Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Counting Techniques
-
Union of Sets:
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8}
Examples:
1.
Example:
Soln: 4 X 5 X 2 = 40
A= {1, 3, 5, 7}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8}
Then AUB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
* So dito kinombine ang A at B.
2.
Intersection of Sets:
A= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Soln:
B= {1, 6, 8, 9}
With repetitions:
AB = {6, 8}
* dito naman, ilalagay yung magkaparehas sa
dalawang sets na given (A at B).
26 10 10 10 = 26,000 ways
st
Complement of a Set:
U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Digits = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 so total is
10.
Examples:
Without repetitions:
26 10 9 8 = 18,720
Permutation
-
D: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A: {1, 3, 5, 7}
B: {2, 4, 6}
C:{ 1, 3, 5}
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A={2, 4, 6}
B ={1, 3, 5, 7}
AUB={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} or D
AB={ }= (null)
AU={1, 3, 5, 7}
AB={}
(AUB)={}
CD={2, 4, 6, 7}
A(BC)= {}
BU(CU)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
4!
4!
(4-2)! = 2! = 12
Examples:
1.
Solns:
a.
4P4 =
4 .3.2.1 = 24
4P2 =
Soln:
a.
4.3 = 12
Circular Permutation
-
b.
Formula:
(n-1)!
Example:
1. In how many ways can 4 persons be seated around a
circular table?
=
Soln:
(4-1)! = 3!
= 3.2.1
=6
2.
Soln:
(3-1)! 2! 2.1
2 = 2 = 2 =1
So yung formula sa permutations of n different
things around a key ring ay:
(n-1)! (n-1)(n-2) (2)(1)
2 =
2
9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1
2.1.2.1.2.1
=45,360
c.
Combinations
-
F(4)= 2(4)+3=11
R{5, 7, 9, 11,an}
Example
Let the sequence an be defined be the defined by the
conditions.
Examples:
1. A football conference consists of 8 teams. If
each teams plays every other team, how many
conference games played?
n=8
r=2 * dahil in every game 2 teams lang pwede
maglaro.
a1 = 5
8!
8!
(8-2)!2! = 6!2! = 28 games
How many committees of 5 can be formed from
8 sophomores and 4 freshmen if each
committee is to consist of 3 sophomores and 2
freshmen?
n= 1
1
a2= -5
n= 2
1
a3= 1 = 5
5
1
a4= -5
Soln:
=8C3 . 4C2
8! 4!
= 5!3! .2!2! = 336 committees
1
an+1= -a
a1= 5
8C2 =
2.
an= 3an-1+7
st
3.
2 + 3 = 5 + 7 + 9 + 1(2 + 3)
Soln:
=6C2 . 8C3 . 5P5
6!
8!
= 4!2! . 5!3! . 5! =100,800
=1
Finite
5
2 + 3 = 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = 45
=1
Sequences:
-
X -x +x -x
12
Sequence Function
-
D= {1, 2, 3, 4, n}
2.
1 1 1 1
1+2 +4 + 8 +16
1
1 1
2^n1 = 1 + 2 + 4
=1
1 3 5 7
2 +4 +6 +8 +
F(2)= 2(2)+3= 7
F(3)= 2(3)+3= 9
=1
F(1)= 2(1)+3= 5
+1
=1
2n1
2n
Progressions
Arithmetic Progression- a sequence in which there is
a constant d such that.
n -15n+54=0
(n-9)(n-6)=0
n= 9, 6
n=6
a1=32-24
a1=8
n=6 a1=8
2 5 8 11 14
10 7 4 1 -2
n=9
a1= 32-36
a1= 4
n= 9 a1=-4
Ex.
d=3
d=-3
th
Problem:
A man buys a television priced at $ 600. He agrees to pay
$100 down and to pay each month beginning one month
after the purchase date money on the debt plus interest
change of 0.5% on the debt outstanding during the month.
Find the total amount of interest that he will pay.
600-100= 500
st
1 500(0.005)= 2.5
nd
2 400(0.005)= 2.0
rd
3 300(0.005)= 1.5
5
Sn= 2 [2(2.5)+(4)(-.5)]
Sn= $ 7.5
Geometric Sequence/Progression
A sequence such that ratio of any two successive
terms is a constant r (common ratio).
an
r= a
n-1
n-1
a1r -a1
B: Sn= r-1
aa-r(a)(n)
C: Sn= r-1
Ex. find the no. of terms n and r of the GP, in which the first
term is 256, the last is 81, Sn= 781.
aa-r(a)(n)
C: Sn= r-1
256-r(81)(n)
r-1
n-1
A: an= a1r
781=
3 n-1
A: 81= (256)4
81 3 n-1
256 = 4
4
3 3 n-1
4
4 =4
4=n-1
n=5
th
1 1 1
8 +4 +2 +..(8 items)
1
a1= 8
n= 8
1
2
r= 1 = 2
4
1 8 1
8 (2) - 8
Sn= 2-1
255
Sn= 8
Infinite GS
a1
S= 1-r |r| n
As long as the absolute value of r is less than n.
3 3
Ex. find the sum of the GP 3+ 2 + 4 +
1
r= 2
a1= 3
s=
1=6
1- 2
Exercises:
a.
Operation on sets:
Given:
D= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
B= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
C= {1, 3, 5, 7}
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
B= {1, 2, 3, 4}
AUB= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
AB= {} or ()null set
AU= {1, 2, 3, 4}
AB= {} null set
AUC= {1, 3}
BUC= {5, 7}
A(BC)= {} null set
B(AUC)= {5, 7}
b.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Answers:
a.
1. {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
2. {1, 2, 3, 4}
3. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
4. {} or ()null set
5. {1, 2, 3, 4}
6. = {} null set
7. {1, 3}
8. {5, 7}
9. {} null set
10. {5, 7}
b.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
40320
1680
120
5040
120
15
56
1
84
84
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
12
60
30
34650
360
c.