Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thanks God for all his helps in my life and my staff member who are working on Terrestrial
transmitter of ORTO for their cooperation when I was visiting the site.
And I would like to thanks my adviser Dr. Sultan Feisso.
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT..................................................................................................................................1
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
Edwin H. Armstrong, known as one of the founding fathers of radio technology, invented the radio receiver
in 1918 and frequency modulation (FM) in 1933 [1]. These two concepts, along with his regenerative
circuit technique developed in 1912, formed the basis of radio frequency electronics as we know it today.
In the United States, FM radio stations broadcast between radio frequencies of 88 MHz to 108 MHz with a
channel bandwidth of 200 kHz.
With a bandwidth of 200Khz for one station, up to 100 stations can be fitted between 88 & 108Mhz. From
88Mhz to 91.2Mhz are for non-commercial stations (educational) which could be a good area to transmit
in, but in recent years the band from 88MHz to 103Mhz has been filled by a lot of commercial channels.
REPORT OVERVIEW
Chapter one provides an overview of the work by giving description of the topic and Introduction. Chapter
Two describes basic FM Theory and in chapter three each block diagram of the FM Transmitter is
described and in the final chapter the proposed multichannel Transmitters and conclusions are described.
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CHAPTER TWO
FM THEORY
Introduction [2]
Voice or information that is going to be transferred is termed as information signal. If the distance
between communication parties is too large, direct voice communication is impossible. The method of
message sender is needed. The message sender could be a dove, servant or an arrow. The function of
message sender is just to carry the information to the desired destination.
Thus the message sender can be said to be a carrier. The carrier merely sends the information and needs
not to be intelligent. The information signal is sometimes called the intelligence signal.
In telecommunications, the mechanism of putting the information signal into a carrier for it to be
transmitted farther is called modulation. Since the characteristic of the carrier signal is being altered by
the information signal, the carrier is also a modulated signal. Therefore, the information signal, intelligence
signal and modulating signal representing the same thing.
For the carrier to carry information, at least one of the carrier signal's characteristics (amplitude, phase or
frequency) must be modified. Frequency Modulation (FM) is a method of modifying frequency of carrier
signal in order that the receiver can obtain the desired transmitted information.
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where KVCO is the voltage-to-frequency gain of the VCO expressed in units of Hz/V, and the quantity,
KVCO*m(t), is the instantaneous frequency deviation. The instantaneous phase of the output signal is equal
to 2 multiplied by the integral of the instantaneous frequency as shown below
A few observations can be made from the FM output signal. First, the amplitude of an FM signal is
constant regardless of the message signal, giving it a constant envelope property with an output power
equal to Ac2/2 into a 1 resistor. Second, the frequency-modulated output, XFM(t), has a nonlinear
dependence to the message signal, m(t), making it difficult to analyze the properties of an FM signal. To
estimate the bandwidth of an FM signal, a single tone message signal is used as shown below
where Am is the amplitude of the message signal and fm is the frequency of the message signal.
Substituting this message signal into the above formulas, we find
The quantity f = KVCO Am represents the peak frequency deviation of the FM signal from the center
frequency and is directly proportional to the amplitude of the message signal and the gain of the VCO. This
quantity, f , is called the maximum instantaneous frequency deviation. The ratio of the frequency
deviation, f, to the message signal frequency, fm, is called the modulation index, .
By taking the Fourier transform, we see a discrete FM output spectrum with magnitude coefficients as a
function of as shown in the equation below.
The number of sidebands of an FM signal and its associated magnitude coefficient can be found with the
help of Bessel function tables such as the one shown in Table below.
Table 1.Bessel Functions of the First Kind Rounded to Two Decimal Places
A key point of modulation index, , is that it determines the bandwidth of the signal by determining the
number of effective sidebands of an FM signal. For instance, if =0.25, only one sideband is needed; while
if =5, eight sidebands are required. Another important point about the modulation index: it can change a
lot even for a fixed frequency deviation because the message signal frequency can vary. In general, as the
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CHAPTER 3
FM TRANSMITTER
Building Blocks [6]
The purpose of the FM transmitter is to convert one or more audio frequency (composite baseband) input
signals into a frequency modulated, radio frequency signal at the desired power output level to feed into the
radiating antenna system. In it's simplest form, it can be considered to be an FM modulator and an RF
power amplifier packaged into one unit.
Actually the FM transmitter consists of a series of individual subsystems each having a specific function:
1. The FM exciter converts the audio /baseband into frequency modulated RF and determines the key
qualities of the signal.
2. The intermediate power amplifier (IPA) is required in some transmitters to boost the RF power level
up to a level sufficient to drive the final stage.
3. The final power amplifier further increases the signal level to the final value required to drive the
antenna system.
4. The power supplies convert the input power from the ac line into the various dc or ac voltages and
currents needed by each of these subsystems.
5. The transmitter control system monitors, protects, and provides commands to each of these
subsystems so that they work together to provide the desired result.
6. The RF lowpass filter removes undesired harmonic frequencies from the transmitter's output,
leaving only the fundamental output frequency.
7. The directional coupler provides an indication of the power being delivered to and reflected from
the antenna system.
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FM Exciter
Intermediate
Final Power
power Amplifier
Amplifier
LPF
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14
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CHAPTER 4
MULTICHANNEL FM
INTRODUCTION
Prototype One
Having several FM stations share a single broad band antenna system is becoming more and more popular.
A special device called a filterplexer (also known as an RF multiplexer) is used to connect several
transmitters on different frequencies together onto one antenna system.
The filterplexer provides isolation between the various transmitters while efficiently combining their power
into a single transmission line. This is usually accomplished by a system of band-pass filters, band-reject
filters and hybrid combiners. The isolation is required to prevent power from one transmitter from entering
another transmitter with resulting spurious emissions as well as to keep the rest of the system running in the
event of the failure of one or more transmitters.
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Exciter1
preamplifi
er 1
one audio
Exciter2
preamplifi
.
Nx1
er 2
Filterplexer
Amplifie
Amplifie
r1
r2
Antenna
(RF Combiner)
.
one audio
ExciterN
preamplifi
er N
Figure 4.1.Multichannel FM stations Exciter outputs amplified by common wide band Power Amplifiers
audio pre
Exciter 1
-amplifier
Amplifie
Amplifier
r1-1
2-1
1
audio pre
Exciter 2
-amplifier
.
Amplifie
Amplifie
r1-2
r2-2
Nx1
22
RF Combiner
.
.
audio preamplifier N
Exciter N
Amplifie
Amplifie
r1-N
r2-N
Figure 4.2.Multichannel FM stations Exciter outputs amplified with separate narrow band Power
Amplifiers and combined final output feed to antenna
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Antenna
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The three FM transmitters are combined via directional multiplexers (Mux) made of 3 dB couplers and
filters (see Figure below):
Input (narrow-band)
Output to antenna
Input (wideband)
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f2
2 f1 f3
f1
Mux1
Mux2
f3
FIGURE 4B
IM3 at2 f1 f=
2 83.3 MHz
and at2 f3 f2= 98.7 MHz
f2
2 f1 f2
f1
Mux1
Mux2
2 f3 f2
f3
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f2
2 f1 (2 f3 f2)
f1
Mux1
Mux2
2 f3 f2
f3
Baseband
RF output
90
inputs
Power
amplifier
Q
Vector
modulator
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To Antenna
CONCLUSION
This project tested successfully for two channels, the same may be extended and implemented for multiple
Analog /Digital, Audio/RDS channels broadcasting. This system even with the 19dB lesser power in the
additional channel, yielded a satisfactory range of more than 15 km with satisfaction in terms of area
coverage. It is expected that this system is acceptable and viable for any kind of city coverage purpose,
sporting Community, Commercial to Educational radio services.
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REFERENCES
[1] E. H. Armstrong Web Site, http://users.erols.com/oldradio/
[2] S. Haykin, Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 1994
[3] R. E. Ziemer, W. H. Tranter, Principles of Communications, Systems, Modulation, and
Noise, Fourth Edition, Wiley, 1995
[4] MULTIPLE CHANNELS ON FM TRANSMITTER (by Singh Yogendra Pal)
[5] REPORT ITU-R SM.2021 (PRODUCTION AND MITIGATION OF INTERMODULATION
PRODUCTS IN THE TRANSMITTER)
[6] FM Broadcast Transmitters (by Geoffrey N. Mendenhall, P.E. Vice President of Engineering The
Engineering Staff of Broadcast Electronics Inc. Quincy, Illinois)
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