FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT 1
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
EME4066 TRIMESTER 3(2015/2016)

ASSIGNMENT 1 (ICE 1): Operating Characteristics & Thermodynamic Analysis

of Internal Combustion Engines

Name : Chong Kah Leong, Joshua,

Group : EME 202A
ID No: 1131122826

Objective :
1. Perform a complete thermodynamics analysis of the engine.
2. Calculate engine operating parameters
A) Introduction [1]

Subaru, being the one of the first automobile company which created the horizontally-opposed
petrol engines since 1966, has successfully created the second-generation horizontally-opposed
petrol engine (EJ20 model) in 1989 which was subsequently installed on famous commercialized
vehicle like Legacy, Impreza and Forester. Through the unique Symmetrical AWD drivetrain
layout, Subaru guaranteed excellent driving pleasure and comfortable touring space in these
engines, even once represented in the World Rally Championship. Recently, Subaru has
integrated its engine with technologies of fuel injection, supercharging and exhaust gas aftertreatment. With the boxer engine, the development of a diesel engine without sacrificing the
benefits of the Symmetrical All Wheel Drive (AWD) is no longer impossible. Subarus boxer
engine provides a myriad of amazing features like no other engine. Its reduced vibration; low
centre of gravity, a nearly ideal weight balance and high rigidity give the driver a sporty feel.
Subaru was also aimed to create an environmentally-friendly engine with low CO2 emissions
through the boxer engine, as a responds to the requests in Europe for environmental protection
and engine performance.

Figure 1: Subaru Boxer Diesel First Four-Cylinder Horizontally- Opposed Diesel Engine Model
EJ20 (Petrol) [1]
Specifications Engine Parameters [2]
Manufacturer
Model

Subaru
EJ20

Engine type

Horizontally-Opposed 4-cylinder petrol engine

Displacement, Vd

1,994

Bore stroke, B X S
mm
Bore pitch
mm
Engine length, L
mm
Maximum power output, Pmax
kW(PS)/rpm
Maximum torque output, max
Nm(kgfm)/rpm
CO2 emissions (g/km)
Compression ratio, rc

92.075.0

Bank offset,
mm
Deck height, hd
mm
Journal diameter, Djournal
mm
Crankpin diameter, Dcrankpin
mm
Effective Length of Connecting
Rod, r
mm
Piston pin diameter, Dpin
mm
Compression height,hc
mm
Fuel injection system

54.5

AF ratio (ideal)
Combustion efficiency, c
Pressure and Temperature of
Intake, P1 & T1
kPa
K
Gasoline Low Heating Value, QLHV

113
414.8
110(150)/6,000
196(20.0)/3200
209 (Sedan MT)
10.2

201
60
52
130.5
23
33.5
MPI
Assumption
14.6:1
100%
Standard Air-Pressure
101 kPa
298K
43000kJ/kg

Figure 2: Engine Piston Geometry

Torque
(Nm)

Output (kW)

Output (kW)
Torque (Nm)
Engine Speed (RPM)

Figure 2: Engine Performance Curve of EJ 20 [2]

Figure 3: Cross-section of the Subaru boxer diesel engine [1]

B) Calculation of Engine Other Operation Parameters [3]

1) Stroke Length, S = 2a = 75 mm
2) Crank Radius, a = S/2 = 37.5 mm
3) Volume Displaced, Vd = 1.994 X 10-3 m3 for 4 cylinders
Vd,1 = 4.985 x 10-4 m3 each cylinder-cycle
4) Clearance Volume, Vc = Vd / ( rc -1) = 2.1674 X 10-4 m3 for 4 cylinders
Vc,1 = 5.4185 x 10-5 m3 each cylinder-cycle = Vtdc = V3 = V2
5) Cylinder Volume, V = Vc + Vd = VBdc = V1 = 5.52685 X 10-4 m3 each cylinder-cycle
6) Assume average engine speed, N = Nmax torque = 3200 rpm
7) Brake Power, b : max (2N) = 65.68 kW
8) Brake Mean Pressure, bmep = max (4/ Vd) = 1235.2kPa
9.) Let mechanical efficiency, c = b / Pmax X 100% = 85.83 %
10) Piston Surface Area, Ap = Vd / S = 6.648 X 10-3 m2
11) Brake Specific Power, BSP = b / Ap = 14202 kW/m2
12) Brake Output per Displacement, BOPD = b / Vd = 47349.5 kW/m3
13) Brake Specific Volume, BSV = 1/BOPD = 2.112 X 10-5 m3 /kW

C) Thermodynamics Analysis [3]

Assume : k = 1.35, Cv = 0.821 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.108kJ/kgK
State 1
P1 = 101 kPa
T1 = 298 K
V1 = Vbdc = 5.52685 X 10-4 m3
Assume Ideal Gas Standard and Ideal Otto Cycle Engine
PV= mRT

Mass of air-fuel mixture, mm = P1 V1 /(RT1 ) = 6.527 X 10-4 kg

Mass of air-fuel mixture, m = mm(N/n) = 1.9581 X 10-2 kg/s

Mass of air, ma = mm AF/ (AF + 1) = 0.6108 g = 6.108 X 10-4 kg

Mass of fuel, mf = mm / (AF + 1) = 0.04184 g = 4.184 X 10-5 kg

Mass flow rate of air, a = ma(N/n) = 18.324 g/s = 1.8324 10-2 kg/s
Mass flow rate of fuel, f = mf (N/n) = 1.2552 X 10-3 kg /s
State 2
P2 = P1 (rc)k = 2322 kPa
T2 = T1 (rc)k-1 =671.8 K
V2 = Vtdc = 5.4185 x 10-5 m3
Piston Work, W1-2 = Cv (T1-T2) = 0.821 ( 298 - 671.8 ) = -306.89 kJ/kg

State 3
V3 = V2 =Vtdc = 5.4185 x 10-5 m3
Qin = Q2-3 = mf QHV c = mm Cv (T3-T2)
QHV c = (AF +1) Cv (T3-T2)
T3 = 4029.18 K
PV=mRT
P/T = mR/V = constant
P2/T2 = P3/T3
P3 = 13926.4 kPa
Qin = Q2-3 = mf QHV c = 1.79912 kJ

State 4
P4 = P3 (V3/ V4)k = 605.66 kPa
T4 = T3 (V3/ V4)k-1 =1787.34 K
V4 = V1 = Vbdc = 5.52685 X 10-4 m3
Piston Work, W3-4 = Cv (T3-T4) = 0.821 (4029.18 1787.34 ) = 1840.55 kJ/kg

Wnet = Total Piston Work,w = W1-2 + W3-4 = 1533.66 kJ/Kg

W = w mm = 1.001 kJ
Indicated thermal efficiency,(t )i = Wnet/ Qin = 0.5564 =55.64%

P-V Diagram

Stage
3
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
Pressure (kPa)

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000

Stage
1000
2
0
0

Stage
4
10

20

30

40

Cylinder Volume (X 10-5 m3)

Figure 4: P-V diagram of the Subaru boxer engine model EJ-20 [3]
Further Analysis of Engine Operating Parameters
Mass flow rate of fuel, f = mf (N/n) = 1.2552 X 10-3 kg /s
Density of Gasoline, f = 720 kg/m3
14) Volume of Fuel Consumption : Vf = f / f = 1.7433 m3/s

50

Stage
1

60

Discussion
Upon developing Subaru horizontally-opposed engines, a lot of resources have been emphasis on
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

low noise, low vibration and high liveliness

direct and sporty response
reduced weight
compactness
high rigidity
low centre of gravity
fuel economy.

So in order the following developments, multiple technologies over the era have been adopted:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

compact design
low friction and low inertia moment
lightweight and highly-rigid cylinder block and crankshaft
common rail system with 1800 bar fuel injection pressure
lightweight, compact and dedicated solenoid injectors

A horizontally-opposed engine will not create any unbalanced inertia forces from the
reciprocating piston system weight. Due to this excellent engine vibration
characteristic, the engine does not need a balance shaft while creating low inertia
moment, low friction to the engine and reduced weight if the engine. The
combustion chamber of this engine is a re-entrant type. It atomise the fuels and
swirls in the combustion chamber, allowing lower fuel economy, higher engine
performance and emission performance.

Figure 5: Engine vibration (second order) [1]

Figure 6: Engine vibration (sixth order) [1]

SUBARU BOXER ENGINE: FEATURES [2]

Lightweight, compact and highly rigid
The low bore pitch and the left and right blocks hold the crankshaft while provide a highly rigid
design. The engine cast is made out of aluminum alloy for weight savings.
Low vibrations and noise
The horizontally-opposed pistons movement are sync so they could work in unison , hence
effectively cancel out the second harmonic vibration (vibration with twice frequencies as engine
revolution) as human feels uncomfortable around it. With this design, the engine has minimal
vibrations, and the balance shaft is not required. The engine crankshaft itself is short and highly
rigid, lowering the vibrational noise characteristic of many ordinary engines.
Superior engine response
The superior balance of the layout lowers the rotational inertia and friction within the engine
itself. As a result, the engine has an exceptional accelerator response.
Outstanding environmental performance
The engine provides a powerful torque output while complying with European EURO 4
regulations. With 55.46% thermal efficiency, this engine has one of the best fuel efficiency in the
4WD passenger vehicle class.

Conclusion:
In this report, we have managed to perform a complete thermodynamics analysis of the
engine and calculate its operating parameters. The benefits and features of this engine is also
clearly discussed. Hence, the objective of this case study is achieved.
Bibliography
[1] ATZautotechnology 11-12I2008 Volume 8 (2008),. Retrieved from Subaru:
https://www.fsb.unizg.hr/miv/MSUI/KonMot/Uravnotezavanje/Podloge_klipni_mehanizam/Sub
aru/ATZautotechnology-2008-11_Subaru%20Boxer%20Diesel_(engl.).pdf
[2] . SUBARU BOXER DIESEL Subaru Legacy/Outback 2.0D Press information (March 2008 )
Retrieved from Motorshow, www.motorshow.me/GalleryDocs/Doc2296.pdf
[3] Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine, by Willard W. Pulkrabek,
Prentice Hall, (2003), Chapter 2 and Chapter 3