & x=a.
After changing the order, we have, I =
3. Change the order of integration for the double integral
Solution:
PART B
1. Change the order of integration in I = and hence evaluate it.
Let I =
Solution:
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x2 and x+y=2.
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying.
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order weve two regions R1 & R2
I = I1+I2
I =

114
2. Evaluate
by changing the order of integration.
Solution: The given region is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x and x2+y2=2.
I =
After changing the order weve,

The region R is splinted into two regions R1& R2.
In R1: limits of x: 0 to y & limits of y: 0 to 1
In R2: limits of x: 0 to & limits of y: 1 to
I = I1+I2
I1 =
I2 =
I =
3. Evaluate by changing the order of integration in
Solution: Let I =
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=4, y = , y2 = 4x
115
After changing the order weve
Limits of x: y2/4 to 2y
Limits of y: 0 to 4
I = =16/3.
1 2- x
4. Change the order of integration in I =
f ( x, y)dydx
0 x2
1 2- x
Solution: Given I =
f ( x, y)dydx
0 x2
The given region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=x2 and x+y=2
In the given integration x is fixed and y is varying
So, after changing the order we have to keep y fixed and x should vary.
After changing the order we have two regions R1 & R2
I = I1 + I2
1
I =
2 2- x
0 0
f ( x, y )dxdy +
f ( x, y)dxdy
1 1
PROBLEMS BASED ON AREA AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL:

v Area of the region R in Cartesian form is given by dxdy or
R
dydx
R
v Area of the region R in polar form is given by rdrdq

R
PART A
1. Find the smaller area bounded by y = 2-x and x2+y2=4.
Solution:
Required area =

PART B
1. Find the area of the region outside the inner circle r=2cos and inside the outer circle r=4 cos by
double integration.
Solution: Required Area =
=2
116
2. Find the area of the circle of radius a by double integration.
Solution: Transforming Cartesian in Polar coordinates

(i.e.) x=rcos & y=rsin. Then dxdy = rdrd
limits of : 0 to and limits of r: o to

Required Area = 2xupper area
=2
3. Find over the area bounded between the circles r = 2sin & r= 4sin.
Solution: In the region of integration, r varies from r=2sin& r= 4sin and varies from0to .
I =
4. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse
Solution: Area of the ellipse = 4 x area of the first quadrant
=4
5. Find the area inside the circle r=asinq but lying outside the cardiod r=a(1-cosq)
Solution: Given curves are r=asinq and r =a(1-cosq)
The curves intersect where a sin q = a (1-cosq)
a sin q = a a cosq
1
2
sin q +
1
2
cos q =
a sin q + a cosq = a
1
2
sin q cos
p
4
+ cos q
sin q + cosq =1
p
4
cos q =
1
2
117
sin(q +
p
4
)=
q = 0(or )q +
q = 0(or )q =
1
2
p
4
= sin
=p -
q +
p
4
a2
=
2
p /2
p
4
2p
p p
=p - =
4
2 2
q =p -
a sin q
p /2
q
rdrd
q
0 a (1- cos )
p /2
(or )p -
\The required area =
a2
2
p
p /4
(sin
r2
a sin q
a2
dq =
2
a (1-cosq )
p /2
(sin
q - (1 + cos 2 q - 2 cos q )dq
p /2
a2
2
2
1 - cos q - cos q - 1 + 2 cos q dq
2 0
q - cos 2 q - 1 + 2 cos q )dq =
p /2
(2 cos q - 2 cos q )dq
a2
.2
=
2
(cos q - cos q )dq

2
p /2
p /2
= a (sin q )0 - cos 2 qdq
0
p / 2 1 + cos 2q
= a 1 -
dq
2

0
p /2
1
sin 2q
= a 1 - q +
2 0
2
1p

= a 2 1 - + 0 - 0

2 2
2
p a (4 - p )
= a 2 1 - =
4
4
6.Find by double integration, the area enclosed by the curves

Ans:
Sub (1) in (2) we get
Therefore the point of intersection of (1)&(2) is (0,0) and (4a,4a)

x Varies from 0 to 4a and y
The required Area =
varies from
118
Hence
Therefore the integral will become,
PROBLEMS BASED ON TRIPLE INTEGRATION

PART A
1. Evaluate:
Solution: Let I =
120

2. Evaluate:
Solution: Let I=
3. Evaluate:
Solution: Let
I=

4. Evaluate:
Solution: Let I =
PART B
log a x x + y
1. Evaluate
e
0
x+ y+ z
log a x x + y
Solution :
dzdydx
0 0
x+ y+ z
e dzdydx =
0 0
log a x
x+ y+ z x+ y
[e ]0 dydx =
0
log a x
(e
0
2( x+ y )
- e x + y )dydx
121
log a
log a
e 2( x + y )
- e x + y dx =
2
0
log a
1 4 x
e2x
2x
- e x dx
e - e -
2
2
log a
e4x 3 2x
e4x 3 2x
- e + e dx =
- e + ex
2 2
2 2
0
3
1
1 3
= e 4 log a - e 2 log a + e log a - - + 1
4
8
8 4
=
a b c
2. Evaluate
(x
1 4 3 2
3
a - a +a8
4
8
+ y 2 + z 2 dxdydz
0 0 0
x3
Solution : I = + y 2 x + z 2 x dydz
3
0
0 0
a b
c 3b cb 3
+
+ cbz 2 dz
=
3
3
c 3 y cy 3
+
+ cyz 2 dz
=
3
3
0
0
a
c3
2
2
+ cy + cz dydz
0 0
a b
c 3bz cb 3 z cbz 3
c 3ba cb 3 a cba 3 abc 2
+
+
[c + b 2 + a 2 ]
+
+
=
=
=
3
3 0
3
3
3
3
3
3. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2+y2=4 and the planes y+z=4 and z=0.
Solution: The limits are:
Z varies from: 0 to 4-y
X varies from: - to
Y varies from: -2 to 2.
Required volume = 2
=2
= 2
dy= 2
=2
= 8 since y is an odd function.
= 16 =16
= 16x2x = 16
4. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane and the coordinate plane.
Solution: The limits are:
122
X varies from 0 to a
Y varies from 0 to b
Z varies from o to c
Required Volume =
= c
=c
= c
=
4. Find the volume of the sphere x2+y2+z2=a2 using triple integral.

Solution: Required Volume = 8 x volume in the positive octant = 8
Limits of integration are:
Z varies from 0 to
Y varies from 0 to
X varies from 0 to a
Volume = 8
= 8
=8
= 8
= 2
= 8
= 2 = 2
4a3
3
cu.units
5. Find the Volume of the ellipsoid
Solution: Required Volume = 8 x Volume in the first octant

Limits of Integration are:
123
x2
Z varies from 0 to c1 a2
y2
b2
x2
Y varies from 0 to b1 a2
X varies from 0 to a.
x2 y2
Volume = 8
x2 c1 2 2
a b
a b1a2
dzdydx
0 0
0
x2 y2
=8
c1 2 2
x2
a b
a b1a2
z
0 0
0
x2
a b1a2
1
0 0
= 8c
8c
8c
a y
x2
a2
dydx
y2
b2
dydx
x2
= b 0 0 2 y2 dydx where b1 2
a
= b 0 2 2 y2
8c
x2
= b 4 0 b2 1 2 dx
a
sin1 dx
0
x2
=2bc0 1 a2 dx
=2bcx
x3
3a 0
=2bca 3
4abc
3
cu units
124

MA6151 Lecture Notes Solved V+ PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MA6151 Lecture Notes Solved V+ PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.Vidyarthiplus.

characteristic equation of the matrix A.

Find the Characteristic equation of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0 ie. Where = Trace of A

& = Therefore = 4 & = -5 implies that

2. Find the Characteristic equation of A =

LINEARLY DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EIGEN VECTOR

(ii) If then the eigen vectors are linearly independent.

CASE (I) : When = -3 , Substituting in (1) we get

CASE (ii) : When = 5 , Substituting in (1) we get

Solving using cross multiplication rule If then

The eigen vectors are

= Trace of A , =Sum of the minors of the major diagonal elements & =

& implies that

CASE (I) : When = -1 , Substituting in (1) we get

we get and taking and , we get .

Solving using cross multiplication rule

The eigen vectors are

(i) The eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique.

Property 4: If is an Eigen value of a matrix A, then is the Eigen value of

are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then

Property7: If are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then

has the Eigen

are the Eigen

values of the matrix KA.

are the Eigen values of the matrix A-KI.

Property 15: If be distinct Eigen values of a matrix then corresponding Eigen

form a linearly independent set.

values of A are the diagonal entries of A.

A and its transpose matrix have same eigen values.

Eigen values of a symmetric matrix are all real.

For a transition matrix, the dominant eigen value is always 1.

of A ; i.e. of the inverse of A.

1. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =

Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &

i.e., 1(5-1)-1(1-3) +5(1-15) = 4+2-70 =-64. Therefore &

Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &

3. Find the Sum and the product of the Eigen values of A =

Solution: From the property of Eigen values i.e. &

4. Prove that the Eigen values of are the same as those of A =

Solution: The Characteristic equation of A is =0

ie. Where = Trace of A & =

Therefore = 2 & = -3 implies that . Eigen values of A are 3 and -1.

also if are eigen values -kA)

Since Eigen values of A are 3 and -1. Eigen values of are

Therefore Eigen values of are -1 and 3.

Therefore Product of the Eigen values =

is the Eigen values of (kA) &

is the Eigen vector of (kA).

7. Two eigen values of a matrix A =

are equal to 1 each. Find the eigen values of A & .

Solution: From the property of Eigen values

Given . Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 5.

values of ) Therefore the Eigen values of are 1, 1,

8. Find the eigen value of A =

corresponding to the eigen vector .

Solution: By the definition we have ie. (

2- =0 2 = .BY property = 6 . Therefore eigen

values of A are 2 and 6.

9. If A is an orthogonal matrix. Show that is also orthogonal matrix.

Solution: Since A is an orthogonal matrix .Implies that (A )= = Let B = , to prove

B is orthogonal we have to check = .