Mobile Cloud Computing

MOBILE COMPUTING
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES

IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
MOBILE COMPUTING
edited by
Tomasz Imielinski
Rutgers University
Henry F. Korth
AT&T Bell Laboratories
W
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
Boston / Dordrecht / London
Distributors for North America:

Kluwer Academic Publishers
101 Philip Drive
Assinippi Park
Norwell, Massachusetts 02061 USA
Distributors for all other countries:
Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Distribution Centre
Post Office Box 322
3300 AH Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A CJ.P Catalogue record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
Copyright 1996 by Kluwer Academic Publishers

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publisher, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park,
Norwell, Massachusetts 02061
Printed on acid-free paper.
Printed in the United States of America
CONTENTS
PREFACE
XXI
INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE
COMPUTING
Tomasz Imielinski and Henry F. Korth
1
Introduction
2
Technology Overview
3
Research Issues
4
Book Content
REFERENCES
1
1
3
17
33
39
THE PARCTAB UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

EXPERIMENT
Roy Want, Bill N. Schilit, Norman I. Adams, Rich Gold, Karin
Petersen, David Goldberg, John R. Ellis, and Mark Weiser
1
Introduction
2
Ubiquitous Computing
3
PARCTAB System Design
4
User-Interface Design for Palm-Sized Computers
5
PARCTAB System Architecture
6
Developing System and Application Components
7
A Classification of PARCTAB Applications
8
Experiences with the PARCTAB System
9
Conclusion
REFERENCES
45
45
47
50
57
63
71
75
81
91
97
vi
MOBILE COMPUTING
SCALABLE SUPPORT FOR TRANSPARENT

MOBILE INTERNETWORKING
David B. Johnson
1
Introduction
2
Problem Analysis
3
The Basic Mobile IP Protocol
4
Route Optimization
5
Protocol Scalability
6
Conclusion
REFERENCES
103
103
105
108
115
121
124
125
LOCATION MANAGEMENT FOR

NETWORKS WITH MOBILE USERS
B. R. Badrinath and Tomasz Imielinski
1
Introduction
2
Location Management in the Internet
3
Location Management in Cellular Telephone Networks and
in PCN
4
Performance Issues
5
Future: Adaptive Location management
6
Conclusions
REFERENCES
129
129
133
141
145
147
150
150
DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING IN AD HOC

WIRELESS NETWORKS
David B. Johnson and David A. Maltz
Introduction
1
Assumptions
2
Basic Operation
3
4
Optimizations
Performance Evaluation
5
Related Work
6
Conclusion
7
REFERENCES
153
153
157
157
162
169
174
178
179
Contents
vii
ROUTING OVER MULTI-HOP WIRELESS

NETWORK OF MOBILE COMPUTERS
Charles E. Perkins and Pravin Bhagwat
1
Introduction
2
Overview of Routing Methods
3
Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) Protocol
4
Examples of DSDV in Operation
5
Properties of the DSDV Protocol
6
Comparison with Other Methods
7
Future Work
8
Summary
REFERENCES
IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF

RELIABLE TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS IN
MOBILE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS
Ramon Cdceres and Liviu Iftode
1
Introduction
2
Wireless Networking Testbed
3
The Effects of Motion
4
Improving Performance
5
Wireless Transmission Errors
6
Conclusions
REFERENCES
183
184
185
187
193
199
200
202
203
205
207
208
209
212
218
225
227
228
INDIRECT TRANSPORT LAYER

PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE WIRELESS
ENVIRONMENT
Ajay
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
V. Bakre and B.R. Badrinath

Introduction
System Model
Indirect Transport Layer
Implementation and Handoffs
Performance Results
Alternatives to Indirect Protocols
Conclusion and Future Work
229
229
230
233
238
240
247
249
viii
MOBILE COMPUTING
REFERENCES
251
C O N N E C T I N G MOBILE WORKSTATIONS
TO THE I N T E R N E T OVER A DIGITAL
CELLULAR TELEPHONE N E T W O R K
Markku Kojo, Kimmo Raatikainen and Timo Alanko
1
Introduction
2
Mobile Nodes and T C P / I P Protocols
3
The Mowgli Communication Architecture
4
Enhanced Functionality for Mobility
5
Discussion
REFERENCES
253
253
256
259
265
268
269
10 A S Y N C H R O N O U S VIDEO: COORDINATED
VIDEO CODING A N D T R A N S P O R T FOR
HETEROGENEOUS N E T W O R K S W I T H
WIRELESS ACCESS
Johnathan M. Reason^ Louis C. Yun, Allen Y. Lao, and David
G. Messerschmitt
1
Introduction
2
MPEG and Mobile Channels
3
System Level Considerations
4
QOS and Traffic Capacity
5
Video Coding for a Substream Transport
6
Results
7
Conclusions and Future Work
REFERENCES
271
272
273
276
281
286
293
296
297
11 WIRELESS PUBLISHING: ISSUES A N D

SOLUTIONS
T. Imielinski and S. Viswanathan
1
Introduction
2
Publishing Mode
3
Publishing Using Temporal Addresses
4
Publishing Using Multicast Addresses
5
Adaptive Publishing
299
299
301
308
318
321
Contents
6
Other Information Delivery Methods
7
Conclusions and Implementation Status
REFERENCES
ix
325
327
328
12 B R O A D C A S T DISKS: DATA
M A N A G E M E N T FOR A S Y M M E T R I C
COMMUNICATION E N V I R O N M E N T S
S. Acharya, R. Alonso, M. Franklin, and S. Zdonik
1
Introduction
2
Structuring the Broadcast Disk
3
Client Cache Management
4
Modeling the Broadcast Environment
5
Experiments and Results
6
Previous Work
7
Summary and Future Work
REFERENCES
331
332
335
341
343
346
356
358
360
13 APPLICATION DESIGN FOR WIRELESS

COMPUTING
Terri Watson
1
Introduction
2
Application Design for a Wireless Environment
3
Wireless Platform
4
W* : A Wireless Application
5
Experiences
6
Conclusions
REFERENCES
363
363
365
366
367
369
371
371
14 MOBISAIC: A N INFORMATION SYSTEM

FOR A MOBILE WIRELESS C O M P U T I N G
ENVIRONMENT
Geoffrey M. Voelker and Brian N. Bershad
1
Introduction
2
System Overview
3
Using Dynamic URLs
4
Active Documents
375
375
378
380
382
MOBILE COMPUTING
5
Mobisaic on the Desktop
6
Implementation
7
Future Work
8
Conclusions
REFERENCES
386
386
389
393
394
15 PROVIDING LOCATION INFORMATION

IN A UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING
ENVIRONMENT
Mike Spreitzer and Marvin Theimer
1
Introduction
2
Architecture
3
Design Considerations
4
Status and Experience
5
Conclusions
REFERENCES
397
398
400
407
413
419
423
16 UNIX FOR NOMADS: MAKING UNIX

SUPPORT MOBILE COMPUTING
Michael Bender, Alexander Davidson, Clark Dong, Steven
Drach, Anthony Glenning, Karl Jacob, Jack Jia, James Kempf,
Nachiappan Periakaruppan, Gale Snow, and Becky Wong
1
Introduction
2
The Power Management Framework
3
System State Checkpoint and Resume
4
PCMCIA on Unix
5
Serial Wide-Area Connectivity and Link Management
6
Nomadic Electronic Mail
7
Summary
REFERENCES
425
426
427
432
435
440
443
446
447
17 SCHEDULING FOR REDUCED CPU

ENERGY
Mark Weiser, Brent Welch, Alan Demers, and Scott Shenker
1
Introduction
2
An Energy Metric for CPUs
449
450
450
Contents
xi
3
Approach of This Paper
4
Trace Data
5
Assumptions of the Simulations
6
Scheduling Algorithms
7
Evaluating the Algorithms
8
Discussion and Future Work
9
Conclusions
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
A.l Description of Trace Data
452
452
453
455
457
462
467
469
469
470
18 STORAGE ALTERNATIVES FOR MOBILE

COMPUTERS
Fred Douglis, Ramon Cdceres, M. Frans Kaashoek, P.
Krishnan,
Kai Li, Brian Marsh, Joshua Tauher
473
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
474
476
477
480
486
498
500
503
Introduction
Architectural Alternatives
Hardware Measurements
Trace-Driven Simulation
Results
Related Work
Conclusions
Differences from the Preceding Version
19 DISCONNECTED OPERATION IN THE

CODA FILE SYSTEM
James J. Kistler and M. Satyanarayanan
1
Introduction
2
Design Overview
3
Design Rationale
4
Detailed Design and Implementation
5
Status and Evaluation
6
Related Work
7
Future Work
8
Conclusions
507
507
508
511
515
525
530
531
532
533
xii
MOBILE COMPUTING
20 E X P E R I E N C E W I T H D I S C O N N E C T E D
OPERATION IN A MOBILE C O M P U T I N G
ENVIRONMENT
M. Satyanarayanan, James J. Kistler, Lily B.Mummert,
R. Ebling, Puneet Kumar, and Qi Lu
1
Introduction
2
Constraints of Mobile Computing
3
Overview of Coda File System
4
Implementation Status
5
Qualitative Evaluation
6
Quantitative Evaluation
7
Work in Progress
8
Conclusions
REFERENCES
Maria
537
537
538
539
541
542
554
563
568
569
21 MOBILITY S U P P O R T FOR SALES A N D

I N V E N T O R Y APPLICATIONS
Narayanan Krishnakumar and Ravi Jain
1
Introduction
2
Application Scenario: Mobile Sales and Inventory
3
System Architecture
4
Database System Design
5
Mobile Sales Transactions
6
Maintaining Service Profiles
7
Conclusions
REFERENCES
571
572
573
574
577
583
588
592
592
22 STRATEGIES FOR QUERY PROCESSING IN

MOBILE C O M P U T I N G
Masahiko Tsukamoto, Rieko Kadobayashi and Shojiro Nishio
1
Introduction
2
Techniques Used in Mobile Communication Protocols
3
Query Processing for Location Sensitive Queries
4
Evaluation
5
Conclusions
REFERENCES
595
595
596
600
608
617
618
Contents
xiii
23 THE CASE FOR WIRELESS OVERLAY

NETWORKS
Randy H. Katz and Eric A. Brewer
1
Introduction
2
Applications Enabled by Wireless Overlays
3
Applications Viewpoint
4
Gateway-Centric Network Management
5
Overlay Network Management
6
Applications Support Services
7
Related Work
8
Summary and Conclusions
REFERENCES
621
621
623
625
628
635
640
644
648
648
24 THE DIANA APPROACH TO MOBILE

COMPUTING
Arthur M. Keller, Tahir Ahmad, Mike Clary, Owen Densmore,
Steve Gadol, Wei Huang, Behfar Razavi, and Robert Pang
1
Introduction
2
DIANAThe Overall Architecture
3
User Interface and Display Independence
4
The DIANA Network Architecture
5
Application Development Methodology
6
Current Implementation
7
Future Issues
8
Concluding Remarks
REFERENCES
651
651
656
660
665
670
674
674
677
677
25 THE CMU MOBILE COMPUTERS

AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR
MAINTENANCE
Asim
1
2
3
4
5
Smailagic and Daniel P. Siewiorek

Introduction
CMU Mobile Computers and Their Applications
VuMan as a Maintenance Assistant
Application Software
Conclusions
681
681
683
684
688
689
xiv
M O B I L E COMPUTING
6
Figures
REFERENCES
691
698
26 G E N E S I S A N D A D V A N C E D T R A V E L E R
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Shashi Shekhar and Duen-Ren Liu
1
Introduction
2
Genesis System
3
Data Management in Genesis
4
Performance Issues in Genesis
Conclusions
5
REFERENCES
INDEX
699
699
704
708
715
720
721
725
CONTRIBUTORS
Norman Adams
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
3333 Coyote Hill Road
Palo Alto, California, 94301
P ravin B h a g w a t
University of Maryland
College Park, MD
Tahir Ahmad
Stanford University
Computer Science Department
Stanford, California 94303
E r i c Brewer
Computer Science Division,
Department of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Sciences
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
T i m o Alanko
Department of Computer Science
University of Helsinki
P.O.Box 26 FIN
00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
R a m o n Caceres
101 Crawfords Corner Road
Holmdel NJ 07733
Ajay Bakre
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, NJ 08903
B.R.Badrinath
Rutgers University
Michael B e n d e r
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Mountain View, California.
Brian N . Bershad
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
Mike Clary
Sun Microsystem, Inc.
Mountain View, California
Alexander D a v i d s o n
Alan D e m e r s
Owen D e n s m o r e
Clark D o n g
XVI
Steven Drach
Fred Douglis
600 Mountain Ave., Room 2B-105
Murray Hill, NJ 07974
Steve Gadol
Sun Microsystems,
A n t h o n y Glenning
Rich Gold
David Goldberg
Maria R. Ebling
Carnegie Mellon University
5000 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891
John R.Ellis
Wei H u a n g
Stanford University,
CONTRIBUTORS
Tomasz Imielinski
Rutgers University
Liviu Iftode
Princeton University
Princeont, NJ 08554
Karl Jacob
Jack Jia
Ravi Jain
Bell Communication Research
445 South Street
Morristown, NJ 07960
David B . Johnson
5000 Forbes Avenue
M . Frans Kaashoek
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA
Rieko Kadobayashi
ATR Media Integration
Communications Research Laboratories
Seika-cho, Soraku-gun
Kyoto 619-02, Japan
R a n d y Katz
Computer Science Division
Computer Sciences
Contributors
Arthur M. Keller
Stanford University,
James Kempf
J.Kistler
5000 Forbes Avenue
Markku K o j o
P.O.Box 26 FIN
Hank Korth
Murray Hill, NJ 07974
Narayanan Krishnakumar
Bell Communication Research
445 South Street
P. Krishnan
AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Holmdel, NJ 07733
xvii
Allen Y . Lao
Computer Sciences
Kai Li
Computer Science Department,
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 08544
D u e n - R e n Liu
Institute of Information Management
National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
Taiwan, Republic of China
Qi Lu
5000 Forbes Avenue
David Maltz
5000 Forbes Avenue
Brian Marsh
D.E. Shaw & Co.
New York, NY
David G. Messerschmitt
P u n e e t Kumar
5000 Forbes Avenue

Computer Sciences
Lilly B . M u m m e r t
5000 Forbes Avenue
XVlll
CONTRIBUTORS
Shojiro Nishio
Dept= of Information Systems Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan
M . Satyanarayanan
5000 Forbes Avenue
Robert P a n g
Stanford University
Bill N Schlit
Nachiappan Periakaruppan
Shashi Shekhar
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Charles E.Perkins
IBM Watson Research Center
Yorktown Heights, NY
Karin P e t e r s e n
K i m m o Raatikainen
P.O.Box 26 FIN
Behfar Razavi
Sun Microsystems,
Johnathan M . R e a s o n
Computer Science Division, Department
of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California
Scott Shenker
Palo Alto, Cahfornia, 94301
Daniel P. Siewiorek
Engineering Design Research Center
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
A s i m Smailagic
Engineering Design Research Center
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Gale Snow
Mike Spreitzer
Joshua Tauber
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA
Contributors
Marvin Theirmer
Masahiko Tsukamoto
Dept. of Information Systems Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University
2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan
Geoffrey M. Voelker
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Seattle, WA 98195
S. Vis wanat han
Bell Communication Research,
445 South Street,
R o y Want
Terri W a t s o n
Department of Computer Science &; Engineering
Seattle, WA 98195
Mark Weiser
Brent Welch
xix
Becky Wong
Louis C.Yun
Computer Science Division, Department
of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California
PREFACE
The rapid development of wireless digital communication technology has created capabilities that software systems are only beginning to exploit. The
falling cost of both communication and of mobile computing devices (laptop
computers, hand-held computers, etc.) is making wireless computing affordable
not only to business users but also to consumers.
Mobile computing is not a "scaled-down" version of the established and wellstudied field of distributed computing. The nature of wireless communication
media and the mobility of computers combine to create fundamentally new
problems in networking, operating systems, and information systems. Furthermore, many of the applications envisioned for mobile computing place novel
demands on software systems.
Although mobile computing is still in its infancy, some basic concepts have
been identified and several seminal experimental systems developed. This
book includes a set of contributed papers that describe these concepts and systems. Other papers describe applications that are currently being deployed and
tested. The first chapter offers an introduction to the field of mobile computing,
a survey of technical issues, and a summary of the papers that comprise subsequent chapters. We have chosen to reprint several key papers that appeared
previously in conference proceedings. Many of the papers in this book are being published here for the first time. Of these new papers, some are expanded
versions of papers first presented at the NSF-sponsored Mobidata Workshop on
Mobile and Wireless Information Systems, held at Rutgers University on Oct
31 and Nov 1, 1994.
Many people and organizations assisted us in this project. Ron Ashany and
Maria Zemankova of NSF helped provide support for the workshop that spawned
this project. Bob Holland of Kluwer Academic Publishers has assisted in seeing
the effort through to completion. We conducted a formal refereeing process for
original papers in this book and would like to thank those referees, though they
remain anonymous. S. Viswanathan assisted us extensively with text format-
xxii
M O B I L E COMPUTING
ting. Above all, we thank the authors who have contributed their papers to
this collection.
Hank would like to thank his wife, Joan, and children Abby and Joe for their
understanding and patience. Tomasz would like to thank his wife Celina and
sons, Marcin and Konrad, for their support and encouragement.

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MOBILE COMPUTING

THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES

Distributors for North America:

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Copyright 1996 by Kluwer Academic Publishers

THE PARCTAB UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

SCALABLE SUPPORT FOR TRANSPARENT

LOCATION MANAGEMENT FOR

DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING IN AD HOC

ROUTING OVER MULTI-HOP WIRELESS

IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF

INDIRECT TRANSPORT LAYER

V. Bakre and B.R. Badrinath

11 WIRELESS PUBLISHING: ISSUES A N D

13 APPLICATION DESIGN FOR WIRELESS

14 MOBISAIC: A N INFORMATION SYSTEM

15 PROVIDING LOCATION INFORMATION

16 UNIX FOR NOMADS: MAKING UNIX

17 SCHEDULING FOR REDUCED CPU

18 STORAGE ALTERNATIVES FOR MOBILE

Kai Li, Brian Marsh, Joshua Tauher

19 DISCONNECTED OPERATION IN THE

21 MOBILITY S U P P O R T FOR SALES A N D

22 STRATEGIES FOR QUERY PROCESSING IN

23 THE CASE FOR WIRELESS OVERLAY

24 THE DIANA APPROACH TO MOBILE

25 THE CMU MOBILE COMPUTERS

Smailagic and Daniel P. Siewiorek

Computer Science Division

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