1

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS
Chapter Nine Readings
Denton, E., "The Buoyancy of Marine Animals," Scientific American, July 1960,
p. 118.
Gilman, J.J., "Fracture in Solids," Scientific American, February 1960, p. 94.
Smith, N., "Bernoulli and Newton in Fluid Mechanics," The Physics Teacher,
10, 1972, p. 451.
Morrison, P., "Under Pressure", Scientific American, v. 274 (June '96) p. 113.
9.1

F
Stress = A , where F = 0.3(weight) = 0.3(480 N) = 144 N,
and A = r2 = (0.50 x 10-2 m)2 = 7.85 x 10-5 m2. Thus,
144 N
Stress =
= 1.8 x 106 Pa
7.85 x 10-5 m2

9.2

Using Y =
So, d =

FLo
FLo
, we get A =
= (d/2)2.
A(L)
Y(L)
4mgLo
=
Y(L)

4(380 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(18.0 m)

= 6.89 mm.
(2 x 1011 Pa)(0.009 m)

FLo
with A = (d/2)2 and F = mg, we get
A(L)
mgLo
4(90 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(50 m)
Y=
=
= 3.5 x 108 Pa.
(d/2)2L
(0.01 m)2(1.6 m)

9.3

Using Y =

9.4

The maximum stress = F/Amin = 5.0 x 108 Pa.

Therefore,

Amin = (70 kg)(9.80 m/s2)/5.0 x 108 Pa = 1.37 x 10-6 m2.

d2
But, Amin = 4 , from which,

dmin = 1.3 mm.

9.5

We assume a length for the femur of 0.50 m. The amount of compression L is given by:
L(stress)
(5.0 x 10-1 m)(160 x 106 Pa)
L =
=
= 5.52 x 10-3 m = 5.5 mm.
Y
14.5 x 109 Pa

9.6

We know that the shear modulus is given by

shear stress
stress
S = shear strain =
(x/h)
x
5.0 m
or, Stress = S h = (1.5 x 1010 Pa) 4 ) = 7.5 x 106 Pa.

10 m

9.7

From the defining equation for the shear modulus, we find x as

h(F/A) (5.0 x 10-3 m)(20 N)/(14 x 10-4 m2)
x = S
=
= 2.4 x 10-5 m.
3.0 x 106 Pa
or
x = 2.4 x 10-2 mm.

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

9.8

(a)

When at rest, the tension in the cable is equal to the weight of the 800 kg mass, 7840 N.
Thus, from the definition of Young's modulus, we find the amount the cable is stretched:
((7840 N)/(4.00 x 10-4 m2))(25.0 m)
(F/A) L
L =
=
= 2.45 x 10-3 m,
Y
(20 x 1010 Pa)
or L = 2.45 mm.
(b) We write down Newton's second law for the block when it is accelerating upward.
T - mg = ma, or T = m(g + a).
(1)
When a = 3 m/s2, we find:
T = 1.02 x 104 N, so
FL
(1.02 x 104 N)(25.0 m)
Lnew =
=
= 3.20 x 10-3 m = 3.20 mm
Y A (20 x 1010 Pa)(4.00 x 10-4 m2)
Therefore, the increase in elongation is:
Lnew - L = 3.20 mm - 2.45 mm = 0.75 mm.
(c)

9.9

9.10

If the stress (F/A) is not to exceed 2.2 x 108 Pa, the maximum force allowed is:
(2.2 x 108 Pa)(4.00 x 10-4 m2) = 8.8 x 104 N.
From (1) we find the largest mass to be:
T
8.8 x 104 N
m=a+g =
= 6.9 x 103 kg.
(3.00 + 9.80)m/s2

Applying Newton's second law to the dancer gives:

N - mg = ma
where N is the normal force the floor exerts on the dancer
and a is the
upward acceleration (if any) the dancer is
given. Thus,
N = m(g + a)
is the force exerted on the dancer by the floor.
(a) In this case, a = 0 and N = mg = 490 N.
F
490 N
Therefore,
P=A =
= 1.88 x 105 Pa.
26.0 x 10-4 m2
(b) Here, a = + 4.00 m/s2. Thus, N = m(g + a) = 690 N, or P = 2.65 x 105 Pa.

F=T=

N
m
mg

F W
Let W be its weight. Then each tire supports W/4, so that P = A = 4A ,
yielding: W = 4AP = 4(0.024 m2)(2.0 x 105 N/m2) = 1.9 x104 N.

9.11

The area of one of the legs is

A = r2 = (10-2 m)2 = x 10-4 m2.
The force exerted by one leg on the floor is
1
1
F = 2 (weight of man + weight of chair) = 2 (75 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 368 N.
Thus, P = F/A = 368 N/( x 10-4)m2 = 1.2 x 106 Pa.

9.12

Let H be the height of the pillar, and let A be its cross-sectional area.
Then, the pressure at the base is:
mg (AH)g
P= A = A
= (g)H = (weight per unit volume)H = (5.0 x 104 N)H
With a maximum pressure of Pmax = 1.7 x 107 Pa, the maximum height is
Pmax
1.7 x 107 Pa
Hmax =
=
= 3.4 x 102 m.
4
3
5.0 x 10 N/m
5.0 x 104 N/m3

9.13

Pg = P - Patm = gh = (103 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(1200 ft)(1m/3.281 ft), or

Pg = 3.58 x 106 Pa.

9.14

The gauge pressure of the fluid at the level of the needle must equal the gauge pressure in the artery.

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

Pgauge = gh = 1.33 x 104 Pa, so
h=
9.15

1.33 x 104 Pa
= 1.33 m
(1.02 x 103 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)

We use P = Po + gh, where = 806 km/m3 for ethyl alcohol, and

Po = 1.10 atm =

1.114 x 105 Pa.

Thus,
P = 1.114 x 105 Pa + (806 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(4.0 m) = 1.43 x 105 Pa, or
P = 1.4 atm.
9.16

The pressure at the upper surface of each liquid is given by

P = Patm - wghw = Patm - gh. Therefore,

9.17

hw
= h w.

We first find the absolute pressure at the interface between oil and water: Pt = Patm + gh, or

Pt = 1.013 x 105 Pa + (7.00 x 102 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(0.300 m) = 1.03 x 105 Pa.

This is the pressure at the top of the water. To find the absolute pressure at the bottom, we use:
P = Pt + gh, or
P = 1.03 x 105 Pa + (1.00 x 103 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(0.200 m) = 1.05 x 105 Pa.
9.18

F2 F1
First, use Pascal's principle, A = A ,
2
1
to find the piston 1 will exert on the handle:
d12
A1
4
(0.25 in)2
F1 = A F2 = 2 F2 =
(500 lb)
d2
(1.5 in)2
2
4
= 13.9lb
Now, consider torques on the jack handle with the pivot point at the left end.
= 0 = (13.9 lb)(2 in) - F(12 in) = 0,
or F = 2.31 lb.

9.19

9.20

F2 F1
A2 = A1 Pascal's principle becomes:
Abrake cylinder
1.75 cm2
Fbrake = A
(Fpedal) =
(44 N) = 12.0 N
6.4 cm2
master cylinder
This is the normal force exerted on the brake shoe. The frictional force is:
0.50(12.0 N) = 6.0 N, and the torque is
= frtire = (6.0 N)(0.34 m) = 2.0 N m.

f = N =

Since the frog floats, the buoyant force = the weight of the frog. Also, the weight of the displaced
fluid = weight of the frog, so
fluidVg = mfrogg, or,
1 4(6.00 x 10-2 m)3
mfrog = fluidV = (1.35 x 103 kg/m3)2
.
3.00

Hence, mfrog = 0.611 kg.

9.21

The weight of the truck,W, is equal to the weight of the additional water displaced when the truck
drives onto the boat. This is:
W = w(V)g = (103 kg/m3)(4.00m)(6.00 m)(0.0400 m)(9.80 m/s2) = 9.41 x 103 N.

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

9.22

The buoyant force, B, on the iceberg must be equal to its weight, w, in order for it to float. Thus:
B = w.
But, the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced. Therefore,
wVuwg =
iceVtotalg where Vuw is the volume of the iceberg under water and Vtotal is the total volume of
the berg.
Vuw
ice
920
We have,
Vtotal = w = 1030 = 0.89.
Therefore, 89% of the volume is submerged and 11% is exposed.

9.23

The balloon is in equilibrium under the action of three forces, Fb, the buoyant force on the balloon,
w, its weight, and T, the tension in the string. We have: Fy = 0
T = Fb - w.
(1)
Fb = weight of displaced air = airVg, or
4
Fb = (1.29 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)3 (0.500 m)3 = 6.62 N.
w = weight of empty balloon + weight of enclosed helium, or
4
w = (0.012 kg)(9.80 m/s2) + (0.181 kg/m3)3 (0.500 m)3 (9.80 m/s2)
= 1.05 N
Then from equation (1), T = 6.62 N - 1.05 N = 5.57 N.

9.24

At equilibrium, we must have

Fy = B - Fspring - W = 0, or

Fspring = k(L) = B - W,

where B is the buoyant force, k(L) is the downward spring force, and W is the weight of the
block of wood.
But, W = mg = (5.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 49.0 N and
mwood
5.00 kg
B = (wV)g = (w(
))g = (1000 650 (9.80 m/s2) = 75.4 N

wood
Therefore,
which yields
9.25

(a)

(b)

Fspring = k(L) = B - W = 75.4 N - 49.0 N = (160 N/m)(L),

26.4 N
L = 160 N/m = 0.165 m = 16.5 cm

The forces on the object are the tension, T, in the string connecting it to a balance, The weight
of the object, w, and the buoyant force on it, B. Because the object is in equilibrium when
immersed in the alcohol, we have Fy = 0, which gives,
T + B = w , or
200 N + B = 300 N. Thus, B = 100 N.
We also know that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced alcohol. So, B =
alcoholValcoholg.
But, Valcohol is equal to the volume of the object because the object is completely submerged.
Thus,
B
100 N
Vobject =
=
= 1.46 x 10-2 m3.
alcoholg (700 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)
The mass of the 300 N object is 30.6 kg, and now that we know its volume, its density can be
found as
m
= V = 2.10 x 103 kg/m3.

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

9.26

(a)

The forces acting on the object when suspended in water

T2
T
1
are the tension in the string, T1, the weight of the object,
and the buoyant force, Bw. At equilibrium, we have
Bw = w - T1 = 300 N - 265 N = 35 N.
Bw
Bo
Also,
Bw = wVg. Therefore,
35 N
V=
( water ) 300 N ( Oil)
300 N
(103 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)
= 3.57 x 10-3 m3.
The mass of the 300 N object is 30.6 kg, and the volume V found above is the volume of water
displaced which is also the volume of the object. Thus, the density of the object is:
object = mobject/V = 30.6 kg/3.57 x 10-3 m3 = 8.57 x 103 kg/m3.
(b) When submerged in the oil, the forces on the object are T2, the tension in the string, the
weight of the object, w, and the buoyant force of the oil, Bo. For equilibrium, we have
T2 + Bo = w, or
Bo = w - T2 = 300 N - 275 N = 25 N. However, the buoyant force exerted by the oil is also
equal to the weight of the oil displaced. The volume of the oil displaced is equal to the
volume of the object. Thus, the density of the oil is
moil woil
25 N
oil = V = gV =
= 714 kg/m3.
(9.80 m/s2)(3.57 x 10-3 m3)

9.27

Applying Newton's second law:

Fy = B - Wtotal = B - (mshell + m)g = (mshell + m)a
Therefore,
B
a= (m
- g.
shell + m)
4
4
The volume is V = 3 r3 = 3 (0.10 m)3 = 4.19 x 10-3 m3. Thus,
B = (weight of displaced water) = waterVg

(1)

= (1000 kg/m3)(4.19 x 10-3 m3)(9.80 m/s2) = 41.1 N,

and
m = V = (806 kg/m3)(4.19 x 10-3 m3) = 3.38 kg.
Equation (1) for the acceleration then gives:
41.1 N
a = (0.400 kg + 3.38 kg) - 9.80 m/s2 = 1.07 m/s2
9.28

When the system floats, FB = w, or the weight of the displaced water equals the weight of the
object. Therefore, w(r2z)g = 1.96 N ,
where (r2) z = volume of displaced water. The depth of the bottom end is thus,
1.96 N
z=
= 0.159 m = 15.9 cm.
3
3
(10 kg/m )(2.00 x 10-2 m)2(9.80 m/s2)

9.29

When the mattress is totally submerged, the buoyant force exerted by the water (and hence the total
weight that can be supported) is:
Fm = wVg = (103 kg/m3)(2.0 m)(0.50 m)(0.08 m)(9.80 m/s2) = 784 N
The total mass supported is the sum of the mass of the mattress and the mass of the load, or
784 N
M = mmattress + m =
= 80 kg.
9.80 m/s2
The load mass is therefore: m = M - mmattress = 80 kg - 2.0 kg = 78 kg.

9.30 Looking first at the top scale and the iron block, we have: T1 + B = Wiron,
where T1 is the tension in the spring scale, B is the buoyant force and Wiron is the weight of the iron
block. The volume, V, of the iron block, and hence of the displaced oil, is:

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

miron

2.00 kg
= 2.54 x 10-4 m3.
7860 kg/m3
Then
B = oilVg = (916 kg/m3)(2.54 x 10-4 m3)()9.80 m/s2) = 2.28 N. Therefore,
T1 = Wiron - B = 19.6 N - 2.28N = 17.3 N.
Next we look at the bottom scale which reads T2. (i.e., exerts an upward force T2 on the system)
Consider the external vertical forces acting on the beaker-oil-iron combination.
Fy = 0 gives
T1 + T2 - wbeaker - woil - wiron = 0, or
V=

iron

T2 = (mbeaker + moil + miron)g - T1 = (5.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2) - 17.3 N.

Thus,
T2 = 31.7 N
is the lower scale reading.
Volume
9.31 The volume rate of flow = time = vA, where A is the cross-sectional
area of the pipe and v is the average velocity of the water in the pipe.
Therefore, the average velocity is
Volume
20.0 gal
231 in3
v = At
=
( 1 gal ) = 154 in/s
2
(1.00 in )(30.0 s)
9.32

The cross-sectional area of the 2.0 cm diameter hose is A = x 10-4 m2, and the flow rate is: Av =
( x 10-4 m2)(1.5 m/s) = 1.5 x 10-4 m3/s.
The volume to be filled is (1.5 m)(0.6 m)(0.4 m) = 3.6 x 10-1 m3.
The time required to fill the trough is:
volume
3.6 x 10-1 m3
time = flow rate =
= 7.6 x 102 s = 13 min
1.5 x 10-4 m3/s

9.33

(a)
(b)

9.34

Flow Rate = Av = (2.0 cm2)(40 cm/s) = 80 cm3/s.

However, since blood has a mass of 1 g/cm3, this is equivalent to a mass flow rate of 80 g/s.
From the equation of continuity, we have:
A1v1
2
v2 =
(40 cm/s) = 2.7 x 10-2 cm/s.
A2 = 3000

We select point 1 just above the wing and point 2 just below it. As a result, the difference in
vertical heights between these two points is negligible, and Bernoulli's equation reduces to
1
1
P2 - P1 = 2 v12 - v22) = 2 (1.29 kg/m3) [(300 m/s)2 - (280 m/s)2] , or
P2 - P1 = 7480 Pa. The net upward force is therefore
F = (P2 - P1)A = (7480 Pa)(20.0 m2) = 1.50 x 105 N upward.

9.35

(a)

(b)

9.36

A1v1
We find the flow velocity in the second section from the continuity equation: v2 = A
=
2
10
2.5 v1 = 4(2.75 m/s) = 11.0 m/s.
Choosing the zero level for y along the common center line of the pipes, we have:
1
1
1
P1 + 2 v12 = P2 + 2 v22, or
P2 = P1 + 2 v12 - v22), giving
1
P2 = (1.20 x 105 Pa) + 2 (1650 kg/m3) [(2.75 m/s)2 - (11.0 m/s)2], and
P2 = 2.64 x 104 Pa.

F
2.00 N
=
= 8.00 x 104 Pa.
A1 2.50 x 10-5 m2
We write Bernoulli's equation as:
P1gauge = P1 - Patm =

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

1
1
2
2
2 v2 = ( P1 - P2) + 2 v1 + g(y1 - y2).
The last term goes to zero because the syringe is in a horizontal position. Also, we realize that

P1

- P2 = P1 - Patm = P1gauge = 8.00 x 104 Pa.

Finally, we assume v1 = 0 in comparison to the speed inside the needle. Thus, with these
substitutions, we find
v2 = 12.6 m/s.
9.37

1
P = P2 - P1 = 2 v12 - v22) (ignoring differences in height), so
1
P = 2 (1.29 kg/m3)(((0.15 m/s)2 - (0.30 m/s)2)) = -4.4 x 10-2 Pa

9.38

First, consider the path from the standpoint of projectile motion to find the speed at which the water
emerges from the tank. The time to drop one meter with an intial vertical velocity of zero is:
1
1
y = voyt + 2 at2 1.00 m = 0 + 2 (9.80 m/s2) t2, or t = 0.452 s,
x 0.600 m
and from the horizontal motion: vx = vo = t = 0.452 s = 1.33 m/s.
We now use Bernoulli's equation, with point 1 at the top of the tank and point 2 at the level of the
1
hole. With P1 = P2 = Patm and v1 approximately equal to zero, we have: 2 v22 = g(y1 -y2) =
gh, giving
vo2
(1.33 m/s)2
h=
=
= 9.00 x 10-2 m = 9.00 cm.
2g
2(9.80 m/s2)

9.39

(a)

(b)

9.40

We choose point 1 at the surface of the tank and point 2 at the hole. Both of these points are
at atmospheric pressure, so the pressure cancels from Bernoulli's equation. We also assume
that v1 is negligibly small. Finally, we choose the zero level for y at the level of the hole.
Under these conditions, we have:
v2 = 2gy = 2g(16.0 m) = 17.7 m/s.
The area of the hole is found from the flow rate as:
flow rate
4.17 x 10-5 m3/s
A= v
=
= 2.35 x 10-6 m2.
17.7 m/s
2
From which the diameter is easily found to be 1.73 mm.

First, find the velocity inside the larger portions:

flow rate 1.80 x 10-4 m3/s
v1 = A
=
= 0.367 m/s.
1 4.91 x 10-4 m2

The absolute pressure in the large section (to left) is

P1 = Patm + gh1 = Patm + (1000 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(0.10 m)
= Patm + 980 Pa.
In the absolute pressure in the constriction is:
P2 = Patm + (1000 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(0.050 m) = Patm + 490 Pa.
Now use Bernoulli's equation:
2
2(490 Pa)
v22 = v12 + (P1 - P2) = (0.367 m/s)2 +

1000 kg/m2
where we have chosen y = 0 at the level of the centerline of the pipe.
This yields v2 = 1.06 m/s, and from the flow rate, we find:
d 2
flow rate 1.80 x 10-4 m3/s
-4 m2 = 2 ,
A2 =
=
=
1.71
x
10
1.06 m/s
4
v2
from which

d2 = 1.5 x 10-2 m = 1.5 cm.

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

9.41

(a)

(b)

9.42

(a)

The flow rate, Av, as given may be expressed as follows:

25 liters/30 s = 0.833 liters/s = 833 cm3/s.
The area of the faucet tap is cm2, so we can find the velocity as
flow rate
833 cm3/s
v2 = A
=
= 265 cm/s = 2.65 m/s.
cm2
2
Similarly, the velocity in the main pipe is:
flow rate
833 cm3/s
v1 = A
=
= 29.5 cm/s = 0.295 m/s.
(3.0 cm)2
1
Now, we use Bernoulli's equation with point 1 to be in the main pipe and point 2 to be at the
faucet tap:
1
P1 - P2 = 2 v22 - v12) + g(y2 - y1), which gives
1
P1 - P2 = 2 (103 kg/m3) [(2.65 m/s)2 - (0.295 m/s)2] +
(103 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(2.00 m), or
4
Pgauge = P1 - P2 = 2.3 x 10 Pa.
Using Bernoulli's equation with point 1 at the top of the tank and point 2 at the exit from the
tube, we have:
1
1
P1 + 2 v12 + gy1 = P2 + 2 v22 + gy2, where P1 = P2 = Patm.
For a large tank v1 is approximately equal to zero, and y1 - y2 = h. This gives
v2 =
2gh .

(b)

Use Bernoulli's equation with point 1 at the top of the tank and point 2 at the highest point in
the tube:
1
1
P1 + 2 v12 + gy1 = P2 + 2 v22 + gy2, where P1 = Patm.
When the siphon ceases to work, the fluid will be at rest at point 2,
or v2 = v1 = 0, and y2 - y1 = ymax, so Patm = P + gymax.
Patm
The minimum value of P is 0. Therefore, ymax =
.
g

9.43

Because there are two edges (the inside and outside of the ring) we
have,
-2
F
F
F
1.61 x 10 N
=L
= 2(circumference) =
=
= 7.32 x 10-2 N/m
4r
2.20 x 10-1 N
total

9.44

The tension in the string attaching the sheet to the balance is equal to the sum of the vertical
component of the surface force plus the weight of the sheet. This is a two sided surface, so the
surface force is F = 2L. Since L = 3.0 x 10-2 m, the vertical component of this force is:
Fv = 2Lcos = (6 x 10-2 m)cos
When = 0, the tension measures 0.4 N and we have:
T = Fv + w becoming
0.40 N = +(6 x 10-2 m) + w.
(1)
When = 180, T = 0.39 N, and we have
T = Fv + w becoming
0.39 N = -(6 x 10-2 m) + w.
(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously gives

= 8.3 x 10-2 N/m.

9.45 The height the blood can rise is given by

2cos
2(5.8 x 10-2 N/m)
h=
=
= 5.6 m
gr
(1050 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(2.0 x 10-6 m)

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

9.46

9.47

The vertical component of the surface force is equal to the weight of water inside the capillary tube:
Fv = w, or

Lcos = (2r)cos = w = (r2)hg, where h is the height of the water in the tube. We solve
the above for the surface tension.
rhg
(1080 kg/m3)(5.0 x 10-4 m)(2.1 x 10-2 m)(9.80 m/s2)

=
=
2
2cos
-2
which yields
= 5.6 x 10 N/m
We have
2cos
2(8.80 x 10-2 N/m)
=
gr
(1035 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)r
From which, we find r = 3. 47 x 10-4 m, or a diameter of 0.694 mm.
h = 5 x 10-2 m =

9.48

From the definition of the coefficient of viscosity, we have

Av (1.79 x 10-3 Ns/m2)(0.80 m)(1.2 m)(0.5 m/s)
F= L =
= 8.6 N
10-4 m

9.49

From the definition of the coefficient of viscosity, we have

Av (1500 x 10-3 Ns/m2)(4.00 x 10-4 m2)(0.30 m/s)
F= L =
= 0.12 N
1.50 x 10-3 m

9.50

From Poiseuille's law:

9.51

Flow rate =

(flow rate)8L
R4
-5
3
2
(8.6 x 10 m /s)8(0.12 Ns/m )(50 m)
P1 - P2 =
(5.0 x 10-3 m)4
6
= 2.1 x 10 Pa = 20.7 atm.
Also, since P2 = 1.0 atm, this is also the gauge pressure at the inlet point of the pipe.
(P)R4
(400 Pa)(2.6 x 10-3 m)4
=
8L
8(2.7 x 10-3 Pa s)(8.4 x 10-2 m)
= 3.16 x 10-5 m3/s

Then v =

9.52

9.53

P1 - P2 =

flow rate
3.16 x 10-5 m3/s
=
= 1.5 m/s
area
( 2.6 x 10-3 m)2

(flow rate)8L
.
R4
For water, 1 g/s = 1 cm3/s = 10-6 m3/s.
Therefore,
(10-6 m3/s)8(0.03 m)(1.0 x 10-3 N s/m2)
P =
= 1.5 x 105 Pa
(1.5 x 10-4 m)4
From Poiseuille's law:

P =

500 cm3
The required flow rate = 1800 s = 2.78 x 10-1 cm3/s = 2.78 x 10-7 m3/s
If the solution is elevated 1 m, the pressure differential across the needle is P = gy = (1000
kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(1.0 m) = 9800 Pa
8L(flow rate)
We find the radius via Poiseuille's law. R4 =
, or
P
8(2.5 x 10-2 m)(1.0 x 10-3 N s/m2)(2.78 x 10-7 m3/s)
R4 =
(9800 Pa)

10

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

From which R = 2.06 x 10-4 m = 0.206 mm, or

diameter = 0.41 mm.

9.54

The Reynold's number is

vd (1050 kg/m3)(0.55 m/s)(2.0 x 10-2 m)
RN =

= 4.3 x 103.

2.7 x 10-3 N s/m2

In this region (RN > 3000), the flow is turbulent.

9.55

From the definition of the Reynolds's number,

(RNmax)
(2000)(10-3 Ns/m2)
m
cm
vmax =
=
= 8.0 x 10-2 s = 8.0 s
3
3
-2
d
(10 kg/m )(2.5 x 10 m)

9.56

Fick's law enables us to find the difference in concentration as

(diffusion rate)L
(5.33 x 10-15 kg/s)(0.10 m)

C =
=
DA
(5.0 x 10-10 m2/s)(6.0 x 10-4 m2)
-3
3
10 kg/m
9.57

= 1.8 x

We use Fick's law to find the diffusion coefficient.

diffusion rate
5.7 x 10-15 kg/s
D=
=
C
(2.0 x 10-4 m2)(3.0 x 10-2 kg/m4)
A L

= 9.5 x 10-10 m2/s

9.58

From Stoke's law, F = 6rv. Therefore,

F
3.0 x 10-13 N
=
=
= 1.4 x 10-5 N s/m2
6rv
6(2.5 x 10-6 m)(4.5 x 10-4 m/s)

9.59

We use vt =

2r2g
( - f)
9
9vt
9(1.0 x 10-3 N s/m2)(1.10 x 10-2 m/s)
or ( - f) = 2 =
= 20.2 kg/m3.
2r g
2(5.0 x 10-4)2(9.80 m/s2)
Thus, = f + 20.2 kg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3 + 20.2 kg/m3 = 1.02 x 103 kg/m3

9.60 If at the end of one hour a particle is still in suspension, then its
terminal velocity must be less than
2g
2r
5.0 cm/h = 1.39 x 10-5 m/s. Thus, we
use vt =
( - f) to find
9
9vt
9(1.00 x 10-3 N s/m2)(1.39 x 10-5 m/s)
r2 =
=
2g( - f)
2(9.80 m/s2)(800 kg/m3)
-6
and
r = 2.82 x 10 m = 2.82 microns is the size of the largest particles
that can still
remain in suspension.
9.61

A2v2
A1 = v , where A2 = 1.96 x 10-5 m2 = area of aorta.
1
Then A1 = total capillary cross-section needed.
(1.96 x 10-5 m2)(1.0 m/s)
-3 2
= 1.96 x 10 m
10-2 m/s
But, A1 = (number of capillaries)Asingle capillary, and
A1 =

Asingle capillary = 7.85 x 10-11 m2.

Thus,

number of capillaries =

1.96 x 10-3 m2
= 2.5 x 107 = 25 million.
7.85 x 10-11 m2

11

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

9.62

(a)

The speed at the narrow section is found from the equation of continuity:
A1v1 d12
v2 = A = 2 v1 = 16 v1 = 16.00 m/s.
d2
2

(b)

We choose the zero level for y at the common center line of the horizontal pipes, and solve the
resulting form of Bernoulli's equation for the pressure at the narrow section, point 2.
1
P2 = P1 + 2 (v12 - v22)
1
= (3.00 x 105 Pa) + 2 (1000 kg/m3)(1.00 m/s) 2 - (16.00 m/s)2)
= 1.73 x 105 Pa

9.63

When the sinker alone is submerged, the forces on the system are T1, the tension in the string
attached to the block, wB, the weight of the block, ws, the weight of the sinker, and Bs, the buoyant
force on the sinker. Since equilibrium exists, we have
T1 = wB + ws - Bs.
(1)
When both are submerged, the forces on the system are T2, the tension in the string attached to the
block, the weight of the block, the buoyant force on the block, BB, and the buoyant force on the
sinker. From the first condition for equilibrium, we have
T2 = wB + ws - BB - Bs.
(2)
Subtract (2) from (1) to give:
T1 - T2 = BB.
Thus, the buoyant force on the block is: BB = 200 N - 140 N = 60.0 N.
However, the buoyant force on the block is equal to the weight of water displaced by the block:
BB = 60 N = wVblockg.
60.0 N
Thus,
Vblock =
= 6.12 x 10-3 m3.
(1000 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)
The mass of the 50 N block is 5.10 kg. So, its density is
m
5.10 kg
= V =
= 833 kg/m3.
6.12 x 10-3 m3

9.64

The forces on the balloon while in flight are Ba, the buoyant force of the air, wHe, the weight of the
helium, wB, the weight of the balloon, and wL, the weight of the load. These quantities are found as
follows,
Ba = aVballoong, wHe = HeVballoong, wB = (600 kg)g, and wL = (4000 kg)g.
When floating in equilibrium, we have: Ba = wHe + wB + wL, or
aVballoong =
HeVballoong + (600 kg)g + (4000 kg)g.
The density of Helium is 0.179 kg/m3 and the density of air is
1.29 kg/m3. Thus, we can solve for the volume of the balloon to find
Vballoon = 4.14 x 103 m3.

9.65

When the balloon comes into equilibrium, we must have

Fy = B - wballoon - wHe - wstring = 0
where wstring is the weight of the string above the ground, and B is the buoyant force. Thus,
wstring = B - wballoon - wHe.
(1)
The mass per unit length of the string is:
m 0.05 kg
= L = 2.0 m = 2.5 x 10-2 kg/m.
Thus, wstring = hg = (0.025 kg/m)(9.80 m/s2)h; B = airVg = 3.39 N;
wballoon = mballoong = 2.45 N; and wHe = HeVg = 0.470 N.
Equation (1) above then becomes:

12

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

h=
9.66

3.39 N - 2.45 N - 0.470 N

0.470 N
=
= 1.9 m
(2.5 x 10-2 kg/m)(9.80 m/s2)
0.245 kg/s2

Let us find the tension to stretch the wire by 0.1 mm.

d2
The area = A = 4
= 3.80 x 10-8 m2. Thus, the force is
YA(L) (18 x 1010 Pa)(3.80 x 10-8 m2)(10-4 m)
F= L
=
= 22 N.
3.1 x 10-2 m
o
We have an equilibrium situation, so
Fx = 0 becomes Fcos30 - Fcos 30 = 0,
Fy = 0 becomes 2Fsin30 = 2(22.1 N)sin30 = 22 N directed down the page in the textbook
figure.

9.67 Solve by work-energy methods taking where the object is released from rest 10 m above the surface as
the initial state and where the object comes to rest distance d below the surface of the water as the
final state. The work-energy equation becomes:
Wnc = (KEf - KEi) + (PEf - PEi) = (0 - 0) + (mgyf - mgyi).
If we neglect friction effects and energy loss upon impact, the only non-conservative force doing
work is the buoyant force, which acts as a retarding force after the object is in the water. Thus,
Wnc = -Fbd = -(waterVog)d.
Here Vo is the volume of the object. Also, m = oVo where o is the density of the object.
Choosing the zero of gravitional potential energy at the water surface, the work-energy equation
becomes:
-(waterVo g)d = (oVo )g[(-d) - 10 m]. This reduces to
d = (o /water)(d + 10 m). With o/water = 0.60, this last equation yields
d = 15 m.
9.68

When the bar of soap, of cross-sectional area A, is in water only, the forces on it are the buoyant
force of the water and its weight, w. Because it is floating, we know
Bw = w. The buoyant
force, Bw , is
Bw = w(A)(1.5 x 10-2 m)g = w
From this equation, we find
w
-2
(1)
2 cm
Ag = w(1.5 x 10 m)
When the bar is floating in both water and oil, the
forces on it are the buoyant force of the oil, the buoyant
( Water)
force of the water, and its weight. We have
Bo + Bw = w.
(2)
Let us call x the height of the bar that is in oil. Thus,
the portion of the height of the bar which is in water is
(2 x 10-2 m - x). Equation (2) becomes
Oil
o(A)(x)g + wA(2.0 x 10-2 m - x)g = w
w
or, ox + w(2.0 x 10-2 m - x) = Ag .
( Water)
From (1) above, this is ox + w(2.0 x 10-2 m - x) =

w(1.5 x 10-2 m).

Bw
1.5 cm
W
(in water alone)
Bo

Bw
X

2- X

(in oil and water )

When we substitute 1000 kg/m3 for the density of water and 600 kg/m3 for the density of oil, we
find x = 1.25 x 10-2 m = 1.3 cm.
9.69

Let s stand for the edge of the cube, h for the depth of immersion, ice stand for the density of the
ice, w stand for the density of water, and a stand
for density of the alcohol.
(a) According to Archimedes' principle, at equilibrium we have

13

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

icegs3 = wghs2
ice
giving h = s
w

With ice = 0.917 x 103 kg/m3, w = 1.00 x 103 kg/m3, and s = 20 mm

we get h = 20(0.917) = 18.34 mm
(b) We assume that the top of the cube is still above the alcohol surface. Letting ha stand for the
thickness of the alcohol layer, we have

ags2ha + wgs2hw = icegs3

giving

hw =

ice
a
sh
w
w a

With a = 0.806 x 103 kg/m3, and ha = 5 mm we obtain

hw = 18.34 - (0.806)(5) = 14.31 mm
(c) Here hw' = s - ha' , so Archimedes' principle gives

ags2ha' + wgs2(s - ha') = ices3

Leading to
aha' + w(s - ha') = ices
s(w - ice)
1.000 - 0.917
From which,
ha' =
= 20 1.000 - 0.806 = 8.557 mm
(w - a)
E mgh m
=
=
gh = Rgh
t
t
t
(b) PEL = 0.85(8.50 x 105)(9.80)(87) = 616 MW

9.70

(a) P =

9.71

(a)

(b)

Consider the pressure at points A and B (at the same level in

the two tubes).
Using the left tube:
PA = Patm + agh + wg(L - h),
where the second term is due to the variation of air pressure
with altitude.
Using the right tube: PB = Patm + 0gL.
But Pascal's principle says that PA = PB. Therefore,
Patm + ogL = Patm + agh + wg(L - h), or
(w - a)h = (w - o)L, giving
1000 - 750
w - o
h=
L = 1000- 1.29(5.00 cm) = 1.25 cm.
w - a

P atm
air

P atm
h
L = 5 cm

oil

Point A
Point B
w ater

Consider the diagram at the right showing the

situation when the air flow over the left tube
equalizes the fluid levels in the two tubes. First,
apply Bernoulli's equation to points A and B (yA
= yB, vA = v, and vB = 0). This gives:
1
1
PA + 2 av2 + agyA = PB + 2 a(0)2 + agyB
and since yA = yB, this reduces to:
1
PB - PA = 2 av2.
(1)
Now consider points C and D, both at the level of
the oil-water interface in the right tube. Using the variation of pressure with depth in static
fluids, we have:
PC = PA + agH + wgL, and PD = PB + agH + ogL.
But Pascal's principle says that PC = PD. Equating these two gives:

14

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

PB + agH + ogL = PA + agH + wgL, or
PB - PA = (w - o)gL.
Substitute equation (1) for PB - PA into (2) to obtain
1
2
2 av = (w - o)gL, or
v=

1000 - 750
2(9.80 m/s2)(0.05 m) 1.29 = 13.8 m/s.

Consider the diagram and apply Bernoulli's equation to

Point A
Point B
points A and B, taking y = 0 at the level of point B, and
vB
recognizing that vA is approximately zero. This gives:
ym a x
1
h
PA + 2 w0)2 + wg(h - Lsin) =
L sin
1

PB + 2 wvB)2 + wg(0).
Now, recognize that PA = PB = Patmosphere since both
points are open to the atmosphere (neglecting variation of atmospheric pressure with altitude).
Thus, we obtain
L

9.72

2gL(w - o)

(2)

vB =

2g(h - Lsin) = 2(9.80 m/s2)(10.0m - (2.00 m)sin30) = 13.3 m/s.

Now the problem reduces to one of projectile motion.
voy = vBsin30 = 6.64 m/s. Then v2y = v2oy + 2a(y) gives at the top of the arc (where y =
ymax and vy = 0)
0 = (6.64 m/s)2 + 2(-9.80 m/s2)(ymax - 0), or
ymax = 2.3 m (above the level where the water emerges)

9.73 The pressure on the ball is given by: P = Patm + wgh

so the change in pressure on the ball when it is on the surface of the ocean to when it is at the
bottom of the ocean is
P = wgh.
In addition, from the definition of bulk modulus, this increase in pressure will change the volume of
the ball as follows:
-VP

V = B , where B is the bulk Modulus. This change in volume can be written as V = Vf 4

4
4
4
4
Vi = 3 rf3 - 3 ri3 = 3 rf3 - ri3). Equating the expressions for V gives 3 rf3 - ri3) = 3 ri3
P
B ,
P
or rf3 = ri3(1 - B ). Thus, the final radius of the ball is
P 1/3
rf = ri1 - B

The decrease in diameter of the ball is D = 2(ri - rf)

P 1/3
P 1/3
or D = 2ri1 - 1 - B = Di1 - 1 - B




8
1.01 X 10 PA1/3 = 7.2 X 10-4 m = 0.72 mm
= (3.00 m) 1 - 1
14 X 1010 PA
9.74

4
Let V = 3 r3 be the volume of the ball, D the depth of the water, m the mass of the ball. Then
while the ball is under the water
(m + mair)a = B - (m + mair)g, or

15

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

(m + airV)a = waterVg - (m + airV)g, so a =

(water - air)V - m
g.
m + airV

(1000 - 1.29)(kg/m3) 3 (0.10 m)3 - 1.0 kg

a=
(9.80 m/s2) = 31.0 m/s2.

4
3
3
1.0 kg + 1.29 (kg/m ) 3 (0.10)
4

Then we use
v2 = v2o + 2a(y) = 0 + 2(31.0 m/s2(2.0 m)) = 124.1 m2/s2,
to get the velocity of the ball as it emerges from the pool.
This gives:
v = 11.1 m/s.
1
Finally, we use 2 (m + mair) v2 = (m + mair)gh to get h = 6.3 m.
9.75

(a)

(b)

9.76

The pressure on the surface of the two hemispheres is constant at all points and the force on
each element of surface area is directed along the radius of the hemispheres. The applied force
along the axis must balance the force on the "effective" area which is the projection of the
actual surface onto a plane perpendicular to the x axis, A = R2. Therefore,
F = (Patm - P)R2.
For the values given
F = (Patm - 0.10Patm)(0.30 m)2 = 0.254Patm = 2.6 x 104 N

We call the position of the lower hole point 1 and the position of the higher hole point 2. Both of
these points are at atmospheric pressure.
From our earlier study of projectile motion, the range is given by
R = v1t1 = v2t2.
(1)
An expression for the time for the water to reach the floor can also be found through the projectile
motion equations. We have
1
1
2
y = voyt + 2 at2 = 0 + 2 gt2, or
t=
where h is the height through which the
gh
projectile falls before it reaches ground level. Thus, we have the time for the water from the upper
hole to reach the floor to be:
2
t2 =
g(0.120 m) , and the time for the water from the lower hole as
2
t1 =
g(0.0500 m) .
Substitute these two values for the times into (1) above to give
v12 = 2.4v22.
(2)
Since the pressure cancels from Bernoulli's equation, it reduces to
v12 - v22) = 2g(y2 - y1).
(3)
Given: y2 = 0.120 m, y1= 0.0500 m. Then, with the use of (2) and (3) we find
v2 = 0.99 m/s.
Let us now consider Bernoulli's Equation once again, with a point 3 at the top of the tank and point
2 still at the position of the top hole. Both these points are at atmospheric pressure, and the velocity
of fall of water at the top of the tank is negligibly small. We find:
1
1
gy3 = 2 v22 + gy2, or
g(y3 - y2) = gh = 2 v22.
v22
(0.99 m/s)2
From which,
h = 2g =
= 5 x 10-2 m = 5.0 cm.
2(9.80 m/s2)
Thus, the water surface is 5.0 cm above the top hole or 17.0 cm above the bottom of the tank.

16

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

Area of top = A

.04 m - X

Oil
4 cm = 0.04 m

9.77

Water

[Refer to the above diagram for this problem.]

Since the Block floats,
Total buoyant force = weight of block, or
FB(oil) + FB(water) = weight of block. This becomes:

oil(A(4.00 x 10-2 m - x)) g + water(Ax)g = block(A(4.00 x 10-2 m)) g

where A(4.00 x 10-2 m - x) = volume of oil displaced, and Ax = volume of water displaced.
Canceling A, and substituting into the equation above, we have:
(930 kg/m3)(4.00 x 10-2 m - x) + (1000 kg/m3)x
= (960 kg/m3)(4.00 x 10-2 m)
Solving for x:
x = 1.71 x 10-2 m = 1.71 cm.
9.78

To have the object float fully submerged in the fluid, its average density must be the same as that of
the fluid. Therefore, we must add ethanol to water until the density of the mixture is 900 kg/m3. If
m = mass of mixture, me = mass of ethanol, and mw = mass of water, we obtain:
m = m e + m w.
(1)
For the volumes: V = Ve + Vw .
(2)
Equation (1) becomes:
V = eVe + wVw and with the use of equation ( 2), this reduces to

(Ve + Vw) = (Ve) + Vw, or

w
w

0.9(Ve + Vw) = (0.806)(Ve) + Vw

which yields: Ve = 1.064Vw = (1.064)(500 cc) = 532 cm3.
ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

2. Both must have the same strength. The force on the back of each dam is the average
pressure of the water times the area of the dam. If both reservoirs are equally deep, the
force is the same.
4. The external pressure on the chest cavity makes it difficult to take a breath while under
water. Thus, a snorkel will not work in deep water.
6. The buoyant force depends on the amount of air displaced by the objects. Since they
have the same dimensions, the buoyant force will be the same on each.
8. The larger the density of a fluid, the higher does an object float in it. Thus, an object
will float lower in low density alcohol.
10. The water level on the side of the glass stays the same. The floating ice cube displaces
its own weight of liquid water, and so does the liquid water into which it melts.

17

CHAPTER NINE SOLUTIONS

12. A breeze from any direction speeds up to go over the mound, and the air pressure
drops at this opening. Air then flows through the burrow from the lower to the upper
entrance.
14. No. The somewhat lighter barge will float higher in the water.
16. The rapidly moving air over the roof of the house reduces the downward pressure on it.
However, the stagnant air inside the house keeps the pressure the same as it was in the
absence of the storm. This pressure differential can be large enough to push off the roof.
Opening windows helps to equalize the pressure inside and out, providing minimal
protection in a storm.