5/3/2016

Appendix5

Appendix5DeltaFerrite(FN)Diagram
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AboutFerriteandPredictingFerriteNumberofAusteniticStainlessSteel
Thestandardizedaustenitic
stainlesssteelgradescontain
moreorlessferriteinascast
conditionorinthewelds.
However,theferritecontent
decreasesremarkablythrough
hotrollingandannealingofthe
hotrolledproducts.The
remainingferritecontentofthe
coldrolledproductsis
vanishingsmallaftersolution
annealing.Thewelding
methodchosenhasa
significantinfluenceonthe
ferritecontentoftheweld
metal(1).
Adjustingtheferritecontent
ofthecastconditionmayhelp
tooptimizethehotworkability.
Theferritemayalso
influencethedistributionof
thenonmetallicinclusions
andsegregationofthealloy
elementswithinthecast
structure.Thereisawell
knowntooltopredictthe
ferritecontentoftheweld
microstructure:Schaeffler
Delongdiagramwhichisalso
knownbydesignationWRC
1988(thelatestedition).This
diagrammaybesuccesfully
appliedtothecaststructures
includingheavysection

FNACrequivalenceincludes
Tiasanadditionalelement.
FNANiequivalencecontains
CuandCoasadditional
elements.Otherwise,the
multiplicationcoefficientsof
eachelementaresameasfor
CrandNiequivalencesof
SchaefflerDelong.Theseare
theformulasforFNA:
Creq=Cr+1.5Si+Mo+2
Ti+0.5Nb
Nieq=Ni+30(C+N)+0.5
Mn+0.5Cu+0.5Co
FNA=3.34Creq2.46Nieq
28.6
FNAisusedhereonthe
calculationformofmywebsite
too.However,Ihaveused
anothermethodontheJava
andExcelFNcalculators
developedbymyself,which
correspondsbettertothe
originalSchaefflerDelong
diagram.Thereisanolder
diagrambySchaefflertoo.The
mostapparentdifference
comparedtoSchaeffler
DelongisthattheFNlinesare
clearlynotparallelbutmore
likelineswithacommon
intersectionpointlocated
somewhereoutsideontheleft
bottomcorner.Another
differenceisquiteimportant:
nitrogencontentisnotcounted

http://www.rewon.com.my/ferrous_data/appendix_5.htm

Someremarksconcerningmy
FNcalculator.Myoriginal
formulaisbasedonanolder
editionofWRCandIhave
madenoupdatingaccordingto
WRC1988yet.Itcorrelates
ratherwelltoWRCdiagram
withinFNrange0to20but
deviationsincreasequicklyfor
higherFNvalues.Thereis
anothermoreaccurateonline
FNCalculatordevelopedby
theOakRidgeNational
laboratory,especiallysuitable
forthehigherFNvalues.I
havesimplydeterminedthe
coefficientsaandbofthe
linesNiEq=a+b*CrEq||
FN=constantasfunctionof
FN:a(FN),b(FN).Given
CrEqandNiEqFNcanbe
solvedasarootofa2ndgrade
polynome.
Forthoseofyouwhowould
liketogetmyformula.I'm
sorry,itisnotavailablefor
publication.Inspiteofthis
limitationyouareableto
downloadthecalculatorto
yourPCandallowedtouseit
freely.
Finally,somemoreelementary
informationfornot
metallurgists.Theaustenite
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5/3/2016

continuouslycastslabs.The
diagramconsistsoftheNi
equivalenceontheverticalY
axisandoftheCrequivalence
onthehorizontalXaxis.
Thereareseveralnearly
parallelstraightlines
correspondingtoconstant
ferritenumbers(FNi.e.
approx.ferritecontent).First
youhavetocalculatetheCr
andNiequivalencesofthe
givensteelcomposition,then
youdeterminetheintersection
ofthehorizontalline
(correspondingtothe
calculatedNiequivalence)and
oftheverticalline
(correspondingtothe
calculatedCrequivalence).
Theintersectionpointis
usuallylocatedbetween
plottedlinesoftheconstant
ferritenumbers,thusyouhave
tointerpolatethe
approximatedFNvaluesor
youmayusethenearestFN
line.
SchaefflerDelongdiagramisa
valuabletoolindesigningof
newsteelgradecompositions.
Thegraphicalmethodiseasy
touseasfarasthenumberof
calculationsisnottoohigh.
However,thenumerical
methodssuitableforprograms
orspreadsheetsaremore
popular.
Thereisasimplecalculation
methodpresentedbyAvesta
Sheffield.Theformulafor
AvestaFerriteNumberFNA
assumesparallellinesof
constantferritenumbers.

Appendix5

inthenickelequivalenceof
theSchaefflerdiagram.Inreal
lifethenitrogenvariesalot,
thusSchaefflerDelong
takinginacountthenitrogenis
propablyabetteralternative.
However,botharemissingthe
titanium.Theyuseniobium(in
USCb)instead,thusonehas
todecidewhichcoefficientof
TiwillbeusedforCr
equivalence.Ihaveused
preferablycoefficient3but
someothershaveusedvalues
1or2instead.Theroleof
titaniumiscomplicated
throughformingofcarbides
andnitrides,thustitaniumis
partiallyonlyinsolution.The
boundtitaniumdoesnot
promoteformingofferrite.
Predictionofthe
solidificationmodeItis
frequentlycrucialtobeableto
predictorcontrolthe
solidificationmodeduring
weldingorcontinuouscasting
oftheausteniticstainless
steels.Accordingtothe
researchresultsoftheeffectof
compositiononthe
solidificationbyN.Suutala
andT.Moisiocanthefactor
CrEq/NiEqbeusedtopredict
thesolidificationmode.The
solidificationwillbeprimary
austeniticforthevalues
CrEq/NiEq<1.5.Ontheother
hand,thevaluesCrEq/NiEq>
2.0aremorelikelytosolidify
asprimaryferriticinstead.In
therange1.5to2.0of
CrEq/NiEqwillbemixed
ferriticaustenitic.

()matrixhasacubicface
centered(FCC)crystal
structure,i.e.thereisanatom
ofametallicelementseton
everycornerofthecubic
latticeandadditionallyanother
onelocatedinthemiddleof
everylatticeface.ferritehas
acubicbodycenteredcrystal
(BCC)structurewithanatom
oneverycornerandinthe
middlepointofcube
additionally.ABCCcrystal
contains2metalatomsper
unitcellinaveragewhilea
FCCcrystalcontainsfour
metalatomsperunitcell.
Austeniteisanonmagnetic
phasebutferriteisa
magneticoneatambient
temperature.Ni,C,MnandN
stabilizeinsolidsolutionthe
phaseandtheseelementsare
countedintheNiequivalence.
Cuisalsoanelement
stabilizing,howeveritisnot
countedwithinNiequivalence
ofWRCdiagram.Cr
equivalenceconsistsofsome
elementspromotingferrite:
Cr,Si,MoandNb(CbinUS).
Theseelementsareinhigher
cocentrationinferritethanin
austeniteinsolidsolution.

(1)Fortheinfluenceoftheweldingmethodontheferritecontent
TheFerrousMetalsDataBook
Book

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