Lecture Presentations on

Environmental Engineering
Course EENV101
Part 2a Wk 5 (Feb 4- Feb 9) Water:
Quality and Quantity
Chapter Seven of Textbook
By Engr. Jessica. M. Castillo

Rev. 3T 2015-16

Week 5 : Learning Objectives

Describe

the different components of the hydrologic cycle. (CO2)

Identify

the different storage of water. (CO2)

Explain

why there is a scarcity of water for human use. (CO2)

Calculate

the water footprint. (CO2)

Determine Runoff from changes in Land Use (CO2)

Enumerate

the most important surface water quality parameters.

(CO2)
Identify

the sources of ground water contamination

Identify

the pollutants in ground water

Identify

the most common pathogens in wastewater. (CO2)

Describe

several methods to remediate soil and groundwater

contamination.
(CO2)
Rev. 3T 2015-16

HYDROLOGY

Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and

quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the
hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed
sustainability. From WIKIpedia
Rev. 1T 2013-14
Rev. 3T 2015-16

This picture shows the total volume of water and air (formed
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into
spheres) on Earth compared to the size of the Earth.
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread341549/pg1

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Condensation

Clouds

Transpiration

Precipitation to Land
(rain, snow, hail)
Precipitation
Runoff

Evaporation

Transpiration
from plants

Evaporation
from land

Water in the
Soil

Precipitation
(rain, snow,hail)
Evaporation
from ocean

Surface runoff
(rapid)

Infiltration and
Percolation

Watershed

Precipitation to
ocean

Surface
runoff
(rapid)

Groundwater movement (slow)

Ocean storage

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Watershed
The surface land area that drains water to rivers and lakes.
This area has topographical ridges.
Drainage in the watershed is due to gravity.
Precipitation that falls within a watershed must be drained
somewhere.

Surface Water
Precipitation that falls to the ground are considered
as fresh water and sea water.
Surface run-off ends up in reservoir, rivers, lakes, wetlands,
bays, estuaries and flows out to the oceans

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Groundwater
The water that infiltrates the grounds surface is referred to as
groundwater. It can come out to the surface through artesian wells,
pumps and springs.

Aquifer
The underground soil or rock where the water infiltrates
downward through gravity, until it reaches the water
table.

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Rev. 1T 2013-14

Classification of Water
Inland Water means an interior body of water or watercourse such as
lake, reservoir, river, stream, creek, etc., that has beneficial usages
other than public water supply or primary contact recreation (eg.
Swimming, water skiing). Tidal affected rivers or streams are considered
inland waters.
Coastal Water" means an open body of water along the country's
coastline starting from the shoreline (MLLW) and extending outward up
to the 200-meter isobath or three-kilometer distance, whichever is
farther.
Protected Water" means a watercourse or a body of water, or any
segment thereof, that is classified as a source of public water supply or
primary contact recreation, or that is designated by competent
government authority as a national park or reserve. (As defined in the
Pollution Control Decree of 1976)
Rev. 1T 2013-14
Rev. 3T 2015-16

HUMAN IMPACTS TO WATER CYCLE

1. Water withdrawal from streams, lakes and
groundwater. (salt water intrusion and groundwater
depletion)
2. Clear vegetation from land for agriculture, mining,
road and building construction. (nonpoint source
runoff carrying pollutants and reduced recharge of
groundwater)
3. Degrade water quality by adding nutrients(NO2, NO3,
PO4) and destroying wetlands (natural filters).
4. Degrade water clarity by clearing vegetation and
increasing soil erosion.
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Sample Problem
Rational Method to determine Runoff from Land Use

Page 305 from textbook

Rev. 1T 2013-14

Pollutants/Contaminants in
Water

Solid wastes/Particles
Oil and grease
Decayed matter/animals
(Flood water containing too much heavy metals)

Excessive level of natural elements like

Phosphorus and Nitrogen

Chemicals (acids and alkaline)

Hazardous Chemicals like insecticides

Pathogens /Microbes such as E-coli bacteria

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Surface Water Quality

Degradation

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Causes of Water contamination

Domestic Wastes:
Inappropriate Solid Waste management
Poor Sewage System
Agricultural
Poor waste management, Inappropriate practices
Aquaculture:
Inappropriate practices
Air pollution:
Acid rain, cloud seeding
Water Run off from Land use:
Land conversion, mining etc.
Rev. 3T 2015-16

Specific sources/origins:
Domestic waste (48%) bathing, laundry,
sanitation, cleaning, cooking, washing and
other kitchen activities
Agricultural runoff (37%) organic wastes
such as decayed plants, livestock manure
and dead animals, pesticides, etc.
Industrial (15%) may be organic or
inorganic depending on the nature of the
industry

Taal Lake fishkill 2011

http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/154627/20110530/philippine-fishermen-struggle-withmassive-number-of-dead-fish-photos.htm

What caused the fishkill?

Fishkills

may be caused by:

Oxygen

depletion

Toxins,

man-made and natural

Natural

changes in water
currents that bring about any
one or both of the above

The Taal Fishkill

Countdown

The period of November to April, lake

and air currents are cold which allows
better dissolution of oxygen into the
water.
During this period, the strong winds
create strong water currents which stir
the lake water and bring down oxygenrich surface water to the deeper parts
of the lake.
Note that Taal lake is around 172 meters at its
deepest point.

The Taal Fishkill

Countdown

Starting April, the wind velocity slows, currents weaken

and dissolved oxygen (DO) stratifies by depth.

Summer heat kicks in which drastically reduces the

solubility of oxygen at the surface.

The Taal Fishkill

Countdown
Oxygen

is depleted at the bottom of

the lake due to the heat and lack of
strong water currents.
Aquatic organisms and
microorganisms that thrived on
uneaten fish feeds and fish waste
during the period of good mixing
now have to contend with
insufficient DO.

The Taal Fishkill

Countdown
The

summer heat continues and

further depletes the lakes DO
until the bottom layers cannot
support fish.
To make matters worse, the
anoxic water may create an
opportunity for anaerobic
microbes to produce toxins such
as hydrogen sulfide.

The Taal Fishkill

Countdown

A strong downpour signifying the start

of the rainy season brings in cold
rainwater which is more dense than
the warm lake water causing an
inversion.
The inversion brings up warm anoxic
water from the bottom of the lake to
the surface thereby suffocating the
fish, and possibly poisoning them thru
biologically-produced toxins produced
at the bottom of the lake.

Taal: The aftermath of a

fishkill

Uncollected fish breakup and decay in the water surface

supporting a new population of bacteria supported by
the putrid water.

DO is reduced even further and the fishkill progresses.

Untreated water and the

BOD/COD ratio
Case 1: BOD/COD ratio is close to 0.7, the
water tested is considered very
biodegradable. This is usually the case
for domestic wastewater and food
industry wastewater.
BOD/COD ratio is less than 0.3, the
water is considered non-biodegradable.

Case 2:

Rev. 1T 2013-14

Surface Water Quality

Parameters
DO

Dissolved oxygen

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

COD Chemical oxygen demand

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen is required to maintain a balanced community of

organisms in lakes, rivers, and ocean.

When levels drop below 4-5 mg O2/L (measured by BOD test)

reproduction by fish and macro invertebrates is impaired.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The amount of oxygen utilized by microorganisms in oxidizing

carbonaceous and nitrogenous organic matter.

BOD Reflects the amount of oxygen necessary for aerobic bacteria

to digest organic pollutants in water.

Reported in mg oxygen per liter of water (mg O2/L)

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen is required to maintain a balanced community of

organisms in lakes, rivers, and ocean.

When levels drop below 4-5 mg O2/L (measured by BOD test)

reproduction by fish and macro invertebrates is impaired.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The amount of oxygen utilized by microorganisms in oxidizing

carbonaceous and nitrogenous organic matter.

BOD Reflects the amount of oxygen necessary for aerobic bacteria

to digest organic pollutants in water.

Reported in mg oxygen per liter of water (mg O2/L)

BOD test

A water sample is allowed to be aerobically

digested by bacteria, and the difference of
dissolved oxygen concentration before and after
digestion is measured.

Only biologically degradable compounds are

reported

The test takes 5 days to complete (for a 5 day

BOD test)

Several dilutions of the unknown wastewater

sample must be done in order to assure that the
analysis is valid.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

The COD test is used to measure the content of

organic matter of both wastewater and surface
water using chemical oxidation.

Note: COD should not be confused with CBOD (Carbonaceous biochemical demand)

COD test

Also a measure of the pollutant

concentrations in water, however
this method also reports nonbiodegradable components

The test can take as little as 2 hours

and can be portable.

Ground Water Pollution

Sources
Storage tanks
Septic Systems
Large Industrial facilities
Fertilizer Applications
Spills
Pesticide Applications
Hazardous waste sites
Animal feedlots
Agricultural chemical facilities
Salt water intrusions
Shallow Injection Wells
Unlined landfill
Irrigation practices etc.

Types of pollutants
Pathogens
Inorganic chemicals
Metals
Nitrates
Radionuclides e.g. uranium
Pharmaceutical products
Organic chemicals
Fuel products
Solvents
Pesticides
herbicides

Saltwater intrusion
It occurs from over pumping of freshwater from
coastal areas.

Effects of Water Pollution

Affects

fresh, marine and

groundwater resources
also affects the adjacent
terrestrial areas by deposition
and accumulation of pollutants
Limits the productivity of
agricultural lands that are
dependent on the water supply
for irrigation

Animal mutation
Scientific studies have
linked abnormal
mutations in marine
creatures, like intersex,
to exposure to chemical
compounds that mimic
or imitate natural
hormones in the body.
These chemicals are
called endocrine
disrupters.

Please realize by using non-organic household cleaners, shampoos,

toothpaste, soaps, lawn care, etc you are contributing to the
contamination of Americas water ways and our water supply, destroying
ecosystems and causing horrible mutations in our fish and amphibians. In
the long term, this will effect the health of humans.
Rev.
4T 2013-14
Source
: http://www.allskull.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterpollution.jpg

Waterrelated
health
costs

The cost of polluted water

The

Philippines Environment Monitor

2003, a World Bank publication
reported that: The annual economic
losses caused by water pollution are
estimated at PhP67 billion
3 billion for health
17 billion for fisheries
production
47 billion for tourism

pH

A measure of the acidity/basicity of

water/wastewater/effluents.

Must be measured immediately after

acquiring the sample

Glass electrode or by pH paper

Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of the
degree to which
the water loses its
transparency due to the
presence of suspended
particulates.
The more total suspended
solids in the water, the
murkier it seems and the
higher the turbidity.
Turbidity is considered as a
good measure of the quality
of water.
NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units.
www.lenntech.com/turbidity.htm

Total Solids (TS)

In water quality, solids
are divided into a
dissolved or suspended
fraction.
This is determined by a
combination of filtration
(0.45 micron) and
evaporation (103-105
deg C) procedures.

TS = TDS + TSS

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

TSS is a measure of the amount of solids

suspended in wastewater. These are
particles greater than 2 microns.The
wastewater sample is passed thru filter
media such glass fiber which retains the
solids. This is dried to remove moisture
and the weight gain of the filter is
recorded in milligrams per liter.

Color

A highly colored wastewater prevents the

transmission of light thru water effectively
reducing or worse eliminating altogether
the photosynthetic activity beneath the
water surface.

Color is usually measured either by visual

comparison with standard solutions or by
light transmission in a spectrophotometer

Measured in PCUs or platinum cobalt units

Oil and Grease

Oil and grease in wastewater are a concern for
both the recipient water bodies and designers of
wastewater treatment plants.
In waterways, it impedes oxygen transfer into
the water.
In biological treatment plants, it creates an
imbalance in the biological fora and results in
the of non-biodegradable compounds
Oil pertains to the liquid portion while grease
pertains to the solidified floating mass

Water Lilies on Pasig River

High TSS (Ex.
Phosphates) may also
enhance the growth of
water plants on the
surface thereby limiting
the amount of sunlight
reaching the other
plant organisms
underneath.
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Oil spill

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Rev. 1T 2013-14

Sample wastewater test result:

Test
parameter

Result

Units

Regulatory
limits*

BOD5
COD
TSS

12
58
2.1

mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

50
100
70

Color
pH
Oil and
grease

30
6.6
1.1

PCU
None
mg/L

150
6.5-9.0
5

* For Class C inland Water, NPI

The maximum amount of dissolved oxygen present in a receiving water

is a function of temperature, atmospheric pressure, elevation, the solids
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content
of the water, and salinity (Cl).

Week 6 : Learning Objectives

Identify

the physical characteristics of untreated water

Identify

the various biological water treatment processes used for

domestic wastewater. (CO2)
Discuss

briefly the various chemical treatment methods and their

applicability. (CO3, CO4)
Discuss

the most common treatment plant designs for domestic and

industrial wastewater. (CO2, CO4}
Discuss

important sections of the Clean Water Act of the Philippines

of 2004 (R.A. 9275) (CO3)

Rev. 3T 2015-16

Part 2a Wk 6
(Feb 11- Feb 16) Water Treatment
Chapter Eight and Nine of Textbook

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Physical Characteristics of
Untreated or Raw Water
Turbidity
Number

and type of particles

Dissolved (TDS)
Suspended Color (TSS)

Taste

and Odor
Temperature

Unit processes for Surface

Water and Brackish Water
Turbidity and Particles:
Coagulation/Flocculation, Sedimentation, granular filtration
Major Dissolved Inorganics:
Softening, aeration, membranes
Minor Dissolved Inorganics:
Membranes
Pathogens:
Sedimentation, filtration,disinfection

Major dissolved organics:

Membranes, Adsorption
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Purpose of Natural Water

Treatment
Provide potable water that is palatable
Potable water
water that is healthy for human consumption,
free from harmful microorganisms and organic
and inorganic compounds, that either adverse
physiological effects or do not taste good.
Palatable
free from turbidity, color, odor, and objectionable taste.
note however that palatable water may not be safe.
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a colorless, crystalline, tasteless and
almost odorless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties.

Bottled water are made potable and palatable.

Natural water is referred to as raw or untreated water.
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Purpose of Waste water biological

treatment
Transform dissolved and particulate
biodegradable constutuents into acceptable
end products
Capture and incorporate suspended and
non-settleable solids into a biological floc
or biofilm
Transform or remove nutrients such as
nitrogen and phosphorous
In some cases, remove specific trace
nutrients and compounds

Microorganisms in Wastewater
Treatment Systems

Bacteria: primary and secondary degraders of

organic substances, N and P removal, S cycle

Archaebacteria can grow in extreme

environment

Algae photosynthetic production of oxygen,

symbiotic relation with bacteria

Protozoa prey on bacteria, fungi, algae

Fungi degradation of organic matter for

some industrial wastewater

16.

Identify the most common pathogens in wastewater.

Common Disinfection Agents

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Chloramines
Free Chlorine
Ozone
UV light

Biological Wastewater Treatment

Basic categories of treatment:
Aerobic (with oxygen) may follow some form of pretreatment
such as oil removal, involves contacting wastewater with
microbes and oxygen in a reactor to optimize the growth and
efficiency of the biomass. The microorganisms act to
catalyze the oxidation of biodegradable organics and other
contaminants such as ammonia, generating innocuous by
products such as carbon dioxide, water, and excess
biomass (sludge).
Anaerobic (without oxygen) and anoxic (oxygen deficient)
treatments are similar to aerobic treatment, but use
microorganisms that do not require the addition of oxygen.
These microorganisms use the compounds other than
oxygen to catalyze the oxidation of biodegradable organics
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and other contaminants, result ing in innocuous by-products.

Basic Stages in Aerobic

Treatment System
1. Pre-treatment or Separation stage remove
large solids and other undesirable substances
from the wastewater
2. Aeration Stage where the aerobic bacteria
digest the biological wastes in the wastewater.
(SBR or Sequential Batch Reactor)
3. Settling stage allow any undigested solids to
settle and form into sludge which must be
periodically removed from the system.
4. Disinfecting stage where chlorine or similar
disinfectant is mixed in the water.
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Source: Wikipedia

Rev. 1T 2013-14

http://www.enko.pl/en/offer/21/Biological-waste-water-treatment-plants.html

Biological waste water

treatment of Sewage
ENKOSYSTEM is an entirely
biological household waste water
treatment system working all year
long with no chemical additives
and little demand for outside
energy. This system can replace
existing three-chamber septic
tanks and systems that infiltrate
waste water into the soil. System
provides complete possibility of
purified water quality
measurement at any seasons.
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The Activated Sludge

process is a biological method of waste water treatment
that is performed by a variable and mixed community of
microorganisms in an aerobic aquatic environment. These
microorganisms derive energy from carbonaceous organic
matter in aerated wastewater for the production of new
cells in a process known as synthesis, while
simultaneously releasing energy through the conversion of
this organic matter into compounds that contain lower
energy, such as carbon dioxide and water, in a process
called respiration. This consortium of microorganisms, the
biological component of the process,is known collectively
as activated sludge. The MLVSS is maintained as 2500
3000 mg/L.
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Trickling filter

a bed of crushed rock or other coarse media roughly 2

metres (6 feet) deep and up to 60 metres (200 feet) in
diameter. Settled sewage is sprayed over the bed
surface and is further purified as it trickles downward,
coming in contact with filmy layers of microorganisms
(slime) attached to the media. The microorganisms
absorb the organic matter in the sewage and stabilize
it by aerobic metabolism, thereby removing oxygendemanding substances from the sewage. Trickling
filters remove up to 85 percent of organic pollutant
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from
sewage.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605008/trickling-filter

Chemical Precipitation
Chemical precipitation is the most common method for
removing dissolved metals from wastewater solution
containing toxic metals. To convert the dissolved metals
into solid particle form, a precipitation reagent is added
to the mixture. A chemical reaction, triggered by the
reagent, causes the dissolved metals to form solid particles.
Filtration can then be used to remove the particles from
the mixture. How well the process works is dependent upon
the kind of metal present, the concentration of the metal,
and the kind of reagent used. In hydroxide precipitation, a
commonly used chemical precipitation process, calcium or
sodium hydroxide is used as the reagent to create solid
metal hydroxides. However, it can be difficult to create
hydroxides from dissolved metal particles in wastewater
because many wastewater solutions contain mixed metals.

Chemical Coagulation
This chemical process involves destabilizing wastewater
particles so that they aggregate during chemical
flocculation. Fine solid particles dispersed in wastewater
carry negative electric surface charges (in their normal stable
state), which prevent them from forming larger groups and
settling. Chemical coagulation destabilizes these particles by
introducing positively charged coagulants that then reduce
the negative particles charge. Once the charge is reduced,
the particles freely form larger groups. Next, an anionic
flocculant is introduced to the mixture. Because the flocculant
reacts against the positively charged mixture, it either
neutralizes the particle groups or creates bridges between
them to bind the particles into larger groups. After larger
particle groups are formed, sedimentation can be used to
remove the particles from the mixture.

Chemical Oxidation and Advanced Oxidation

With the introduction of an oxidizing agent during

chemical oxidation, electrons move from the oxidant to the
pollutants in wastewater. The pollutants then undergo
structural modification, becoming less destructive
compounds. Alkaline chlorination uses chlorine as an
oxidant against cyanide. However, alkaline chlorination
as a chemical oxidation process can lead to the creation of
toxic chlorinated compounds, and additional steps may be
required. Advanced oxidation can help remove any organic
compounds that are produced as a byproduct of chemical
oxidation, through processes such as steam stripping, air
stripping, or activated carbon adsorption.

Ion Exchange
When water is too hard, it is difficult to use to clean and often
leaves a grey residue. (This is why clothing washed in hard
water often retains a dingy tint.) An ion exchange process
can be used to soften the water. Calcium and magnesium are
common ions that lead to water hardness. To soften the
water, positively charged sodium ions are introduced in
the form of dissolved sodium chloride salt, or brine. Hard
calcium and magnesium ions exchange places with sodium
ions, and free sodium ions are simply released in the water.
However, after softening a large amount of water, the
softening solution may fill with excess calcium and
magnesium ions, requiring the solution be recharged with
sodium ions.

Chemical Stabilization
This process works in a similar fashion as chemical
oxidation. Sludge is treated with a large amount of a
given oxidant, such as chlorine. The introduction of the
oxidant slows down the rate of biological growth within the
sludge, and also helps deodorize the mixture. The water
is then removed from the sludge. Hydrogen peroxide can
also be used as an oxidant, and may be a more costeffective choice.

Republic Act 9275

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
Share in the responsibility in managing a designated
Water Quality Management Area (WQMA) by being
a member of the water Quality Management Area
(WQMA) Governing Board, implementing a WQMA
Action Plan and preparing it's status-report.
Share in the management of non- attainment areas
by implementing contingency plans and other
measures for the protection of health and welfare of
residents in potentially affected areas.

Implement National Sewerage and Septage

Management Program by appropriating the
necessary land, including rights-of-way/road
access to the land for the construction of the
sewage and/or septage treatment facility operating
in their area of jurisdiction.
Promote proper domestic sewage collection,
treatment and disposal by giving sanctions to
those who refuse connection of sewage lines to
available sewerage systems or to employ septage
management system and other sanitation
programs.

Incorporate Programmatic Environmental Impact

Assessment into the preparation, updating or
revision of local land use plans and area
development plans.
Manage and improve water quality within their
territorial jurisdiction by actively participating in all
efforts related to water quality protection and
rehabilitation.

Homework 4
Discuss the different steps of waste
water treatment used in
MCLs SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Rev. 1T 2013-14

http://www.slideshare.net/haseebsg8/phytoremediation-by-gerraddict