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Article history:
Received 5 March 2012
Received in revised form 15 May 2012
Accepted 19 May 2012
Available online 28 May 2012
Keywords:
Tween
Polypropylene
Antistatic
Crosslinking
Surface treatment
a b s t r a c t
Tween, one type of non-ionic surfactants, was used as inner antistatic agent of polypropylene (PP) and the
antistatic performance of PP/Tween sheets were evaluated by surface resistivities (s ) and water contact
angles. The inuence factors including hydrophilelipophile balance (HLB) of Tween, addition amount,
process conditions and atmospheric humidity were investigated in detail and the results showed Tween
40 with HLB at 15.7 provided PP an optimum antistatic effect with surface resistivity of 1010 /sq, water
contact angle of 57 , and surface energy of 49.5 mN/m. The s of PP/Tween sheets declined approximately
1 order of magnitude with 10% increasing of relative humidity. In order to improve the washing endurance
of antistatic PP, a combination of T40 and cationic PP (CPP) were blended with PP and PP/CPP/T40 sheets
revealed improved washing durability, with s below 1011 /sq after ultrasound washing. In addition,
T40 with double bonds was synthesized and UV crosslinking of modied T40 on PP surface also presented
denite effects on water resistance.
2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used thermalplastics in packaging material, textile, electric appliances, and
automobile parts. However, PP products are easily accumulated
electrostatic charges due to the inherent high insulativity, causing troubles such as electric shocks and damages to the electronic
machines [13]. In particular, the biaxially oriented polypropylene
(BOPP) lms are easy to attract dusts and cling together due to the
electrostatic charges generated by friction, thus their productivity
is inuenced signicantly. In order to eliminate the static, the way
of blending antistatic agents into the PP matrix is popular under
current circumstance [2,3].
Many researchers are engaged in looking for novel antistatic
agents, such as carbon nanotubes [4,5], intrinsically conductive
polymers (ICP) [610], ionic polymers [11], and so on. Such conductive additives eliminate the electrostatic by forming a continuous
conducting network inside the plastic matrix [12]. The drawbacks
lie on large quantities of conductive additives (usually above 5%)
being needed to form transmission paths, so the reduction of the
optical transparency and alteration of the mechanical properties
often limit the application range, especially for BOPP lms.
8862
Fig. 1. s of PP/Tween (0.5%) sheets and PP/Span (0.5%) sheets measured in the rst
and 21st day at 23 C, 65% RH.
8863
Table 1
s , contact angles and surface energies of PP/T40 sheets.a
Addition of T40
s (/sq)
N/A
0.2%
0.5%
1.0%
1.22 10
5.69 1013
1.50 1010
2.41 1010
15
Contact angle ( )
Water
Diiodomethane
94.6
79.0
57.1
59.0
56.1
53.6
40.4
40.0
Surface energy
(103 N/m)
30.9
35.1
49.6
48.7
Fig. 2. s of PP/T40 (0.5%) sheets prepared in different temperatures and hot press
times, measured at 23 C, 50% RH.
8864
Table 2
Water contact angles of PP/Tween (0.5%) sheets measured at different relative
humidities/ .
T20 0.5%
T40 0.5%
T60 0.5%
T85 0.5%
50% RH
40% RH
20% RH
61.3
57.0
64.6
58.6
73.3
55.0
54.3
53.8
69.3
56.6
62.0
59.1
Before washing
(/sq)
After washing
(/sq)
T20: 0.5%
T40: 0.5%
T60: 0.5%
T85: 0.5%
CPP/T40: 10%/0.5%
CPP/T40: 10%/1%
CPP/T40: 5%/0.5%
CPP/T40: 20%/0.5%
5.05 1010
7.07 109
1.32 1010
5.88 1010
5.13 109
1.55 1010
6.03 109
4.68 109
1.39 1015
1.22 1015
1.43 1015
1.18 1015
6.92 1011
1.2 1012
1.15 1012
1.62 1011
Fig. 4. s of PP/CPP/T40 sheets with variation of (a) CPP and (b) T40, measured at
23 C, 50% RH.
Fig. 6.
8865
Table 4
The variation of antistatic agent layer exposed under UV light.
Antistatic agent
Components
UV exposure
AS 0
AS 1
AS 2
MT40: 100%
MT40/TPO: 90%/10%
MT40/TPO/AA: 85%/5%/10%
5s
30 s
Uncrosslinked
Crosslinked, thin lm
Crosslinked, thin lm
Uncrosslinked
Crosslinked, thin lm
Crosslinked, thin lm
Table 5
s of UV-irradiated and untreated PP/AS sheetsa before and after washing//sq.
Antistatic agent
AS 0
AS 1
AS 2
Dosage (%)
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
Untreated
UV exposure 30 s
Before washing
After washing
Before washing
After washing
2.4 10
2.9 1011
3.8 1010
1.3 1010
6.5 1011
1.6 1010
1.5 1010
3.2 10
5.2 1014
4.4 1014
7.1 1013
9.8 1014
7.8 1013
2.6 1013
7.2 10
2.0 1011
2.9 1011
6.1 109
1.1 1012
2.0 1010
1.3 1010
1.5 1014
1.2 1013
5.7 1012
3.3 1011
1.8 1013
1.5 1011
1.6 1012
10
14
10
8866
Acknowledgements
The research was supported by Shanghai Leading Academic
Discipline Project (B502) and Shanghai Key Laboratory Project
(08DZ2230500).
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