Chuyn :

Bt ng

thc

A- M u:
Bt ng thc l mt trong nhng mng kin thc kh nht ca
ton hc ph thng .
Nhng thng qua cc bi tp v chng minh bt ng thc hc sinh
hiu k v su sc hn v gii v bin lun phng trnh , bt
phng trnh ,v mi lin h gia cc yu t
ca tam gic v tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca mt biu thc.
Trong qu trnh gii bi tp , nng lc suy ngh , sng to ca hc
sinh c phat trin a dang v phong ph
v cc bi tp v bt ng thc c cch gii khng theo quy tc
hoc khun mu no c.
N i hi ngi c phi c cch suy ngh lgic sng to bit kt
hp kin thc c vi kin thc mi mt cch lgc c h thng.
Cng v ton v bt ng thc khng c cch gii mu , khng
theo mt phng php nht nh nn hc sinh rt lng tng khi gii
ton v bt ng thc v vy hc sinh s khng bit bt u t
u v i theo hng no .Do hu ht hc sinh khng bit lm
ton v bt ng thcv khng bit vn dng bt ng thc
gii quyt cc loi bi tp khc.
Trong thc t ging dy ton trng THCS vic lm cho hc sinh
bit chng minh bt ng thc v vn dng cc bt ng thc
vo gii cc bi tp c lin quan l cng vic rt quan trngv
khng th thiu c ca ngi dy ton ,thng qua rn luyn
T duy lgic v kh nng sng to cho hc sinh . lm c iu
ngi thy gio phi cung cp cho hc sinh mt s kin thc c bn
v mt s phng php suy ngh ban u v bt ng thc .
Chnh v l do trn nn ti t tham kho bin son chuyn bt
ng thc nhm mc ch gip hc sinh hc tt hn.

Danh mc ca chuyn
1

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2.
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6.
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8.
9.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
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19.

Ni dung

trang
Phn m u
1
Ni dung chuyn
2
Cc kin thc cn lu
3
Cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc
4
Phng php 1:dng nh nghi
4
Phng php 2:dng bin i tng ng
6
Phng php 3:dng bt ng thc quen thuc
8
Phng php 4:dng tnh cht bc cu
10
Phng php 5: dng tnh chtba t s
12
Phng php 6: dng phng php lm tri
14
Phng php 7: dmg bt ng thc tam gic
16
Phng php 8: dng i bin
17
Phng php 9: Dng tam thc bc hai
18
Phng php 10: Dng quy np ton hc
19
Phng php 11: Dng chng minh phn chng
21
Cc bi tp nng cao
23
ng dng ca bt dng thc
28
Dng bt ng thc tm cc tr
29
Dng bt ng thc : gii phng trnh h ph- 31
ng trnh
20. Dng bt ng thc : gii phng trnh
33
nghim nguyn
21. Ti liu tham kho

B- ni dung
Phn 1 : cc kin thc cn lu

1- nh ngha
2- Tnh cht
3-Mt s hng bt ng thc hay dng
2

Phn 2:mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc

1-Phng php dng nh ngha
2- Phng php dng bin i tng ng
3- Phng php dng bt ng thc quen thuc
4- Phng php s dng tnh cht bc cu
5- Phng php dng tnh cht t s
6- Phng php lm tri
7- Phng php dng bt ng thc trong tam gic
8- Phng php i bin s
9- Phng php dng tam thc bc hai
10- Phng php quy np
11- Phng php phn chng
Phn 3 :cc bi tp nng cao
PHN 4 : ng dng ca bt ng thc
1- Dng bt ng thc tm cc tr
2-Dng bt ng thc gii phng trnh v bt
phng trnh
3-Dng bt ng thc gii phng trnh nghim
nguyn

Phn I : cc kin thc cn lu

1-inhngha

2-tnh cht

A B A B 0

A B A B 0

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

A>B B A
A>B v B >C A C
A>B A+C >B + C
A>B v C > D A+C > B + D
A>B v C > 0 A.C > B.C
A>B v C < 0 A.C < B.C
0 < A < B v 0 < C <D 0 < A.C < B.D
A > B > 0 A n > B n n
A > B A n > B n vi n l
A > B
A n > B n vi n chn
m > n > 0 v A > 1 A m > A n
m > n > 0 v 0 <A < 1 A m < A n
1
1

+A < B v A.B > 0

A

3-mt s hng bt ng thc

+ A 2 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ An 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ A 0 vi A (du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ - A <A= A
+ A B A B ( du = xy ra khi A.B > 0)
+ A B A B
( du = xy ra khi A.B < 0)

Phn II : mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc

Phng php 1 : dng nh ngha
4

Kin thc : chng minh A > B

Ta chng minh A B > 0
Lu dng hng bt ng thc M 2 0 vi M
V d 1 x, y, z chng minh rng :
a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx
b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2xy 2xz + 2yz
c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2 (x + y + z)
Gii:
a) Ta xt hiu
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz - zx
1

= 2 .2 .( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx)

= 2 ( x y ) 2 ( x z ) 2 ( y z ) 2 0 ng vi mi x;y;z R
1

V (x-y)2 0 vix ; y Du bng xy ra khi x=y

(x-z)2 0 vix ; z Du bng xy ra khi x=z
(y-z)2 0 vi z; y Du bng xy ra khi z=y
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx
Du bng xy ra khi x = y =z
b)Ta xt hiu
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - ( 2xy 2xz +2yz )
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2xy +2xz 2yz
=( x y + z) 2 0 ng vi mi x;y;z R
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2xy 2xz + 2yz ng vi mi

x;y;z R

Du bng xy ra khi x+y=z

c) Ta xt hiu
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2( x+ y +z )
= x 2 - 2x + 1 + y 2 -2y +1 + z 2 -2z +1
= (x-1) 2 + (y-1) 2 +(z-1) 2 0
Du(=)xy ra khi x=y=z=1
V d 2: chng minh rng :
a)

a2 b2 a b

2
2

;b)

a2 b2 c2 a b c

3
3

c) Hy tng qut bi ton

gii
5

a2 b2 a b

2
2

a) Ta xt hiu

2 a 2 b 2 a 2 2ab b 2

4
4
1
= 4 2a 2 2b 2 a 2 b 2 2ab
1
2
= 4 a b 0

a2 b2 a b

2
2

Vy

Du bng xy ra khi a=b

b)Ta xt hiu
2

a2 b2 c2 a b c

3
3

= 9 a b
1

Vy

b c c a
2

a2 b2 c2 a b c

3
3

Du bng xy ra khi a = b =c
c)Tng qut
a12 a 22 .... a n2 a1 a 2 .... a n

n
n

Tm li cc bc chng minh A B tho nh ngha

Bc 1: Ta xt hiu H = A - B
Bc 2:Bin i H=(C+D) 2 hoc H=(C+D) 2 +.+(E+F) 2
Bc 3:Kt lun A B
V d:(chuyn Nga- Php 98-99)
Chng minh m,n,p,q ta u c
m 2 + n 2 + p 2 + q 2 +1 m(n+p+q+1)
Gii:
m2
m2
m2
m2

mn n 2
mp p 2
mq q 2
m 1 0
4
4
4
4

n
2

q
2

m
1
2

(lun ng)

 m
2 n 0
m
p0
2

Du bng xy ra khi m

q 0
2
m
2 1 0

m
n 2

m
p

m
q
m 22

Bi tp b xung

m2
n p q 1

phng php 2 : Dng php bin i tng ng

Lu :
Ta bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
bt ng thc ng hoc bt ng thc c chng minh l
ng.
Ch cc hng ng thc sau:
A B 2 A 2 2 AB B 2
A B C 2 A 2 B 2 C 2 2 AB 2 AC 2 BC
A B 3 A 3 3 A 2 B 3 AB 2 B 3
V d 1:
Cho a, b, c, d,e l cc s thc chng minh rng
b2
ab
4
b) a 2 b 2 1 ab a b
c) a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 a b c d e

a)

a2

Gii:
b2
ab
4
4a 2 b 2 4ab 4a 2 4a b 2 0

a)

a2

2a b 0
2

(bt ng thc ny lun ng)

b
ab
(du bng
4
b) a 2 b 2 1 ab a b
2(a 2 b 2 1 2(ab a b)

Vy a 2

xy ra khi 2a=b)

a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 0
( a b) 2 ( a 1) 2 (b 1) 2 0

Bt ng thc cui ng.

Vy a b 1 ab a b
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=1
a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 a b c d e
c)
4 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 4 a b c d e
a 2 4ab 4b 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 a 2 4ad 4d 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 0
a 2b 2 a 2c 2 a 2d 2 a 2c 2 0
Bt ng thc ng vy ta c iu phi chng minh
V d 2:
Chng minh rng: a 10 b10 a 2 b 2 a 8 b 8 a 4 b 4
Gii:
10
10
2
2
a b a b a 8 b 8 a 4 b 4 a12 a10 b 2 a 2b10 b12 a12 a 8b 4 a 4b 8 b12
a 8b 2 a 2 b 2 a 2b 8 b 2 a 2 0
a2b2(a2-b2)(a6-b6) 0 a2b2(a2-b2)2(a4+ a2b2+b4) 0
Bt ng thccui ng vy ta c iu phi chng minh
8
2

V d 3: cho x.y =1 v x.y

Chng minh

x2 y2
x y

2 2

Gii:
x y
x y
2

2 2

v :x y nn x- y

x2+y2

2 2

( x-y)

x2+y2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y 0 x2+y2+2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y -2 0
x2+y2+( 2 )2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y -2xy 0 v x.y=1 nn 2.x.y=2
(x-y- 2 )2 0 iu ny lun lun ng . Vy ta c iu phi

chng minh
V d 4:
1)CM:
P(x,y)= 9 x 2 y 2 y 2 6 xy 2 y 1 0 x, y R
a b c a b c
2)CM:
(gi :bnh phng 2 v)
3)choba s thc khc khng x, y, z tha mn:
2

x. y.z 1
1 1 1
x yz
x y z

Chng minh rng :c ng mt trong ba s x,y,z ln hn 1

( thi Lam Sn 96-97)
Gii:
Xt (x-1)(y-1)(z-1)=xyz+(xy+yz+zx)+x+y+z-1
1

=(xyz-1)+(x+y+z)-xyz( x

1 1
)=x+y+z
y z

- ( x y z)

(v x

1 1
<
y z

x+y+z theo gt)

2 trong 3 s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 m hoc c ba s-1 , y-1, z-1 l
dng.
N trng hp sau xy ra th x, y, z >1 x.y.z>1 Mu thun gt
x.y.z=1 bt buc phi xy ra trng hp trn tc l c ng 1 trong
ba s x ,y ,z l s ln hn 1

Phng php 3:

dng bt ng thc quen thuc

A/ mt s bt ng thc hay dng

1) Cc bt ng thc ph:
a) x 2 y 2 2 xy
b) x y xy du( = ) khi x = y = 0
c) x y 2 4 xy
2

d) b a 2
2)Bt ng thc C sy:

a1 a 2 a3 .... a n n
a1 a 2 a3 ....a n
n

a a . a .x x . axax . ax

Vi

ai 0

3)Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

22 222 2
2
2 2 n 1 2 n 11 2 2 n n

4) Bt ng thc Tr- b-sp:

Nu
Nu

abc

A BC
abc

A BC

aA bB cC a b c A B C

.
3
3
3
aA bB cC a b c A B C

.
3
3
3

abc
A BC

Du bng xy ra khi

b/ cc v d
v d 1 Cho a, b ,c l cc s khng m chng minh rng
(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) 8abc
Gii:
Cch 1:Dng bt ng thc ph: x y 2 4 xy
a b 2 4ab ; b c 2 4bc
Tac
; c a 2 4ac
a b 2 b c 2 c a 2 64a 2 b 2 c 2 8abc 2
(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) 8abc
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
v d 2(t gii): 1)Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1
(403-1001)
2)Cho x,y,z>0 v x+y+z=1
3)Cho a>0 , b>0, c>0
CMR:

a
b
c
3

bc ca ab 2

10

CMR:

1 1 1
9
a b c

CMR:x+2y+z 4(1 x)(1 y )(1 z )

4)Cho x 0 ,y 0 tha mn
v d 3:

y 1

;CMR:

x+y 5

Cho a>b>c>0 v a 2 b 2 c 2 1 chng minh rng

a3
b3
c3
1

bc ac ab 2

Gii:
Do a,b,c i xng ,gi s a b c
p dng BT Tr- b-sp ta c
a2.

Vy

a2 b2 c2
b
c
a

b c a c a b

a
b
c
a2 b2 c2 a
b
c
b2.
c2.

bc
ac
ab
3
bc ac ab

a3
b3
c3
1

bc ac ab 2

1 3

= 3. 2 = 2

Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=

1
3

v d 4:

Cho a,b,c,d>0 v abcd =1 .Chng minh rng :

a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 a b c b c d d c a 10
Gii:
Ta c

a 2 b 2 2ab
c 2 d 2 2cd
1

Do abcd =1 nn cd = ab (dng
Ta c

a 2 b 2 c 2 2(ab cd ) 2(ab

1 1
)
x 2

1
)4
ab

(1)

Mt khc: a b c b c d d c a
=(ab+cd)+(ac+bd)+(bc+ad)

1
1
1
ac bc 2 2 2
ab
ac
bc

2
2
2
2
Vy a b c d a b c b c d d c a 10

v d 5:

ab

Cho 4 s a,b,c,d bt k chng minh rng:

( a c) 2 (b d ) 2

a2 b2 c2 d 2

Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

tac ac+bd a 2 b 2 . c 2 d 2
m a c 2 b d 2 a 2 b 2 2 ac bd c 2 d 2

a 2 b2 2 a 2 b2 . c 2 d 2 c 2 d 2

( a c) 2 (b d ) 2

a2 b2 c2 d 2

v d 6: Chng minh rng

a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac

Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

Cch 1: Xt cp s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c) ta c
12 12 12 (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 1.a 1.b 1.c 2

3 a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2 ab bc ac
11

 a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac

iu phi chng minh Du bng xy ra khi

a=b=c

Phng php 4:

S dng tnh cht bc cu

Lu :

A>B v b>c th A>c

0< x <1 th x 2 <x
v d 1:
Cho a, b, c ,d >0 tha mn a> c+d , b>c+d
Chng minh rng ab >ad+bc
Gii:
Tac

a cd

bcd

ac d 0

bd c 0

(a-c)(b-d) > cd
ab-ad-bc+cd >cd
ab> ad+bc

(iu phi chng minh)

v d 2:
Cho a,b,c>0 tha mn

a 2 b2 c2

5
3

1 1 1
1

a b c abc

Chng minh

Gii:
Ta c :( a+b- c)2= a2+b2+c2+2( ab ac bc)

12 ( a +b +c )
5
ac+bc-ab 1 Chia hai v cho abc > 0
6
ac+bc-ab

ta c

1 1 1

a b c

1
abc

v d 3
Cho 0 < a,b,c,d <1 Chng minh rng (1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > 1-ab-c-d
Gii:
Ta c (1-a).(1-b) = 1-a-b+ab
Do a>0 , b>0 nn ab>0
(1-a).(1-b) > 1-a-b
(1)
Do c <1 nn 1- c >0 ta c
(1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c) > 1-a-b-c
(1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > (1-a-b-c) (1-d)
=1-a-b-c-d+ad+bd+cd
(1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > 1-a-b-c-d
(iu phi chng minh)
v d 4
12

1- Cho 0 <a,b,c <1 . Chng minh rng

2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a

Gii :
Do a < 1 a 2 1 v
Ta c 1 a 2 .1 b 0 1-b- a 2 + a 2 b > 0
1+ a 2 b 2 > a 2 + b

m 0< a,b <1 a 2 > a 3 , b 2 > b 3

T (1) v (2) 1+ a 2 b 2 > a 3 + b 3
Vy a 3 + b 3 < 1+ a 2 b 2
Tng t b 3 + c 3 1 b 2 c
c 3 + a3 1 c2a
Cng cc bt ng thc ta c :
2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a

b)Chng minh rng : Nu a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 1998 th ac+bd =1998

(Chuyn Anh 98 99)
Gii:
2
Ta c (ac + bd) + (ad bc ) 2 = a 2 c 2 + b 2 d 2 2abcd a 2 d 2 b 2 c 2 - 2abcd
=
= a2(c2+d2)+b2(c2+d2) =(c2+d2).( a2+ b2) = 19982
r rng (ac+bd)2 ac bd 2 ad bc 2 1998 2

ac bd 1998

2-Bi tp : 1, Cho cc s thc : a1; a2;a3 .;a2003 tha mn : a1+

a2+a3 + .+a2003 =1
2
c hng minh rng : a 12 + a 22 a32 .... a 2003

nga php 2003- 2004Thanh ha )

2,Cho a;b;c 0 tha mn :a+b+c=1(?)
1

Chng minh rng: ( a 1).( b 1).( c 1) 8

13

1
2003

( thi vo chuyn

Phng php 5:

dng tnh chtca t s

Kin thc
1) Cho a, b ,c l cc s dng th
a Nu
b Nu

a
1
b
a
b

th
th

2)Nu b,d >0 th t

a ac

b bc
a ac

b bc

a c
a ac c

b d
b bd d

v d 1 :
Cho a,b,c,d > 0 .Chng minh rng
1

a
b
c
d

2
abc bcd cd a d ab

Gii :
Theo tnh cht ca t l thc ta c
Mt

a
a
ad
1

abc
abc abcd
a
a

khc :
abc abcd

(1)
(2)

T (1) v (2) ta c

a
a
ad
<
<
abcd
abc abcd

(3)

Tng t ta c

b
b
ba

abcd bcd abcd

c
c
bc

abcd cd a abcd
d
d
d c

abcd d ab abcd

(4)
(5)
(6)

cng v vi v ca (3); (4); (5); (6) ta c

1

a
b
c
d

2
abc bcd cd a d ab

iu phi chng minh

14

v d 2 :
a

Cho: b < d v b,d > 0 .Chng minh rng

Gii:

a
b

Vy

a
b

ab cd c

b2 d 2 d

<

<d

ab cd

b2 d 2

ab ab cd cd c

b2 b2 d 2 d 2 d

a
b

<

ab cd c

b2 d 2 d

iu phi chng minh

v d 3 : Cho a;b;c;dl cc s nguyn dng tha mn : a+b = c+d

=1000
a

tm gi tr ln nht ca c d
gii :

Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s :

a ab b

c cd d

a
1
c

a
b

c
d

T : c

b
d

v a+b = c+d

a, Nu :b 998 th

b
998
d

b, Nu: b=998 th a=1

a b
999
c d
a b
1 999
=
t
c d
c
d

gi tr ln nht khi d= 1;

c=999
Vy gi tr ln nht ca

a b

c d

=999+ 999 khi a=d=1; c=b=999

15

Phng php 6: Phng phplm tri

Lu :

Dng cc tnh bt ng thc a mt v ca bt ng thc

v dng tnh c tng hu hn hoc tch hu hn.
(*) Phng php chung tnh tng hu hn :
S = u1 u2 .... un
Ta c gng bin i s hng tng qut u k v hiu ca hai s
hng lin tip nhau:
u k ak ak 1

Khi :
S = a1 a2 a2 a3 .... an an1 a1 an1
(*) Phng php chung v tnh tch hu hn
P = u1u2 ....u n
Bin i cc s hng u k v thng ca hai s hng lin tip
nhau:
uk

ak

=a

k 1

n
1
2
1
Khi P = a . a ..... a a
2
3
n 1
n 1

V d 1 :
Vi mi s t nhin n >1 chng minh rng
Gii:

1
1
1
1
3

....

2 n 1 n 2
nn 4

Ta c
Do :

1
1
1

n k n n 2n

vi k = 1,2,3,,n-1

1
1
1
1
1
n
1

...

...

n 1 n 2
2n 2n
2n 2n 2

V d 2 :
Chng minh rng:

16

1
1
1

....
2
2
3
n

n 1 1

Gii :
1
2

k 2 k

Ta c

2 k 1 k

k k 1

Vi n l s nguyn

Khi cho k chy t 1 n n ta c

1 > 2

2 1

1
2 3 2
2

1
2
n

n 1 n

Cng tng v cc bt ng thc trn ta c

1

1
1
1

....
2
2
3
n

n 1 1

V d 3 :
Chng minh rng

k
k 1

n Z

Gii:
Ta c

1
1
1
1

2
k
k k 1 k 1 k

Cho k chy t 2 n n ta c
1
1
1
2
2
2
1 1 1

32 2 3
.................
1
1
1

2
n
n 1 n
1
1
1
2 2 .... 2 1
2
3
n

Vy

k
k 1

17

Phng php 7:
Dng bt ng thc trong tam gic
Lu : Nu a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic th : a;b;c> 0
V |b-c| < a < b+c ; |a-c| < b < a+c ; |a-b| < c < b+a
V d1: Cho a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic chng minh rng
a, a2+b2+c2< 2(ab+bc+ac)
b, abc>(a+b-c).(b+c-a).(c+a-b)
Gii
a)V a,b,c l s o 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn ta c
0 abc

0b ac

0 c ab

a 2 a (b c)
2
b b(a c)

c 2 c ( a b)

Cng tng v cc bt ng thc trn ta c

a2+b2+c2< 2(ab+bc+ac)
b) Ta c a > b-c
a 2 a 2 (b c) 2 > 0
b > a-c b 2 b 2 (c a) 2 > 0
c > a-b c 2 c 2 (a b) 2 0
Nhn v cc bt ng thc ta c
2
2
2
a 2b 2 c 2 a 2 b c b 2 c a c 2 a b
2
2
2
a 2b 2 c 2 a b c b c a c a b
abc a b c . b c a . c a b
V d2: (404

1001)
1) Cho a,b,c l chiu di ba cnh ca tam gic
Chng minh rng ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2 2(ab bc ca)
2) Cho a,b,c l chiu di ba cnh ca tam gic c chu vi bng 2
a 2 b 2 c 2 2abc 2
Chng minh rng

18

Phng php 8:

i bin s

V d1:

Cho a,b,c > 0 Chng minh rng

a
b
c
3

(1)
bc ca ab 2

Gii :

t x=b+c ; y=c+a ;z= a+b ta c a=

x yz
2

ta c (1)

yzx
2

; b=

zx y
2

yzx z x y x yz
3

2x
2y
2z
2
y z
x z
x y
1 1 1 3
x x
y y
z z
y x
z x
z y
)( )( )6
x y
x z
y z
y

Bt ng thc cui cng ng v ( x

x
2;
y

z x
2;
x z

nn ta c iu phi chng minh

V d2:

Cho a,b,c > 0 v a+b+c <1

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
2
2
9
a 2bc b 2ac c 2ab

(1)

Gii:
t x = a 2 2bc ; y = b 2 2ac ; z = c 2 2ab
Ta c x y z a b c 2 1
(1)

;c=

1 1 1
9
x y z

Vi x+y+z < 1 v x ,y,z > 0

Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c

x y z 3. 3 xyz
19

z y
2
y z

1 1 1
3.
x y z

.3

1
xyz

1 1 1
9
x y z

x y z .

M x+y+z < 1
Vy

1 1 1
9
x y z

(pcm)

V d3:

Cho x 0 , y 0 tha mn
Gi :
t x u , y
vo tnh S min

CMR

y 1

x y

1
5

2u-v =1 v S = x+y = u 2 v 2 v = 2u-1 thay

Bi tp
25a

1) Cho a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0

2)Tng qut m, n, p, q, a, b >0
CMR
ma
nb
pc
1

bc ca ab 2

20

16b

CMR: b c c a a b 8

m n p m n p
2

Phng php 9:

dng tam thc bc hai

Lu :

Cho tam thc bc hai f x ax 2 bx c

x R
Nu 0 th a. f x 0
b
x
Nu 0 th a. f x 0
Nu 0 th

a. f x 0

a. f x 0

vi
vi

x x1 hoc
x1 x x2

x x2

V d1:

Chng minh rng

f x, y x 2 5 y 2 4 xy 2 x 6 y 3 0
Gii:
Ta c (1) x 2 2 x 2 y 1 5 y 2 6 y 3 0
2
2 y 1 5 y 2 6 y 3

(1)

4 y2 4 y 1 5y2 6 y 3
y 1 1 0
2

Vy

f x, y 0

vi mi x, y

V d2:

Chng minh rng

f x, y x 2 y 4 2 x 2 2 . y 2 4 xy x 2 4 xy 3
Gii:
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
21

( x2 x1 )

x 2 y 4 2 x 2 2 . y 2 4 xy x 2 4 xy 3 0

( y 1) .x 4 y 1 y x 4 y 2 0
2

Ta c 4 y 2 1 y 2 2 4 y 2 y 2 1 2 16 y 2 0
V a = y 2 1 2 0 vy f x, y 0

(pcm)

Phng php 10: dng quy np ton hc

Kin thc:
chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n n0 ta thc hin cc bc
sau :
1 Kim tra bt ng thc ng vi n n0
2 - Gi s BT ng vi n =k (thay n =k vo BT cn chng
minh c gi l gi thit quy np )
3- Ta chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n = k +1 (thay n =
k+1vo BT cn chng minh ri bin i dng gi thit quy
np)
4 kt lun BT ng vi mi n n0
V d1:

Chng minh rng

Gii :

1 1
1
1
2 .... 2 2
2
1 2
n
n

Vi n =2 ta c

1
1
2
4
2

n N ; n 1

(1)

(ng)

Vy BT (1) ng vi n =2
Gi s BT (1) ng vi n =k ta phi chng minh
BT (1) ng vi n = k+1
Tht vy khi n =k+1 th
(1)

1 1
1
1
1
2 .... 2
2
2
2
1 2
k
( k 1)
k 1

Theo gi thit quy np

22

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
2 .... 2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
k
(k 1)
k k 1
k 1
1
1
1
1
1
....

12
(k 1) 2 k 1 k 1 2 k
k 11 1
k (k 2) (k 1) 2
(k 1) 2 k

k2+2k<k2+2k+1

iu ny

ng .Vy bt ng thc (1)c chng minh

V d2: Cho n N v a+b> 0
Chng minh rng

ab

an bn
2

(1)

Gii

Ta thy BT (1) ng vi n=1

Gi s BT (1) ng vi n=k ta phi chng minh BT ng vi
n=k+1
Tht vy vi n = k+1 ta c
k 1

a k 1 b k 1
2
k
k 1
k 1
a b . a b a b
(2)
2
2
2
k
k
k 1
k
k
k 1
k 1
k 1
V tri (2) a b . a b a ab a b b a b
2
2
4
2
k 1
k 1
k 1
k
k
k 1
a b a ab a b b 0
2
4
a k b k . a b 0
(3)

(1)

ab

Ta chng minh (3)

(+) Gi s a b v gi thit cho a -b a b
a b b
a k b k . a b 0
(+) Gi s a < b v theo gi thit - a<b a b a
k
a b k . a b 0
Vy BT (3)lun ng ta c (pcm)
k

23

bk

Phng php 11:

Chng minh phn chng

Lu :
1) Gi s phi chng minh bt ng thc no ng , ta hy
gi s bt ng thc sai v kt hp vi cc gi thit suy ra
iu v l , iu v l c th l iu tri vi gi thit , c th l
iu tri ngc nhau .T suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh l
ng
2) Gi s ta phi chng minh lun G K
php ton mnh cho ta :
Nh vy ph nh lun ta ghp tt c gi thit ca lun
vi ph nh kt lun ca n .
Ta thng dng 5 hnh thc chng minh phn chng sau :
A - Dng mnh phn o :

K G

B Ph nh ri suy tri gi thit :

C Ph nh ri suy tri vi iu ng
D Ph nh ri suy ra 2 iu tri ngc nhau
E Ph nh ri suy ra kt lun :
V d 1:

Cho ba s a,b,c tha mn a +b+c > 0 , ab+bc+ac > 0 , abc > 0

Chng minh rng a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0
Gii :
24

Gi s a 0 th t abc > 0 a 0 do a < 0

M abc > 0 v a < 0 cb < 0
T ab+bc+ca > 0 a(b+c) > -bc > 0
V a < 0 m a(b +c) > 0 b + c < 0
a < 0 v b +c < 0 a + b +c < 0 tri gi thit a+b+c > 0
Vy a > 0 tng t ta c b > 0 , c > 0
V d 2:

Cho 4 s a , b , c ,d tha mn iu kin

ac 2.(b+d) .Chng minh rng c t nht mt trong cc bt
ng thc sau l sai:
a 2 4b
, c 2 4d
Gii :
Gi s 2 bt ng thc : a 2 4b , c 2 4d u ng khi
cng cc v ta c
a 2 c 2 4(b d )
(1)
Theo gi thit ta c 4(b+d) 2ac (2)
T (1) v (2) a 2 c 2 2ac hay a c 2 0 (v l)
Vy trong 2 bt ng thc a 2 4b v c 2 4d c t nht mt cc
bt ng thc sai

V d 3:

Cho x,y,z > 0 v xyz = 1. Chng minh rng

Nu x+y+z >

1 1 1

x y z

th c mt trong ba s ny ln hn 1

Gii :
Ta c (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) =xyz xy- yz + x + y+ z 1
1

1 1

y z
1 1 1

x y z

=x + y + z ( x
theo gi thit x+y +z >

) v xyz = 1

nn (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) > 0
Trong ba s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 ch c mt s dng
Tht vy nu c ba s dng th x,y,z > 1 xyz > 1 (tri gi
thit)
Cn nu 2 trong 3 s dng th (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) < 0 (v l)
Vy c mt v ch mt trong ba s x , y,z ln hn 1
25

Phn iii :

cc bi tp nng cao

1/dng nh ngha
1) Cho abc = 1 v a 3 36 . . Chng minh rng

a2
b2+c2>
3

ab+bc+ac
Gii
Ta c hiu:

a2
b2+c2- ab- bc ac
3
a2
a2
b2+c2- ab- bc ac
=
4
12
a2
a2
= ( b2+c2- ab ac+ 2bc) + 3bc
4
12
3
a
a 36abc
=( 2 -b- c)2 +
12a

26

=( 2 -b- c)2 +

a 3 36abc
>0
12a

(v abc=1 v a3 > 36 nn

a >0 )
Vy :

a2
b2+c2>
3

ab+bc+ac iu phi chng minh

2) Chng minh rng

a) x 4 y 4 z 2 1 2 x.( xy 2 x z 1)
b) vi mi s thc a , b, c ta c
a 2 5b 2 4ab 2a 6b 3 0
a 2 2b 2 2ab 2a 4b 2 0

c)
Gii :
a) Xt hiu
H = x 4 y 4 z 2 1 2 x 2 y 2 2 x 2 2 xz 2 x
= x 2 y 2 2 x z 2 x 1 2
H 0 ta c iu phi chng minh
b) V tri c th vit
H = a 2b 1 2 b 1 2 1
H > 0 ta c iu phi chng minh
c) v tri c th vit
H = a b 1 2 b 1 2
H 0 ta c iu phi chng minh

Ii / Dng bin i tng ng

1) Cho x > y v xy =1 .Chng minh rng

y2
8
x y 2

Gii :
Ta c

x 2 y 2 x y 2 xy x y 2
2

2 2

x y 4. x y 4
4

(v xy = 1)

Do BT cn chng minh tng ng vi

x y 4 4 x y 2 4 8. x y 2
x y 4 4 x y 2 4 0

x y

2 0

BT cui ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh

2) Cho xy 1 .Chng minh rng
27

1
1
2

2
2
1 x
1 y
1 xy

Gii :
Ta c

2
2
1 x 1 y

1
1
2

2
2
1 x
1 y
1 xy
1
1
0

2
1 y 1 xy

xy x 2
xy y 2

1 x 2 .1 xy 1 y 2 .1 xy 0
x( y x)
y( x y)

0
2
1 x .1 xy 1 y 2 .1 xy

y x xy 1 0
1 x 2 .1 y 2 .1 xy
2

BT cui ny ng do xy > 1 .Vy ta c iu phi chng minh

Iii / dng bt ng thc ph

1) Cho a , b, c l cc s thc v a + b +c =1
Chng minh rng

a 2 b2 c2

1
3

Gii :
p dng BT BunhiaCpski cho 3 s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c)
1.a 1.b 1.c 2 1 1 1. a 2 b 2 c 2
Ta c
a b c 2 3. a 2 b 2 c 2

a 2 b2 c2

1
3

(v a+b+c =1 ) (pcm)

2) Cho a,b,c l cc s dng

Chng minh rng

a b c .

1 1 1
9
a b c

28

(1)

Gii :
a a b
b c c
1 1 9
b c a
c a a
a b a c b c
3 9
b a c a c b

(1)

p dng BT ph

x y
2
y x

Vi x,y > 0

Ta c BT cui cng lun ng

Vy a b c .

1 1 1
9
a b c

(pcm)

Iv / dng phng php bc cu

1) Cho 0 < a, b,c <1 .Chng minh rng :
2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2b b 2c c 2 a

Gii :

Do a <1 a 2 <1 v b <1

Nn 1 a 2 .1 b 2 0 1 a 2b a 2 b 0
Hay 1 a 2b a 2 b
(1)
2
Mt khc 0 <a,b <1 a a 3 ; b b 3
1 a 2 a 3 b3

Vy a 3 b 3 1 a 2 b
Tng t ta c
b3 c 3 1 b 2c
a3 c3 1 c 2a

2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2b b 2 c c 2 a

(pcm)

2) So snh 31 11 v 17 14
Gii :
11
Ta thy 3111 < 3211 25 255 256
Mt khc 256 24.14 24 1614 1714
Vy 31 11 < 17 14
(pcm)
14

V/ dng tnh cht t s

1) Cho a ,b ,c ,d > 0 .Chng minh rng :
2

Gii :

ab
bc
cd
d a

3
abc bcd cd a d a b

V a ,b ,c ,d > 0 nn ta c

ab
ab
a bd

abcd abc abcd

29

(1)

b c
bc
bca

abcd bcd abcd

d a
d a
d ac

abcd d ab abcd

(2)
(3)

Cng cc v ca 4 bt ng thc trn ta c :

ab
bc
cd
d a

3
abc bcd cd a d a b

(pcm)

2) Cho a ,b,c l s o ba cnh tam gic

Chng minh rng
1

a
b
c

2
bc ca ab

Gii :
V a ,b ,c l s o ba cnh ca tam gic nn ta c a,b,c > 0
V a < b +c ; b <a+c ; c < a+b

a
aa
2a

bc abc abc
a
a

Mt khc
bc abc
a
a
2a

Vy ta c
Tng t ta c
abc bc a bc

T (1)

b
b
2b

abc ac abc

c
c
2c

abc ba a bc

Cng tng v ba bt ng thc trn ta c :

1

a
b
c

2
bc ca ab

(pcm)

V/ phng php lm tri :

1) Chng minh BT sau :
1
1
1
1

...

1.3 3.5
(2n 1).(2n 1) 2
1
1
1
...
2
b) 1
1.2 1.2.3
1.2.3.....n

a)

Gii :
a) Ta c

1
1 2k 1 (2k 1) 1 1
1
.

2n 1 . 2n 1 2 (2k 1).(2k 1) 2 2k 1 2k 1

Cho n chy t 1 n k .Sau cng li ta c

1
1
1
1
2
1

...
. 1

1.3 3.5
(2n 1).(2n 1) 2
2n 1
2

b) Ta c

30

(pcm)

1
1
1
1
1
1

...
1

.....
1.2 1.2.3
1.2.3.....n
1.2 1.2.3
n 1 .n

2 2
< 1 1 ....
2 2 3
n 1 n
n

(pcm)

Phn iv : ng dng ca bt ng thc

1/ dng bt ng thc tm cc tr
Lu
- Nu f(x) A th f(x) c gi tr nh nht l A
- Nu f(x) B th f(x) c gi tr ln nht l B
V d 1 :
Tm gi tr nh nht ca :
T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4|
Gii :
Ta c |x-1| + |x-4| = |x-1| + |4-x| |x-1+4-x| = 3
(1)
x 2 x 3 x 2 3 x x 2 3 x 1
V
(2)
Vy T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4| 1+3 = 4
31

Ta c t (1) Du bng xy ra khi 1 x 4

(2) Du bng xy ra khi 2 x 3
Vy T c gi tr nh nht l 4 khi 2 x 3
V d 2 :
Tm gi tr ln nht ca
S = xyz.(x+y).(y+z).(z+x)
vi x,y,z > 0 v x+y+z =1
Gii :
V x,y,z > 0 ,p dng BT Csi ta c
x+ y + z 3 3 xyz
3 xyz

1
1
xyz
3
27

p dng bt ng thc Csi cho x+y ; y+z ; x+z ta c

x y . y z . z x 3 3 x y . y z . x z
2 3 3 x y . y z . z x
Du bng xy ra khi x=y=z=
Vy S

1
3

8 1
8
.
27 27 729

Vy S c gi tr ln nht l

8
1
khi x=y=z=
729
3

V d 3 :
Cho xy+yz+zx = 1
Tm gi tr nh nht ca x 4 y 4 z 4
Gii :
p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho 6 s (x,y,z) ;(x,y,z)
2
2
Ta c
xy yz zx x 2 y 2 z 2

1 x2 y 2 z 2

(1)

Ap dng BT Bunhiacpski cho ( x , y , z ) v (1,1,1)

2

Ta c

( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 (12 12 12 )( x 4 y 4 z 4 )
( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 3( x 4 y 4 z 4 )

T (1) v (2) 1 3( x 4 y 4 z 4 )
x4 y 4 z 4

1
3

Vy x 4 y 4 z 4 c gi tr nh nht l

1
3
khi x=y=z=
3
3

V d 4 :
Trong tam gic vung c cng cnh huyn , tam gic vung
no c din tch ln nht
Gii :
Gi cnh huyn ca tam gic l 2a
ng cao thuc cnh huyn l h
32

Hnh chiu cc cnh gc vung ln cnh huyn l x,y

1
2

Ta c S = . x y .h a.h a. h 2 a. xy
V a khng i m x+y = 2a
Vy S ln nht khi x.y ln nht x y
Vy trong cc tam gic c cng cnh huyn th tam gic vung
cn c din tch ln nht

Ii/ dng b..t gii phng trnh v h phng trnh

V d 1 :
Gii phng trnh sau
4 3x 2 6 x 19 5 x 2 10 x 14 4 2 x x 2

Gii :
Ta c 3x 2 6 x 19 3.( x 2 2 x 1) 16
3.( x 1) 2 16 16
5 x 2 10 x 14 5. x 1 9 9
2

33

Vy 4. 3x 2 6 x 19 5 x 2 10 x 14 2 3 5
Du ( = ) xy ra khi x+1 = 0 x = -1
Vy 4 3x 2 6 x 19 5 x 2 10 x 14 4 2 x x 2
khi x = -1
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = -1
V d 2 :
Gii phng trnh
x 2 x2 4 y 2 4 y 3

Gii :
p dng BT BunhiaCpski ta c :

x 2 x 2 12 12 . x 2 2 x 2 2. 2 2

Du (=) xy ra khi x = 1
2
Mt khc 4 y 2 4 y 3 2 y 1 2 2
Du (=) xy ra khi y = Vy x 2 x 2 4 y 2 4 y 3 2

1
2

khi x =1 v y =-

x 1
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l
1
y 2

V d 3 :
Gii h phng trnh sau:
x y z 1
4
4
x y z xyz

Gii : p dng BT Csi ta c

x4 y 4 y4 z 4 z 4 x4

2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x y y z z x
x4 y4 z4

x2 y 2 y2 z 2 z 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x2 z 2 y 2 x2

2
2
2

y 2 xz z 2 xy x 2 yz
xyz.( x y z )

V x+y+z = 1)
Nn x 4 y 4 z 4 xyz
Du (=) xy ra khi x = y = z =
x y z 1
4
4
x y z xyz

Vy

1
3

c nghim x = y = z =
34

1
3

1
2

V d 4 :

Gii h phng trnh sau

xy 4 8 y 2

2
xy 2 x

T phng trnh (1)

T phng trnh (2)

(1)
(2)
8 y 2 0 hay

y 8

x2 2 x . y 2 2 x

x 2 2 2 x 22 0
( x 2) 2 0
x 2
x 2
Nu x = 2 th y = 2 2
Nu x = - 2 th y = -2 2

Vy h phng trnh c nghim

x 2

y 2

x 2 2

y 2 2

Iii/ dng B..t gii phng trnh nghim nguyn

1) Tm cc s nguyn x,y,z tho mn
x 2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3

Gii :

35

V x,y,z l cc s nguyn nn
x 2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3
x 2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3 0

y 2 3 y 2
x 2 xy
3y
3 z2 2z 1 0
4
4

y
2
y
x 3
1 z 1 0
2

y
2
y
1 z 1 0
x 3
2

(*)
x, y R

y
2

y
x 3
1 z 1 0
2

2
y

x 2 0
x 1

1 0 y 2
2
z 1

z 1 0

x 1

Cc s x,y,z phi tm l y 2
z 1

V d 2:
Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
1 1 1
2
x y z

Gii :
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s
1
x

1
y

1
z

x yz

3
z

Ta c 2 2 z 3
M z nguyn dng vy z = 1
Thay z = 1 vo phng trnh ta c
Theo gi s x y nn 1 =

1 1
1
x y

1 1
1

y 2 m y nguyn dng
x y
y

Nn y = 1 hoc y = 2
Vi y = 1 khng thch hp
Vi y = 2 ta c x = 2
Vy (2 ,2,1) l mt nghim ca phng trnh
Hon v cc s trn ta c cc nghim ca phng trnh
l (2,2,1) ; (2,1,2) ; (1,2,2)
36

V d 3 :
Tm cc cp s nguyn tho mn phng trnh
(*)
x x y
Gii :
(*) Vi x < 0 , y < 0 th phng trnh khng c ngha
(*) Vi x > 0 , y > 0
Ta c x x y x x y 2
x y2 x 0

t x k (k nguyn dng v x nguyn dng )

Ta c k .(k 1) y 2
2
Nhng k 2 k k 1 k 1
k y k 1

M gia k v k+1 l hai s nguyn dng lin tip khng tn ti

mt s nguyn dng no c
Nn khng c cp s nguyn dng no tho mn phng trnh .
x0
y0

Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht l :

Ti liu tham kho

************
37

1- ton nng cao v cc chuyn i s 8

-nxb gio dc 8 6 1998

Tc gi : Nguyn Ngc m Nguyn Vit Hi

V Dng Thy
2- ton nng cao cho hc sinh - i s 10
-nxb i hc quc gia h ni 1998
Tc gi : Phan Duy Khi
3 ton bi dng hc sinh i s 9

-nh xut bn h ni
Tc gi : V Hu Bnh Tn Thn - Quang

Thiu
4 sch gio khoa i s 8,9,10
-nxb gio dc 1998

5 ton nng cao i s 279 bi ton chn lc

-nh xut bn tr 1995
Tc gi : V i Mau

6 Gio trnh i s s cp trng hsp i h ni

----------------&&&-----------------

38