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BookStreet | Derive the formula for numerical aperture for a step index fibre. Calculate the Acceptance angle for an optical fibre given that refractive index

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Derive the formula for numerical aperture for a step index fibre.
Calculate the Acceptance angle for an optical fibre given that
refractive index of core is 1-45 and refractive index of cladding is
1.4 [8 marks]
Applied Physics II All Engineering Mumbai University (MU)

Answer
Consider an optical fibre having a core of refractive index n1 and cladding of refractive index n2. Let the incident
light make an angle i with the core axis as shown in figure. The light gets refracted at an angle and falls on the
core-cladding interface at an angle,

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BookStreet | Derive the formula for numerical aperture for a step index fibre. Calculate the Acceptance angle for an optical fibre given that refractive index

r
=(90) -(1)
By Snells law at the point of enterface of light in to the optical fibre we get,
n0sini=n1sin -(2)
where n0 is refractive index of medium outside the fibre. For air n0=1.
When light travel core to cladding it moves from denser to rarer medium and so it mat be totally reflected back
to the core medium if exceeds the critical angle c. The critical is that angle of incidence in denser medium
(n1) for which angle of refraction become 90. Using Snells laws at core cladding interface,
n sin =n sin90or
1 c 2
sin =
c
n
2
n1

Therefore, for light within the core of optical fibre as guided wave, the angle of incidence at core -cladding
interface should be greater than . As i increases, increases and so decreases. Therefore, there is a
c
maximum value of angle of incidence beyond which, it does not propagate rather it is refracted in to the cladding
medium [figure (b)]. This maximum value of i says im is called _Angle of acceptance_ and n2sinim is termed as
the _numerical aperture_(NA).
From equation (2),
N A=n0sinim=n1sin
=n sin(90 )
1
c

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BookStreet | Derive the formula for numerical aperture for a step index fibre. Calculate the Acceptance angle for an optical fibre given that refractive index

or N A=n cos
1
c
2
=n 1sin
1
c
From equation (3)
sin =
c
n
2
n
1

Therefor,
N An11
2
n2
2
n
1

2 2
N A= n1 n2
The significance of NA is that light entering in the cone of semi vertical angle i only propagates through the
m
fibre. The higher the value of i or NA more is the light collected for propagation in the fibre. Numerical aperture
m
is thus considered as a light gathering capacity of an optical fibre.
i.e. N A=Sin where , is called acceptance cone angle.
a
a
_Numerical:_

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BookStreet | Derive the formula for numerical aperture for a step index fibre. Calculate the Acceptance angle for an optical fibre given that refractive index

_Given:_
Refractive index of core (n1) = 1.45
Refractive index of cladding (n ) = 1.4_To find:_
2
Angle of acceptance (i )
m
_Formula:_
2 2
N A= n1 n2
2
2
= 1.45 1.4 =2.10251.96=0.1425=0.377
N A=n sini
0 m
0.377=1xsini
m
1
i =sin (0.377)
m
i =22.14
m

A voltage of 150 V, 50 Hz is applied to a coil of negligible

resistance and inductance 0.2 H. Write the time equation for
voltage and current. [[Dec 2012]]
Basic electrical & Electronics Engineering All Engineering Mumbai University (MU)

Answer
Given:

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BookStreet | Derive the formula for numerical aperture for a step index fibre. Calculate the Acceptance angle for an optical fibre given that refractive index

Coil r 0, L = 0.2 H, V = 150 V, f = 50 Hz

S
To find :
i(t), v(t)

Step 1 : Time equation for voltage:

XL=2500.2=62.83
V =150V
rms
V =1502=212.13 Volts
rms
v(t)=v sin t=212.3=13 sin(100t) Volt
m

Step 2 : Time equation for current :

Peak current I =
m
Vm
XL
=
212.13
62.83
=3.38 Amp
Due to purely inductive circuit, the current will lag behind voltage by 90 or (/2) radians.
i(t) = 3.38 sin (100 t - /2) Amp.

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