Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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HOESTMANN &" WUSIM
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k^'AQr
Class.
Book.
N.
COPM^IGHT DEPOSIT.
m.
MODERN
Electrical Construction
A RELIABLE, PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THE
BEGINNER IN ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION
SHOWING THE LATEST APPROVED METHODS
OF INSTALLING
By
HENRY
HORSTMANN
VICTOR H. TOUSLEY
C.
and
Tables, Etc."
3IUuBtratf&
Second Edition
FREDERICK
J.
Revised
and Enlarged
CHICAGO
DRAKE & CO., PUBLISHERS
ftfH^.stY o1
I
GONfiRE'SS?
wo oooies rtetwvcc
OLAttS.
3-
COPY
AAC
a.
Nw.
Copyright, 1904
BY
Copyright, 1908
BY
^\
PREFACE
one that
to tell
is
made
is
work with
work
in ac-
rules" as shall
man
make
To
as well.
this
is
full,
and used
tion of such
work
as the rules
may
apply
to.
which
it
men have
It is
work
in
This method of
may
at first glance
work-
hand
will be
more deeply
more
abstract.
in
should,
some
therefore,
electrical
Workers
provide themselves
with
in
such
copies
of
cities
these
worker
at all
It is
necessary for
The
it
etc.,
number
of wires that
The Authors.
PREFACE
The favorable
work has received
TO SECOND
EDITION
at the
able.
The Authors.
CHAPTER
The
I.
Electric Current.
is
quite
of water.
Above all, let it be understpod that electricity is not independent energy, any more than the belt which gives motion
In other words, it is not a prime mover, it is
to a pulley is.
simply a medium which may be, used for the transmission of
energy, just as the belt is used.
To use electricity as a
medium
say,
compressed,
or, to
must
be,
we may
must be created in
very similar to the use of air
a system of conductors.
it
This
is
8
for
power transmission
must
this
when
e.,
i.
The
real energy,
cerned), to which
from whence
levels,
on
its
we must
way back
energy
is
it
flows
ar.d falls
is
transformed into
electrical energy.
The
form of wires.
The
Figure
or consist
all
of the
same material.
the
be
how-
made up
any particular
In an electric bat-
the battery
in
may
It is not,
made
contained within
usually of wire.
In an
ELECTRIC CURRENT.
The
that
is,
flow of current
it is
cir-
copper wire.
also said to
is
noticed that
many
of
its
when
Referring to Fig.
the current flows from
along the wire to the
cells,
2,
1,
rent flows
by arrows.
complete, that
place as shown.
will cease.
is
If
Such a
any wire
circuit
is
is
made
its
proper
is
when
all
said to be closed.
Work
ways.
This
is
how
electric light
is
if
the current
If
many
is
flowing around
it,
steel.
The bar
if
is
excessive.
obtained.
is,
times about
power
made
is
to attract
of well an-
flowing around
ceases.
Upon
is
based.
10
This effect
made
is
use of
in
water slightly acidulated and the current flows through it, the water will be
decomposed and oxygen and hydrogen gas will be formed.
This and many kindred effects are daily used in thousands of
electro-plating, etc.
If the jar
contains
chemical laboratories.
If a
forming a closed
to another wire
will be
other
is
circuit,
wave of current
stops flowing.
current transformer.
All of these facts are used sometimes together, sometimes
singly in measuring the electric current.
They
all
By
thi'-^
all, for,
is
current of elec-
can be forced through any substance, provided the pressure (E. M. F.) be made great enough, and there is no easier
path open to the current.
The two terms, conductor and
insulator, are relative terms and must be understood simply
tricity
to
mean
infinitesimally small as
The lower
its
compared
conducting qualities
At
good conductor is
good insulator.
to that of a
the left
is
given a
list
its
insulating qualities.
ELECTRO- MOTIVE-FORCE.
of insulators
list
more or
11
less affected
is
given at the
by moisture,
los-
Dry
100.0
Silver
Fiber.
air.
94.0
Rubber.
Wood.
73.0
Paraffin.
Shellac.
16.6
Slate.
Iron
15.5
Marble.
Tin
Lead
Bismuth
11.4
Glass.
Copper
Gold
Platinum
7.6
Porcelain.
1.1
Mica.
This pressure
pressure.
only
flov^
is
in
obedience to electrical
we speak
pressure
we
direct connection
in its place
The
sure)
volt
that
refer to
it
as of so
of
it
pounds, the
In speaking of elec-
many
There
volts.
in
in volts,
we speak
If
volt,
must be maintained
ampere through
a resistance of
no
thing.
is
is
but each
to
force
(pres-
a current of one
one ohm.
we have
in a circuit
proper operation.
operate
at
about
An
(a battery of 2 cells)
110
elec-
for
12
Resistance.
We
it
may
be, offers
some
This resistance
more or
may
less resisiance
be measured and
ohm.
The ohm
is
ampere through it. If we should desire to send a greater current through any resistance, we can do so by increasing the
pressure, just as we can increase the flow of water in a pipe
by increasing the pressure or head of water in the tank that
supplies
it.
the pressure
If
is
we can
fixed
decrease
the
it
by
The ohm
is
the resistance of a
(about .0015
melting
The
is
sq.
in.), in
3^
feet)
ice.
The
3'
Figure 2
length and decreases as the cross-section increases.
2 the resistance of the two bars of copper
Bar No.
is
In Figure
exactly equal.
is
If
bar No.
were
OHMS LAW.
13
2.
Current.
The
(volts)
current
electric
acting through
is
the
resistance,
of
result
pressure
electrical
and
is
measured
ampere
is
in
The
resistance of one
ohm when
Ohm's Law.
Ohm's law expresses
electrical units to
the
relation
all
elec-
trical calculations.
electric
(with direct
circuit
already seen,
flow,
we
see
is
the
from
this
Expressed
in
symbols
it
is
this:
I=E/R; where
stands for
14
as
Thus
volts.
it
we can
the E.
M.
F.
circuit.
know
P., if
we
divided
by R=I I times R must equal E. If the current and resistance are known, we need only to multiply them together to find
;
the E.
we can
M.
F.;
IXR=E. Knowing
F.
to
As a practical application
know how much current
of these formulas:
a
certain
M.
F.,
by dividing the E. M.
E.
M.
If
we wish
can force
F.
the E.
to
M.
F.
know what
a certain cur-
we need
only
ance in ohms.
If
we wish
to
in a circuit to
the value in
ohms
Power.
or
transmitted
in
an
electric
and current.
cir-
pressure
POWER.
To
find the
power of
a steam engine,
15
we must know
the
power contained in the water of a dam depends upon its vokime and its
head. The power we can obtain from the wind depends upon
its speed and the surface we expose to it which also measures
the
the quantity.
decreased.
we can
find the
Thus knowing
formula E
ohms, we
X I=W.
volts
Knowing
=W
16
volts
EVR = W.
In the above
or amperes
and
and
stands for E.
ohms,
we use
M.
or volts
P.,
the
formula,
for current
Divided Circuits.
Currents
least
of
electricity
dam
while
Figure 3
there
If
large
flow
This
large
small opening.
An
electric
the
17
DIVIDED CIRCUITS.
10
ohms
them.
each,
If
will
In
all
such
through
divided
h.
circuits,
current
the
is
always
in-
way
for
instance
as
is
b,
to
above,
plus
equals
10
15
ohms and
now
10/15
To
a
and
h,
made
into one
and would
then have only one-half as much resistance as either one had
before; for the resistance of any conductor increases directly
as its length, and decreases as the cross-section increases.
The combined resistances of any two conductors can be found
by multiplying their two resistances together and dividing
this product by their sum.
Thus, again taking the value
of a and h as 10 ohms each, 10X10 equals 100, this divided
by 10 plus 10 equals 5, which is the combined resistance of the
wire.
If
is
if
at present,
two.
If
we have
Figure
4,
hhh:^
Figure 4
electric light circuit of 12 lights
circuits, since
(which
is
equal to 12 separate
itself),
we
is,
first
and
18
take the
ance of the
first
it
of 10
is
1/10,
of 20,
1/20,
by
this
number which
is
etc.,
divided
5 5/11.
would be 220/12
= 181/3.
CHAPTER
II.
Electric Bells.
Figure 5
fully
connected
pole
marked
20
work
is
electrical
in
is
provided
with
connection with B.
spring
contact
The
The armature,
which
S,
current
normally
now
B,
rests
passes from
from
it
to the
marked
The current
battery
the spools of
now
attract
tracted,
circulating
many
makes the
the
armature
B.
When
this
armature
it
it,
wound on
is
carries the
tween C and S.
This stops the current flow and the magnets, M, are at
once demagnetized, thus releasing the armature B, which
flies back and again clones the circuit at CS, this causes the
armature to be attracted again and once more the circuit is
broken. In this way the armature is made to strike the gong
continuously while the circuit is kept closed at the push button.
When the button is released, the circuit is permanently open
and the bell at rest.
form
selected,
is
not long.
points are
is
is
sufficient for a
Dirt
is
on
We
F.
divided
bell,
we may
either
the E.
M.
first.
ELECTRIC BELLS.
The
latter
expedient
surplus of
us a
little
come
variations
contacts,
as
well
dirt,
as
in
etc.
is
by far the
power which
21
because it gives
very useful to over-
better,
is
not enough.
If
too
many
cells
Q
D
n
Q
n
ji)
t
Figure 6
will be
to contact points
by
is
its
resistance.
It is
common
practice to use
22
With
bells.
all
it
is
may
much
We
electricity
divide
among
ances.
will
If
our
system, Figure
bell
6,
together)
circuit
leave
and the
it
bell,
will flow
i.
e.,
from one
may work
will
eaten
is
bells.
If the contacts,
the other.
to
In such a
away through
electrolytic
action.
Damp
places
recommended
information
reader
is
away from
should
at
wires
also
To
in-
be
avoided
and
concerning diagrams,
etc.,
of
special
6.
bell
care
is
For further
circuits
the
referred to Wiring
Bell wires are usually run along base boards, over picture
mouldings,
etc., in
further on.
where they
23
The Telephone.
The
principle
the
transmitter,
and
B,
7.
the
In this figure,
receiver.
The
repre-
essential
"circuit,
c,
containing a battery,
bj
c^
<?.
Figure 7
the sound
a,
it.
These vibrations
expand.
Now
the
resistance
of these
carbon pieces
is
de-
when
the pressure
is
released.
is
them
in motion.
circulates
24
ordinary induction
coil.
The
magnets,
essential
diaphragm
g,
/,
and the
electric circuit
The
seen,
is
electric circuit,
around
electro-magnets,
more or
less strongly in
current
strength.
g,
and
attract
thus
to
the
diaphragm,
/,
/,
of the receiver
is
made
mitter.
The
transmitter
is
Figure 8
INDUCTION
25
COIL.
leaves
the
generator,
circuit
e,
bell
f,
line
i,
The Induction
Figure 9
coil
as
is
a diagramatic
Figure
consists
Coil.
illustration
of an iron core,
B,
and two
of
an
induction
Such an instrument
usually
made up
of a
number
from
and D.
Of
these
two
circuits
26
known
wound upon
consisting of
many more
is
a similar
coil,
but usually
is
also of
circuit.
the
In
circuit
screw.
As
is
this
connection
is
ceases
flow,
the core
is
and
in
core, B, is magnetized a current of electrichowever, only an instant, is induced in the secondary coil, D. The magnetism in the core is caused by a current of electricity circulating around it, and currents of
electricity are in turn produced by this magnetism in the
other or secondary coil.
This method of producing electric currents is known as
electro-magnetic induction, and currents so produced are said
The
to be "induced" currents, hence the name induction coil.
currents so induced are alternating, that is, changing in
direction.
At the "making" of the primary circuit, the current in the secondary coil is in a direction which opposes the
magnetization of the core by the primary current; at the time
of "break" in the primary circuit, the induced current will be
ity, lasting,
The
tube, C,
is
If
in the
it
is
in,
in
over
the currents
BATTERIES
27
now induced
secondary
coil
the induced E.
has
M.
in
it
will
similar
to
the
The
current
alternating
primary,
the
induction coil
transformer,
is
the
very
mai'l
it
is
itself
constantly
alternating.
Batteries.
"battery"
is
the
electric
name given
machines or by
to a
number
batteries.
of cells con-
Figure 10
cell
that
Figure 11
cell of a
kind
door-bells.
When
the bell
is
is
idle.
28
This
Style of cell
useless
is
for
continuously.
The
cell
full of water
which is filled about
in which a quantity of sal-ammoniac is dissolved. Immersed in
this solution is a carbon cup or center, which forms the
positive or + pole of the cell, and a zinc rod, carefully
separated from the carbon by a rubber washer at the bottom
and a porcelain tube at the top. So arranged, the current tends
to flow, in the battery, from the zinc to the carbon and if the
zinc and carbon outside of the cell be joined by a piece of
electricity,
to the zinc.
If
the zinc and carbon are not joined by a conductor of electricity there will
Each
ient
cell
1.4 volts.
This
bells,
is
not
etc.,
suffic-
and
shown
in
Figure
in
cells
11.
This figure shows a different kind of cell, but will nevertheless illustrate the method of connecting cells in series
which is, to connect the carbon or copper pole of the first
cell to the zinc of the second, and again the carbon pole of the
second to the zinc of the third, continuing
all
of the
cells.
Thus connected,
an electro-motive force of
if
1.4
all
in this
of the
way through
electro-motive
work
of 12
1.4
each
total
or 16.8
volts,
above,
is,
29
BATTERIES.
send current in one direction and six in the other, so that the
result
would be nothing.
Should ten
cells
be properly con-
minus 2
The
1.4,
electro-motive force of a
cells
1.4
direction.
cell
would
is
its
up just as high an
electrical pressure as a very large one made of the same
material.
A large cell is, however, capable of delivering a
that
size,
much
is,
much
its
set
own
cell.
Large cells
most cases give very much better service
than small ones. Especially in cases where considerable
current is required as in electric gas-lighting and annunciator
work, where it is always possible that two or three bells or
fixtures may be called into action at the same time.
rent flow
is
less
therefore, in
will,
Use only
solved
if
much sal-ammoniac
as
any
settles at the
bottom
not allow
it
freeze.
water.
full of
Keep the
to
tops
of
as
it
will
readily be
dis-
glass
jars
covered
with
paraffip,
to
The
(i.
it
it
The
same
so-called
material,
dry-batteries
are
made up
of
about the
They
are
30
suitable for the
especially
handy
for
portable use.
For continuous
current
The
used.
sistance
in
as
is
for
telegraphy,
Figure 11
is
generally
is
its
re-
considerably greater.
Therefore,
is
it
such
shown
less
little
work,
used with
be specially designed
must be made to
around the magnets many more times in order to
fully magnetize them.
The sal-ammoniac batteries cannot be used continually or
they will run down this battery must be kept at work always
for
it;
circulate
or
it
will
This
cell,
deteriorate.
style
of cell
is
known
the jar
ounces to each
zinc.
eight
cell.
resistance
or,
when
this
Blue vitriol should be dropped into the jar as it is consumed, care being taken that it goes to the bottom. The
31
BATTERIES.
at the other.
There
are
series
.3
Figure 12
copper
the
sent
carbon
or
r
1
i
t:
to
cell.
we have
and desire
pole
a circuit of
r
H
ment
but
m
+ "t:
Figure 13
it is
groups
cells
have
electro-motive force
not, the higher
if
the
same
they have
current through the lower. If the two batteries are not connected with similar poles together, they would be on short circuit, and no current could be obtained in the external circuit.
CHAPTER
III.
Wiring Systems.
There are numerous systems of electric light distribution.
oldest and the first to come into general use is shown
The
diagramatically in Figure
This
14.
is
lamps
of the
and as more or
less
all
of the
\y
/N
\/
^\
\/
l-H
\^
I'
\/
N/-
/N
/\
y\
\^
\y
>\
\/'
/\
\
/
Figure 14
This
ished.
is
accomplished
by
means
of
an
automatic
In
the
these
"field"
diagrams,
coils
of
the
represents
dynamo.
the
dynamo,
and
F,
the
that the
WIRING SYSTEMS.
33
the circuit
in
is
variable that
so
it
fields.
is
shown
Figure
in
parallel
15.
M.
is
Figure 15
number
there
of lights used.
is
If,
if
is
used,
ten 16
lights
amperes.
are
Where many
and
all
is
indoor illumination.
It
is
H
the
Figure 16
As
will
be
it
consists of
34
lights are
wire,
this
will be
running
idle.
The
or negative in direction.
The
may
be either positive
Figure 17
is
the two
this
in
WIRING SYSTEMS.
Figure
17,
35
If
all
of the lamps
in
^^^^^^
rO-O-
-O-O-
UUc^<^
o-J
Figure 18
that group are extinguished and
if
one
is
to be
used
all
must
be used.
is
shown
in
w
Figure 19
36
it
extremely useful for long distance transmission. Since,
however, the high pressure employed cannot be used directly
in our lamps it must be transformed into lower pressure.
This is done by means of transformers, and it is possible to
reduce the line voltage to any desirable extent. As the voltage is reduced, however, the current increases and the wires
taken from the transformers into the buildings must be as
large as those for 2-wire systems using the same kind of
lamps. The high pressure, or primary wires, are rarely
The Transmission
of Electrical Energy.
We
power transmitted
the
is
and amperes used. The actual amount of energy transmitted being the product of the above multiplied by the time.
volts
and
consequence of
in
this
resistance,
generate
heat;
the
in the
limits,
form of
heat.
If this loss is
in-
or
ignite
carry.
Table No.
Board
ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION
37
We
It
is
we
voltages,
we can
since,
if
save much on
we double the
shall
therefore, use a
much
38
We
must
not,
creases
the
fire
hazard.
also
It
increases
the
to
liability
The
such
device.
We
know
that
the
flow
of
current
turn
in
the terminals
it
Consequently in
is necessary to
provide a steady E. M. F.
The
loss of E.
M.
F. in
any wire
is
Since
it
is
it
also
impossible
to
establish
is
circuit
On
the
fuel,
or,
ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION
39
upon the
loss
taken
be
warehouses, barns,
In yards,
consideration.
into
etc.,
not
matter
much, but
residences
in
or
power may
offices
it
is
very
annoying.
If the current
is
decided upon,
the
size of
we
Thus
it
will
can be re-
resistance
wire used.
If
we double
age one-half.
we can
loss or
variation in volt-
we attempt to
minimum we shall require
be seen that as
very large wires and thus greatly increase the cost of our
installation.
For
if a
line be in operation with a loss ^f
by doubling the amount of copper, we reduce
the loss to ten per cent. In order to reduce our loss to five
per cent, we must again double the amount of copper; and
to reduce the loss still more, say to 2>4 per cent, a wire
of double the cross-section of the last must be used. If the
cost of copper in the original installation utilizing eighty per
cent of the energy be taken as 1, then the cost of copper to
utilize ninety per cent will be 2; of ninety-five per cent, 4;
and of ninety-seven and one-half per cent, 8; and no amount
of copper will ever be able to save the full 100 per cent.
We must not overlook, however, that although a reduction of
loss from four to two per cent requires us to double the
amount of copper, it does not necessarily double the cost of
our installation, for in many cases it adds but a small per-
instance,
twenty per
cent,
For
Instance,
if it
were decided to
40
would be
small.
Calculation of Wires.
In electrical calculations so far as they relate to wiring,
the
is
mil plays
circular
necessary
to
conductors were
trical
made
If all elec-
in rectangular form,
we should
be able to get along nicely by the use of the square mil, but,
since they are nearly all in circular form, the use of the square
mil as a unit
The
circular mil
by
by
.7854,
.7854,
since
it
is
well
by dividing
into
known
To
1.
illustrate
if
we wish
to determin*?
must
50
first
50
we
.7854,
wire expressed
in
or 1963.5, which
square mils.
To
is
in circular mils,
50
= 2500
circular mils.
equal to the
The
^'
CALCULATION OF WIRES
one mil and a length of one foot
from
is
10.7 to
10.8
ohms,
ohms
usually
resistance
the
is
This
taken.
10.8
resistance
in-
The
found by multiplying
fore, be
its
L
R=
contains.
it
Expressed
in
10.8
where L
M.
and C. M. for the cross-section
In
in circular mils, and R for the resistance in ohms.
order to find the loss in volts, we must multiply the resistance
by the current used. Representing this current by I, the
formula
this
becomes
C.
total length of
wire in
feet,
X L X
10.8
formula becomes
It
is,
= V;
lost.
M.
C.
many circular mils are necessary in a wire so that the volts lost
may not exceed a certain percentage. In order to determine this,
we transpose V and C. M. and the formula now becomes
I
X L X
10.8
= C,
M.
This
is
V
directly the
number of
must have so
that
the loss with this current and length of wire shall not exceed
the limits set by V.
As an example, we have a current of 20 amperes to transmit a distance of 200 feet and the loss shrJl not exceed
two per cent; voltage 110. This requires 400 feet of wire
(two wires 200 feet long) and two per cent of 110 is 2.2. We
therefore have 20
400
10.8 divided
we
see
42
is
it
will
answer
for
work^
2-wire
all
be lights or power.
much
in
actual practice.
In connection with
we need
3-wire
lamps
in
to calculate the
would be figured
at
is
to say, a 2-wire
must
rent required
tems.
is
Ordinarily
we
in series
Applying
this
to our formula
is
only half
to be lost,
systems.
The amount
of copper required in
power transmission
for
CALCULATION OF WIRES
we had
before.
43
distribution
floor
required.
same
We
we run
of wire
for the
ing would
eight
extra wires
require
will
2,
amount
Such wir-
the least
be 2,560
ft.
Should we run a
circuits
circuits
we run
set of
amount
a set of
circuit,
1,760
feet
of wire
will
lines
be re-
we now double
quired.
If
and
light,
it is
44
gc
I09;l?
I09.Z 5
()
<i
()
c)
()
()
oxDra
()
()
ZX)
oYrzti
ic
Figure 20
CALCULATION OF WIRES
by one-half or (which amounts
number
the
45
same thing
to the
in wire),
If
we
all
mains
X,
we
unless
several
cutout
Whether
before explained.
it
centers
are
relative
in
cost,
instance,
this
upon
as
decided
With an uneven
may
of cutouts will be at Z.
To move them
however,
we
In
In laying out
many
five circuits
circuits
for
because
of
parts of a
it
means
unsatisfactory
circuit
electric
is
lamps
different
when
lights in another
off.
The
in
Some
lights,
is
35 feet to the
46
10 feet
out
from
is
The
etc.
is
The wire of
all lamps burning.
No. 14 and with 55 watt lamps, the loss to the
last lamp over a run of 145 feet is a trifle over two and onehalf per cent when all lamps are burning.
Circuit No. 2 is figured as of the same length as No. 1,
existing at that point with
the circuit
is
at a
much
greater
there
is
while in 4
20
we may
is
it
little
it
is
it
in
volts.
From
study of Figure
satisfactory especially
time.
over two
if
is
bad
if all
lights are
tion of lights
is
is
fairly
at once,
Whenever
like
and
the loca-
No. 3 to be run,
minimum
of wire.
In
general the more cutout centers there are established in proportion to the
number
of lights,
if
more
satisfactory
Class A.
1.
Must be located
recommended
a.
It
is
in a dry place.
that
in case of
While
of generators
the
greatest care
is
still,
is
tha.t
the
in the con-
taken that
if
moisture
all
is
almost sure to
window should be
b.
avoided.
in a
carried on, nor in places where they would be exposed to inflammable gases or flyings of combustible materials.
process
is
dynamos there
is
always more
48
volts,
A high potential machine should be surrounded by an insulated platform. This may be made of wood, mounted on
insulating- supports, and so arranged that a man must always
stand upon it in order to touch any part of the machine.
In case of a machine having an insulated frame, if there is
trouble from static electricity due to belt friction, it should
be overcome by placing near the belt a metallic comb connected
with the earth, or by grounding the frame through a resistance
of not less than 300,000 ohms.
The
wooden
shown in
base frames.
work
is
21.
good for
this purpose.
same
is
independently attached to
it,
that
is,
bolt
GENERATORS.
Figure
Fig-ure 22.
21.
The
water pipes.
series
arc,
man
mus.t stand
on
it
in
live parts or
60
should be used.
will serve
may
strip
Figure
number
is
occasionally
of projecting points,
is
23.
suitable ground.
is
with two metal terminals separated a short distance and connected by means of a lead pencil mark.
One
terminal
is
con-
nected to the frame of the machine and the other to the ground.
d.
Constant potential generators, except alternating current machines and their exciters, must be protected from excessive current by safety fuses or equivalent devices of approved design.
For two-wire, direct-current g'enerators, single pole protection will be considered as satisfying the above rule, pro-
GENBEATORS.
51
considerable overload
gerous
rise in the
connected to
it
circuit
normal
which
will
maximum
carry a cerIf
any
will occur
some
the apparatus
is
to"
seriously overheating.
and a
fire
may
result.
To
protect
safety device
must be
installed in the
current
when
The
value.
safety fuse
is
it
main
exceeds
its
commonly used
in place of the
fuses.
in
main circuit
of one of these large machines should operate and open the
circuit, the generating apparatus, dynamo and engine would
momentarily be left in a dangerous condition owing to the
fact of the load being suddenly removed from the generator.
large units.
If
The sudden
the E.
M.
F.,
and
as
this
is
52
there
is
.the
tor winding.
ture consisting of
amount
many
such an
alternating current
generators are excepted from the general rule requiring protection by safety
devices.
While the
rule
is
and
it
is
still
on the switchboard.
For two-wire,
to
itself,
mount
all
but
fuses
A
Figure
is
B
24.
one fuse will suffice, provided this fuse is located in the lead
which is not connected to the series winding. The diagram
Figure 24 shows the proper location of the fuses. An inspection of this
quirement.
diagram
will also
show
63
GENERATORS.
To
nected in parallel.
When
field
and
machine
own
and
series field
of these paths
.to
is
it
can
through
its
The
nected
may
One
may
armature
or,
due
to
it
it
may
be of greater strength
armature.
Where
a shunt
in this case,
for no
in
equalizer connection
both leads
is
is
always the
same.
Where
\3w\
OWV'
AA>0Figure
yvvQ"
25.
25.
in
54
for the
It
will
two generators shown at the right of the diagram are connected in a reverse manner from those at the left. An examination of the diagram, Figure 26, will show the reason for
-QvvJ
-r>v\)
hO^aa.
Figure
this.
If,
Kl)vv\
26.
it
in
in
circuit
would
result,
is
always grounded,
current flowing from the positive bus bar through the positive
lead and the wires on the generator to the ground.
The gen-
kind and a
fire
would be sure
to result.
If
ure 27
is
shown
In Fig-
current generator.
The armature
GENEKATORS.
55
with
ture.
Two
ir
5
Figure
field
27.
in series with
an armature wind-
ing.
The
shows
in a plainer
manner
56
the equalizer,
.the
may
current,
blowing.
field
by the current
If
for
would remove
would be actuated
in the
series
field
Fig-ure
stated
still
exist.
in the
nected to the neutral bus would leave the generator unprotected in case of grounds.
current,
to slip rings
on the opposite
GENERATORS.
armature
side of the
shaft.
Two
57
leads
from the
and corresponding equalizer connection, this circuit breaker being actua.ted by the current in the lead from
the series field and arranged to open both series field and
double-trip circuit breakers connected in the leads
series fields
equalizer leads.
As
generator
this
is
designed to withstand
interconnected
so
that
in
opens
it
Fignre
set.
This
which are
rigidly
29.
set consists of
58
ance
is
cuit
manner
-i
?
Figure
Figure
30.
31.
apparatus
is
of
plied with.
Circuit
leads,
breakers,
are generally
much more
is,
in
nearly
all
cases,
efficient
result
in
larger
fuse
being installed.
The
circuit
GENEEATOES.
breaker
is no.t
59
When
a fuse blows
all
where the
As
circuit
breaker
is
used.
at
differ.
circuit
Some
ad-
to operate, will
Another recommends that the fuses be of such capacity as to carry any load
which will be required of them and to set the circuit breaker
blow only
breaker
fails.
little
circuit.
The
prac-
it
frequently happens,
when
both are set to operate at the same current strength, the fuse
alone will "blow," due to the excessive heat produced in the
fuse at full load.
There
is
some of
the
newer
tor or
its
contact,
to
would
result
from an overload,
as,
for instance,
where the
60
dynamo
operates
Inspection
requirements.
e.
Conductors.
From
tral stations,
circuits, the
freely.
Where
CONDUCTORS.
61
factory
fire proofing- is
etc.
compartments,
c.
Must be kept
come
in contact.
Must
in
in
all
is
it
may
gather
in
in the
liable
lead
should
be
well
taped
and
compounded
so
no
that
the floor
is
.the
metal conduits
tile
of cement, a channel
may
be
left
or,
in the floor
62
it.
provided.
the generators are often called upon for a very heavy overload
apt to result
ticed.
3.
Switchboards.
Must be
so placed
danger of communicating
Must be made
as
to
fire to
wood
in skeleton
SWITCHBOARDS.
An open space is
or for the storage of oil cans, rubbish, etc.
much more likely to be kept clean, and is more convenient for
making- repairs, examinations, etc.
d.
Must be kept
e.
On
free
from moisture.
Figure
of opposite polarity
must not be
53 A).
less
as
close
32.
must be made
as great as practicable,
and
live parts
as
generally
possible,
be
without
accessible.
Do
placed
in
inconvenience,
central
to
all
04
The
ma.terial generally
boards
is
from metallic
may
veins.
If metallic
marble.
etc.,
be
made
of
hardwood
in
skeleton
all
Wood
(For construction
Must be placed on
RESISTANCE BOXES.
switchboard
ton form, or
if
placed on a wall,
mounted on
in skele-
is
the rheostat
is
should be
it
piece
solid
of
Separate
slate or marble.
.to
Figure
the slate
33.
if
the
same
screws were used for this purpose, they would be apt to ground
On
central stations
area, there
is
In order to keep
This
on those circuits near the dynamo
Equalizers, which are large resistance
become
excessive.
points
of
supply uniform.
make
They
strips,
and capable
and
in the circuits
are
generally too
heavy to mount on the board, but should be raised on noncombustible, non-absorptive insulating supports and should
be separated from all inflammable material.
6b
c.
insulated
wire
is
used
for
connection be-
tween resistances and the contact plate of a rheostat, the insulation must be slow burning (see No. 43).
For large field
rheostats and similar resistances, where the contact plates are
not
mounted upon them, the connecting wires may be run
together in groups so arranged that the maximum difference
of potential between any two wires in a group shall not exceed
Each group of wires must either be mounted on
75 volts.
non-combustible, non-absorptive insulators giving at least J/j
inch separation from surface wired over, or, where it is necessary to protect the wires frorn mechanical injury or moisture,
be run in approved lined conduit or equivalent.
Lightning Arresters.
(For construction
5.
Must be attached
a.
rules, see
No.
63.)
as
possible.
In
fact,
LIGHTNING ARRESTERS.
67
demanded
lightning discharge
is
While the
used
is
it
resistance
to
it
offers yery
current
of
VWWWVWx/'^/xA/
/VWWWVWWV\
it
will
generally
insula-
take
that
34
its
it.
simplest
two metal
form
plates
ure
34.
One
is
lightning arrester
consis.ts
of
separated by a
shown
of the plates
in
Fig-
is
con-
nected to the line and the other to the ground, a set being pro-
The
air space
68
ning discharge
maintain
this
is
is
very likely to
methods of preventing
one
Different
this
devised.
ure 36) the discharge takes place across the air gaps between
the cylinders
A
the
these are
choice coil
number
is
made
simply a
coil
of turns depending
is
used.
On
is
As every
coil of
number
of turns
amount of inductance,
and properly
located.
6.
competent
man must
Figure
b.
35.
removed daily.
Approved waste cans shall be made of metal, with legs
raising can 3 inches from the floor and with self-closing
covers.
7.
in
ground detectors.
b.
Where
^
M
<i
III
'"I
'II',
rm
TM
m.
.riT'T'
Tl
least
all tests
il
IT
or
HI
in
Qtounp
Figure
36.
The exceptions
is
3 wire alter-
is
grounded.
In every installation of electric wiring there
is
certain
is
resist-
TESTING.
ance.
Where
a small
amount
71
of wire
is
ground or between the wires of opposite polarity may become quite large. Wires lying on pipes or on damp woodwork, crossed wires or live parts of apparatus mounted on
wooden blocks, all tend to cut down the insulation resistance
and increase the leak. The effects of poor insulation are
to
First,
it
more important,
The
it
means
way
simplest
a possible cause of
fire.
is by means of a voltmeter.
In Figure Zl if a voltmeter of known resistance is connected between one side of
the circuit and the ground and there is a ground on the other
a circuit
to
r,
we get
V=
R+
orr
=R
V-V'
.
V^
voltmeter
mula,
is
10,500 ohms.
= 10,500 X
110-30
= 28,000
ohms
in the for-
as the resistance to
30
If
the voltmeter
is
72
+ side
side,
or
main, the
resist-
can be obtained.
IT
<i
Figure
Fig-urc 38
37.
therefore
will
it if
were not
in parallel
with
it.
stances.
If,
however,
it
will
made and
seldom
defects cleared
happen
that
the
bus
bar
is
IP
connected to
be
run
to
water
or
steam pipe
4*
Fig-.
39.
two
MOTORS.
73
(never to a gas pipe) or to some grounded part of the buildIf no good ground is obtainable one may be made as
ing.
described under 13 A.
8.
Motors.
The use
is
begun.
Wooden
74
practically nothing.
in contact
would
properly constructed
base frame will allow of easy cleaning of the space under the
motor.
In the case of elevator or other motors where the shunt
field is
this
is
induced
If the
grounding the
work of
circuit.
h.
Motors operating at a po.tential of 550 volts or less
must be wired with the same precautions as required by rules
in Class "C" for wires carrying a current of the same volume.
Motors operating at a potential between 550 and 3,500
volts must be wired with approved multiple conductor, metal
sheathed cable in approved unlined metal conduit firmly secured in place. The metal sheath must be permanently and
effectively grounded, and the construction and installation of
the conduit must conform to rules for interior conduits (see
No. 25 and No. 49, a, /, and k) except that at outlets approved outlet bushings shall be used.
.
the wires under this rule would be overfused, in order to provide for the starting- current, as in the case of many of the
alternating- current motors, the wires must be of such size as
to be properly protected by these larg-er fuses.
The insulation of the several conductors for hig-h potential
motors, where leaving- the metal sheath at outlets, must be
thoroug-hly protected from moisture and mechanical injury.
This may be accomplished by means of a pot head or some
equivalent method. The conduit must be substantially bonded
to the metal casing-s of all fitting-s and apparatus connected
It would be much preferable
to the inside hig-h tension circuit.
to make the conduit system continuous throug-hout by connecting- the conduit to fitting-s and motors by means of screw
joints, and this construction is strongly recommended wherever practicable.
High potential motors should preferably be so located
that the amount of inside wiring- will be reduced to a. mini-
mum.
Inspection Department having- jurisdiction may permit the
wire for hig-h potential motors to be installed according to the
general rules for high potential systems when the outside
wires directly enter a motor room (see Section f). Under
these conditions there would generally be but a few feet of
wire inside the building and none outside the motor room.
Good
values to
tise
calculating
for
is
the
size
of wire for
The question
of loss of
110 volts
9.3
220 volts
4.6
500 volts
it
is
not necessary to
it
is
all
76
110 volts
7.5
220 volts
3.75
1.65
500 volts
Where
there are a
number of
is
evenly balanced
when
it
is
remembered
that
two
liO-volt
wires of the
circxiit
cut-out.
In general,
parts.
size
n.o
exposed live
Figure
40.
for
motors, 3
be controlled by a switch which will indicate whether the current is on or off. This is required to reduce the liability of a
motor being accidentally left in circuit, which might result in
serious trouble. Figure 40 shows a complete motor installation as usually arranged.
As
78
it
is
off.
it
will
If the con-
ment having
may
be noted.
d.
Rheostats must be so installed as to comply with all
the requirements of No. 4. Auto starters must comply with
requirements of No. 4 c.
Auto
current
motors.
to
the
starters
motors
.that
starting
motor
is
In some
rheos.tat to
coming up
cities
to speed.
it
MOTORS.
79
the
The
best construction
marble
is
used
it
is
must be
the
to
wall.
If slate or
which
will entirely
a continuous piece
cover the space back of the rheostat and the frame of the
rheostat should be screwed to the slate or marble
slate or
and the
to the wall,
never
starting
box
is
ture of a shunt or
When
such a motor
is
is
small.
Consider for a
moment
the case of a
8 amperes.
Now, suppose
with
the
a resistance of 8
armature when
easily be imagined.
ohms were
starting.
In
this
inserted in series
case
110/10=11
80
increases until the motor reaches full speed and takes its normal current.
in the example given above at the first step of the starting box there will be a current of 11 amperes flowing through
a resistance of 8 ohms and the power consumed will be
equal to P R, or 968 watts^ which are lost in heat produced
in the resistance wire.
As this amounts to more than one
horsepower thrown off in heat the advisability of mounting the rheostat away from inflammable material and of properly ventilating
it
It
lAAAAA-
'
Figure
^/\/v\/vws
41.
armature circuit. As the arm A is moved to the right, resistance is gradually cut out of the armature circuit until the
arm reaches .the last point, where it is automatically held in
position by means of the small magnet M, which is connected
81
in series
will be
with the
field circuit.
field
is
when
arm
rests
reason
when
fails,
the
is
arm
made on
is
Figure
It
By
connection
"off"
is
dead.
in
the
it
first
the "off"
field
coils.
42.
last
contact
any
the
the
magnet
arm A
to fly
lease.
in
Figure
82
by a small nut) the armature below the magnet will be atand allowing the
tracted, thus short circuiting the coil
arm to fly back and shut off the current to the motor. This
device cannot be considered to take the place of the regular
cut-outs, as it is not operative during the starting of the
motor.
It
tion by the
arm
is
held in posi-
magnet M.
made
in
Figure
different designs to
meet the
43.
used for
this
purpose
it
is
often advisable
to
arrange the
83
connections so that
to .the
highest and
in series
arm
last
in place
coil,
the movable
point
when
as
less
move
than to
resistance
down
raised
be inserted
current
it
will
is
required to hold
Incan-
descent lamps are often used for this purpose and must be
installed as in 4, Class A.
Figure
starting
The
resistance coils of a
44.
in a
84
is
rimning.
speed controller
it
is
arranged to hold
be placed. This
may
arm
.the
is
in
any
accomplished
in
of movable arm.
rules
is
it
ing the starting of the motor, and can be used to take the
place of the switch required.
As
the
arm
of a starting
to another,
more or
s.tated,
less
moved
is
sparking results,
considerable heat
is
developed
room
~W"
^>v^
Figure
where
box is
45.
If a starting
in a dus.t-tight fire-proof
box, which
If the enclosing
all times,
box
is
except
when
starting the
motor is being
and .the door open. A speed controller should never
be mounted in an enclosure unless the same is arranged to
give a thorough ventilation to the outside air, as heat is constantly being generated in the coils of the rheostat, and this
heat must be dissipated. A speed controller should never
be located where dust or lint is apt to gather on it. If it
is necessary to use one on a motor located in such a place, it
should be mounted outside the room.
In metal working establishments or in any place where
there is a liability of the contacts on the switches or the
lation of the coils will be obtained while the
started
or suitably protected.
series
/.
a waterproof cover
when not
in
Figrure.46.
use, and, if deemed necessary by the Inspection Department
having jurisdiction, must be enclosed in an approved case.
When
it is
86
A
hand
number
air.
plates, they
When
means
of
they are so
motors of
this
kind to be used.
is
to close the
bu.t
will
hand
holes.
This gauze
will
MOTORS.
inside
the motor.
The
87
is
no sparking.
Ceiling
fans
are
generally
provided
with
an
insulating
knob on which the fan hangs. If this is not provided, a simple knob break can be used, or the fan can be suspended
from a hook screwed into a hardwood block, provided the
hook does not pass through the block into .the plaster, the
block being separately supported from the ceiling.
h.
Must each be provided with a name-plate, giving the
maker's name, the capacity in volts and amperes, and the normal speed in revolutions per minute.
1
under weakened
The speed
field.
of a motor
may
down
By
this
latter
method
the lines of
passing
force.
When
through
motor
the
is
started under a
up to speed.
weakened
armature
rise
field,
the
coming
of counter E. M.
is
slow
in
88
is
more
likely
to continue
Figure 47
Moving
the rheostat
arm
9.
TEANSFOEMEKS.
10.
When
current for light or power is taken from pribatteries, the same general regulations
must be observed as apply to similar apparatus fed from
dynamo generators developing the same difference of potena.
mary or secondary
tial.
b.
c.
rooms
d.
All secondary batteries must be mounted on non-abnon-combustible insula.tors, such as glass or thorvitrified and glazed porcelain.
sorptive,
oughly
The use
e.
avoided in
cell
must be
properly
used
supported
independently
of
the
joints
should
be
ered and taped with both rubber and friction tape should be
painted
to
keep
with
all
tion
is
This tends
acid
irritating
liable to
to
bring about
employes.
Thorough
fire
haz-
ventila-
90
Transformers.
11.
(For construction
rules, see
13,
No.
62.)
13a, 36.)
do no harm.
If the insulation in a transformer breaks down, considerable heat is likely to be developed. This would cause a
dense smoke, which might be mistaken for a fire and result in
water being- thrown into the building, and a heavy loss thereby entailed. Moreover, with oil cooled transformers, especialls'
if
boil over,
may become
ignited
and
fire.
thoroughly insulated.
Class
B.
OUTSIDE WORK.
(Light,
Wires.
By
building.
It
is
etc.
custom.ary
to
run the
the
fenter
rubber-covered
wire
line
Figure
wires
48,
in
to
building.
b.
Must be so placed that moisture cannot form a cross
connection between them, not less than a foot apart, and not
92
with any substance other than their insulating supblocks to which insulators are attached must
be covered over their entire surface with at least two coats
paint.
of waterproof
in contact
ports.
Wooden
roofs,
Figure
48.
top to the lower wire, and the moisture on these will often
cause
much
above
flat
trouble.
roofs,
high enough to
2 or 3 feet will
The
OUTSIDE WORK.
93
table,
Company of Chicago
The tension on wires should
tric
Temperature, F... 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
10
12
12
14
14
Sag, inches
will
clear
still
made
it
at the highest
buildings.
way
it
different temperatures.
temperature
weight, giving
weigh
the
to
may
its
own
at times
down.
tric light
or power wires.
wires,
lower.
Their object
is
parallel to
made
as nearly at
to prevent the
may
porcelain.
94
shown.
upside
down
Tn
fill
qualities be destroyed.
Must, where they enter buildings, have drip loops outand .the holes through which the conductors pass must
be bushed with non-combustible, non-absorptive insulating
tubes slanting upward toward the inside.
For low potential systems the service wires may be brought
into buildings through a single iron conduit.
The conduit to
be curved downward at its outer end and carefully sealed
or equipped with an approved service-head to prevent the
entrance of moisture. The outer end must be at least one
g.
side,
H-..jy
Figure 49
foot from any woodwork and the inner end must extend to
the service cut-out, and if a cabinet is required by the Code
in a manner similar to that described
in fine print note under No. 25 b.
the
OUTSIDE WORK.
95
tance between the two inside pins of each crossarm must not
be less than twenty-six inches.
i.
The metalHc sheaths to cables must be permanently
and
effectively
connected to "earth."
The telephone of
telegraph
sometimes placed
wires are
Poles should not be set more than 125 feet apart; 100 or
110 feet
is
good
The
practice.
used, but
are
Steps should be
two
steps on the
same side is not over 36 inches these steps should all be the
same distance apart, and should not extend nearer than 8
placed so that
the
feet
to
ground.
the
All
"gains"
cut
into
poles
should be
Such places
are more likely to hold moisture and rot than exposed parts.
Wherever feed wires end or sharp angles occur, double crossarms should be used, fastened on opposite sides of pole and
bolted together.
All bolts,
lag
screws,
etc.,
should be galvanized.
Poles
Length of
pole.
35 feet
40
"
Depth
5^
in ground.
feet
45
"
50
"
6y2
55.
''
60
"
"
"
"
96
plant,
Must be capable
fire on the railway route, the current may be shut off from
the particular section and not interfere with the work of
the firemen. This rule also applies to feeders.
m. Must be safely protected against accidental contact
where crossed by other conductors.
Guard wires should be insulated from the ground and
should be electrically disconnected in sections of not more
than 300 feet in length.
WORK.
OUTSIDE
97
12 A.
Constant-Potential Pole
(Overhead
may
increase the
Accidental
lines
may
of
lines
this
Lines,
class
Over
unless
5,000
properly
Volts.
arranged
loss
fire
crosses
high voltage
lines,
if
Moreover, such
work of firemen
of these rules
so to direct this
no increase
is
in fire
hazard will
hamper .the
The object
result,
while
restrictions
a.t
the
same time
which would
lin-
is
fully
understood that
work
all
it
is
may
arise in con-
it
is
98
extra precautions
other wires,
to
reduce the
liability
of a
>^
m
Figure 50
heavy
pins,
insulators,
If
carried on the
wires
wires.
d.
lines
Where
Wherever
is
feasible,
end-insulator guards
line.
should
be
If the high-pres-
OUTSIDE WORK.
wires
sure
upper
line
cross
below
li.j
other
99
the
lines,
wires
of
the
One
adopted
height and length of the cross-over span may
be made such that the shortest distance between
the lower cross-arms of the upper line and any
wire of the lower line will be greater than the
length of the cross-over span, so that a wire breaking near one of the upper pins would not be long
enough to reach any wire of .the lower line. The
high-pressure wires should preferably be above the
other wires.
The
1.
By
reference to Fig. 50
it
to be crossed.
If
also
line to
the
.the
and
its
The
cross-arm apart.
cross-arms,
etc.
is
With
se.t
as
in
about by
will
it
wires.
Figure 51
joint pole.
is
It is
moved
feet in height
one side.
a suggestion towards making crosses on a
simply a trough-like screen Ijuilt around the
to
lower wires and set so that it must catch the upper wires
they break and confine them so that the wind cannot
when
whip them
out.
as this
is
quite safe.
When
Figure 51
wires
is
2.
OUTSIDE WORK.
will be impossible for
it
to
101
come
which
3.
Whenever
must be of such
that
hig-h pressure
Further, the construction must be such that
the wires of screen will not be destroyed by any
arcing at the point of contact likely to occur under
the conditions existing.
wires.
to the building, in
Feet.
Feet.
25
20
15
10
2
4
6
8
9
5
21/2
Figure
line
52.
of
TKANS FORMERS.
103
Transformers.
(For construction
(See also Nos.
13.
Where transformers
No. 62.)
13A and 36.)
rules, see
11,
circuits, it is necessary, in
a.
Must not be placed inside of any building, excepting
central stations and sub-stations, unless by special permission
of the Inspection Department having jurisdiction.
An outside location is always preferable; first, because it
keeps the high-voltage primary wires entirely out of the
building and. second, for the reasons given in the note to
No. 11 a.
h.
Must not be attached to the outside walls of buildings,
unless separated therefrom by substantial supports.
It is recommended that the transformers be not attached
to frame buildings when any other location is practicabl'e.
As
rule
transformers
any
wall.
if
are
fastened
This method
is
.to
as
buildings
on
satisfactory as
In fast-
ening transformers to poorly constructed walls where permission to go through the wall cannot be obtained, some ad-
mind
.that
there
is
not only a
downward
outward tipping
strain.
strain
104
will
Stand the
wall there
Figure
tributed over a
much
53.
The
of an iron
wound.
it
One
of these
is
known
circuit, and in
from the dynamo
known as the secondary circuit, and
circulate.
The other
is
as the
coming
primary
direct
low pressure currents used inside of building circuThese .two circuits are wound generally one over the
late.
other, and are very close together.
The pressure used in the
primary coil is from 1,0C0 to 5,000 volts, while in the secondary
it is reduced usually to 110 or 220.
It quite frequently happens that the insulation between the
in
it
the
TRANSFOKMEKS.
105
into
buildings.
is
acci-
should any one touch any live part of the installation while
touching also grounded parts of the building dea.th would very
likely result.
Also, should there be a weak spot in the insulation,
it
is
fire.
it
at that
deaths and
fires
U|//^K.
[B
would pierce
Many
^
3 PHASE zjo
r.
Figure
54.
electric light
system
is
side of an
1C6
The grounding
lesser of
ternating
two
these
in
evils
currents,
cases
is
to
chances
of
possible
Thus
sist
of
tral
wire can do
vary
in
much
ISA.
Grounding Low-Potential
The groundinging-
regulations
is
Circuits.
of low-potential circuits under the followonly allowed when such circuits are so
GROUNDING.
107
Neutral wire
a.
Must be grounded
on a metal
plate buried in coke beneath permanent moisture
level, and also through all available underground
at the Central Station
3.
In
overhead systems
grounded every 500
neutral
the
feet,
wire
as provided in
must
be
Sections
c to g.
wire,
2.
When
of the secondary circuit may be grounded, provided the maximum difiference of potential between
the grounded point and any o.ther point in the circuit does not exceed 250 volts.
3.
be at the transformer
or on the individual service as provided in sections c to g, and when transformers feed systems
with a neutral wire the neutral wire must also be
grounded at least every 250 feet for overhead systems and every 500 feet for underground systems.
108
Inspection
grounding
if
they deem
it
necessary.
Ground Connections.
41.)
d.
at
Central
Stations
in direct-current
be
smaller
The ground connection for Central Stations, transformsub-stations, and banks of transformers must be made
through metal plates buried in coke below permanent moisture
level, and connection should also be made to all available
underground piping systems including the lead sheath of underground cables.
f.
er
made
ings.
GROUND rLATES.
wire into the cellar and connecting on
meters, main cocks,
Where
109
the
street
side
of
etc.
is
Class C.
INSIDE WORK.
(Light, Pozver and Heat.
see
Class E.)
GENERAL RULES.
Wires.
14.
{For special
jc?
and
&
Must not be
The
general purposes
gage,
S.
exceptions
flexible
jp.)
No. 14
For
lights.
too
is
easily
with
tie
wires.
To
recommended.
tie
tie
and if
contact with other than its msu-
of the
This
tha.t
it
confines,
INSIDE WOKK.
lating support, there
and (2)
would
be good insulation.
still
In Figu';e
(1)
illustrate
the
Figure
half
This
if
is
the
also
tie
especially
wire
way around
is
useful,
arranged
to
INSIDE WORK.
sliows a knot tied into the wire, as
113
is
^wires.
It
is
At
insula-
(5)
not advisable to
tie
soon cause
shown
at
it
to cut
(8)
Cleats, such as
Must be
and
electrically secure
On
is
shown
the well-
joint.
The
indicated at h;
cut into as at
if
it
is
It is also
more
at
b.
and
difficult to
in this
a^
it
is
will be likely to
break
at that
way than
it
is
made
if
the
covered with
is
soldering
of this
fluid,
a formula for
on the market.
suggested
is
114
these preparations
is
of the joint, as
all
enough, at
tape,
least,
so that
it
is
is
If
b.
is
rubber tape
near
it
at the ciids
it
much
It is
This
it
in
place.
which
it
If
when
form a leak, which might prove trouexposed to the weather it will be well
to paint them over with some insulating paint to keep :he
friction tape in place, as it will otherwise soon work loose
they would,
blesome.
when
At
at
becomes dry.
and d "tap" joints are shown.
it
is
moist,
If joints are
joined.
is
be finished off as at
Twin
very
is
at e
is
drawn very
be
common
/.
When
much
.the
in
only within
not
as possible.
made
in this way.
work, and should
tight
in fixture
it
is
customary
making
to
remove some
All
INSIDE WORK.
115
screws
best
way
solder;
leave
them
The
is
to dip
cverheat
them
in
melted
small wires
and
brittle.
lead
covered wire
great
The
is
worse than
it
lead covering
The ends
useless.
is
of use only as a
if it
of lead
bit of
may
in
damp
When
.the lead.
moisture
covered wires
In
must be exercised
be not bruised and the
care
is
into them.
Extreme care
is
Figure
the wire
when
it
is
made
just as in ordinary
is
on
57.
left
is
it,
116
it
soldering iron
is
Figure 58
be bushed by a continuous waterproof tube. This tube
may be a conductor, such as iron pipe, but in that case an
insulating bushing must be pushed into each end of it, extending far enough to l<eep the wire absolutely out of contact
with the pipe.
first
is
in
INSIDE WORK.
to be in
117
approved
This
is
flexible tubing
beyond
shown
Figure
in
from
plaster, or
end
The
58.
damp woodwork
contact with
very likely
ground
flow
of current
time start a
causing
at c
and
it
e,
fire
may
or
it
to break.
Figure
dynamo or other
wire.
This
may
gradually eat
When
59, if
it
a wire
is
is
carrying
away
eaten away, as
much
in
shown
Figure
will set fire to whatever inflammable material may be near it If the current flow to the
ground continues, the positive ware will finally be entirely
part will
lamp, will be established, and will continue until the wire has
been burned away and the space between the two ends becomes
118
itself.
The negative
wire,
for
Non-com-
is
short
circuits,
from
fire
eflfects
These
of Underwriters.
At
to
is
shown
electrolytic
action
&
until
is
finally
a socket
cuited,
to overfusing of
circuit.
At
and
e,
c is a piece of
shown
INSIDE WOKK.
Figure
60.
Figure
61.
joists; that
Figure
62.
is,
and consequent
fire.
120
Figure 61
this
iron
in
an offset
is
pipe.
in the wall.
Sometimes the
floor can
in place
placed on insulators.
down
wires may
put
until
be-
examined the
wires.
The
a continuous bushing
may
The
boxing of
on side
the
least
at
same dimensions
boxing
as given for
walls.
means
of separating
wires.
securely in place.
TMs
24,
rule
Sections h and
Figure 63
as in
j.
a sectional
INSIDE WOBK.
be bored as straight as possible; otherwise
to
pull
The quantity
wires through.
it
will be difficult
of wire needed
is
also
Figure
The method
which is more
comply with the rule,
The other two methods are preferable.
at the left,
but
is
crossing to prevent
upper
the
wires
dampness.
Must be
be
left
This
is
a rule that
is
at the left of
With
much work
Figure
is
and is
which are
65,
122
likely to
Where
it
is
it
is
better either to
fish
No
Figure
wires
tical
On
side walls
where ver-
64.
would be to box the pipes and run the moisture to one side.
The most harm is done by water on the insulators. If these
can be kept dry
it
Figure
hang
in
free
in
the
air.
crossing pipes,
it
65.
Whatever form
mus.t
be
of insulation
continuous.
Short
is
used
bushings
being crossed,
is
not
satisfactory,
as
the
bushings are
INSIDE WORK.
123
The
insulation
must
If
knobs are not used as shown in Figure 64 to keep the bushings in place, they
The
must be taped
to the wire.
conductors in wooden
in elevator shafts
not be approved, but conductors may be installed in such
shafts if encased in approved metal conduits.
g.
installation
of
electrical
in
often so
shaft
is
impregnated with
usually
so
oil
in
Moulding
is
an elevator
Underground Conductors.
15.
the
current
would be easy
any one having disconnected one service switch to believe
all wires in the building dead, while they were in reality still
being kept alive by the other switch. This connection would
allow current to pass from one street main to another without
going through .the fuses in the street catch-box.
be
it
for
c.
Where underground
service
enters
building
through
tubes, the tubes shall be tightly closed at outlets with asphaltum or other non-conductor, to prevent gases from entering
No underground
shall supply
sion
service
from a subway
to a building
written permis-
jurisdiction.
124
16.
17.
{See tables
in
back of book.)
A'os.
57",
32 and 5J.)
On
a.
all
Figure
66.
the three wires, must be protected by the cut-out and disconnected by the operation of the switch or circuit-breaker.
This, of course, does not apply to the grounded circuit of
street railway systems.
The
less
on
% H. P. or
and incandescent cir-
INSIDE WORK.
cuits
where
125
single pole
switches are
allowed.
in
In connecting
double-pole
Most
snap
switches
the
as
shown
short circuits.
in
Figure
Many
of
67,
wireman
form
that way,
Whenever an
switch,
Fig-ure 67.
Figure
69.
126
of course
in
Switches
such rooms, as in
room
is
many
dusty.
it
will
in a
wtiicti
Figure 69
is
box
for use
CONSTANT CUEKENT
out of doors.
In
all
damp
In
the switch
it
places
much
is
trouble
SYSTEMS.
127
similiar
in a
appliances
box or
steel
&
must be
They are
often
left
without care,
circuit properly.
Time switches
may
tions"
and
CONSTANT-CURRENT SYSTEMS.
Principally Series
18.
14,
15 and 16.)
No. 41).
h.
Mus.t be
arranged to enter
and
leave
the
building
128
ture,
In order that
to police or firemen.
of the
all
trated at
Figure
d,
shown
pole,
Figure
in
As shown
70,
70, the
is
The
connect
moved downward,
much
and
to
to h
c.
less
the outside
"dead."
At
and thence
.that
As soon
it
e,
wires,
Figure
from the
With
but
70, is
all
it
is
so
the switch in
circuit.
with
very
points h and
all
of this switch
be
illus-
it
is
When
may
is
71.
Figure
in
which
still
flows
shown
CONSTANT CURRENT
SYSTEMS.
closed
all
pass
through
lamp.
kind
is
within
the
if
switch
If this
is
will
last
switch of this
always arranged
lamp
.the
latter
This
it;
itself.
way
of
should
lamps
switching
way
never
safe
handle.
There
is
to
just
danger
switched
oflf
shocks
lamp
the
when
m.uch
as
from
is
as
when
With switches
is
Figure
on.
as de-
is
no
spark whatever
ally
quite
be switched
some
time.
is
usu-
Should
in.
in the circuit
in,
there
loca.ted.
live
is
neces-
insulate' himself
if
kept dry,
are useful.
ground.
i.t,
If,
in
Figure
70, the
wire at
f is
grounded, a
man
in
130
if
he touches the
may
burn or
Another danger
bility
of
insulated
in instant death.
cutting
in connection
oneself
into
circuit.
is
If
one
the
is
is
no harm whatever
lia-
perfectly
in touch-
ing one live wire (with very high voltages such insulation
is,
the
through the
the circuit
is
if
only a resistance
is
cut
in,
one should
touch the terminal of an arc lamp, not burning, with each hand
nothing whatever would be felt, but, if the lamp were now
suddenly switched on, .there would be a very severe shock at
the shock will be very severe.
jfirst,
To
when
if
were
fairly
when
started.
less so
the lamps
Must always be
What
is
known
in plain sight,
by
the
Inspection
as concealed
is
not
The current
required
sufficient
but
capacity,
its
mechanical
131
strength
is
not
very
The danger from a broken wire in high tension systems is much greater than in low tension systems, because of
The loss in volts per
the long arc which occurs at the break.
great.
be
2.6.
While this
will
not
.4,
it
will
pressure at
of
necessary.
An
plastered walls
is
to place a
wooden block or
work on
rosette about
side walls
On
this
plastered
strain,
will
wires to sag
walls
small
from
insulator,
if
subjected
the
ceilings
and
wooden block
will
prevent
to
side
e.
Must, on side wall, be protected from mechanical injury
by a substantial boxing, retaining an air space of one inch
around the conductors, closed at the top (the wires passing
through bushed holes), and extending not less .than seven
feet from the floor.
When crossing floor timbers in cellars,
or in rooms where they might be exposed to injury, wires
must be attached by their insulating supports to the under
side of a wooden strip not less than one-half an inch in thickness.
Tns.tead of the running-boards, guard strips on each
side of and close to the wires will be accepted.
These strips
hM
not
and
Figure 72
protection
the
pi
is
an illustration of
on side
dimensions
walls,
bushings above
floor,
is
\P
i^
ill
"''
IC
"
The
raises
!,,
M.
'
1
TT'
r^
14
'"
m
"
/'
.;,,.
4
_3
ll
I,.^"'
^/if\r
rii y"
^^
1^1.
1^'
an extra
0*
1
tel
giving
required.
'
Mm
strong".
and
in thickness
^^
iP
iiiiiiii'
,11
^..
if"
^IH-
f-
IN.
fe^
Figure
Series
19.
(For construction
a.
72.
Arc Lamps.
Must be carefully
Must be provided
rules, see
isolated
No.
57.)
b.
at all times with a glass globe surrounding the arc, and securely fastened upon a closed base.
Broken or cracked globes must not be used.
133
flyings of easily inflammable material, should have the carbons enclosed completely in a tight globe in such manner as
to avoid the necessity for spark arresters.
"Enclosed arc" lamps, having tight inner globes, may be
used, and the requirements of sections b and c above would,
of course, not apply to them, except that a wire netting
around the inner globe may in some cases be required if the
At
the
left,
Figure 73,
is
sus-
may be
when an eye or
screwed into
Expansion
it.
kinds to be had,
may
bolts,
also be used.
Figure
spike
may
be driven or
is
many
73.
outward pull may be too great. Some of the older arc lamps
are not provided with insulators, and may be suspended, as
shown in the center of the figure.
On very low ceilings,
lamps are often arranged as shown at the right, the plastering
134
all sides
least
joists.
and
all
one-eighth
inch thick.
If this
method
is
it
would be well
to
remove
Incandescent
20.
Must have
a.
Lamps
in Series Circuits.
h.
tiple-series
proved.
d.
to gas
fixtures.
CONSTANT-POTENTIAL SYSTEMS.
GENERAL RULES
21.
ALL VOLTAGES.
ly,
33.)
Excepting- on main switchboards, or where otherwise subject to expert supervision, circuit-breakers will not be accepted unless fuses are also provided.
The
fuse
is
the principal
made
a piece of wire
a
In
its
simplest form
that
all
the
it
consists of
circuit
135
It
must
current
so connected in the
is
through
pass
We
it.
the conductors .through which they pass, and that this heat
is
if
we double
the current
heat fourfold.
we
dangerous
may be
many lamps
current strength
rise in
.too
To
is,
prevent damage
allowed
its
that
strength
stops
is,
all
fuse
the
flash of fire
melts
The melting
current flow.
accompanied by a
When
due
,to
circuit;
of the fuse
is
set
is
up
On an ordinary overload
may not be very severe,
may
is
known
as
the
is
result
circuit-breaker.
circuit-breaker
its
simplest
the switch.
When
is
drawn up
into
it.
136
and, striking against the catch, releases the switch which will
then
fly
solenoid
is
is
greatly
so designed that
accelerated
By means
blow.
so
when
that
it
it
The
core of this
starts to
move
the
catch
strikes
its
speed
sharp
its
it
For
so easily
is
enoid
is
it
this
made
installed.
trician
its
sol-
its
abuse.
Under these conditions its use is to be strongly recommended. Where not so used fuses must also be provided in the
same circuit with the circuit breaker. For further information
in reference to the use of circuit
tors,
Page
58.
ing-,
to protect
it.
The
it
rent
no longer used.
is
means of the
is
137
when
cur-
so easily closed by
never
be
relied
purpose.
The wires
enter at
rent
passing
through
the
fuses
to
the
switch.
Figure
74.
larger
the
of the outside
is
grounded
is
wires.
On
three-wire systems
The reason
for this
is
obvious.
ground coming on any part of the neutral wire of a threewire grounded system cannot cause a short circuit. Referring
to
Figure
75, g
It
is
grounded neutral a
side wires, as at g'
cuit,
but
should
circuit
ground coming on one of the outfor instance, would not cause a short cirsingle
138
is
no fuse
it.
Figure 75
The danger
(which
this
arising
rule
is
b.
Must be placed
in the size
Figure
76,
to
rangement of mains
in.
general
use.
Figure
shows the
as
cause
at
it
Beginning
to
floor or
the
service
amount
at
wherever the
first
known
wires
of current
cut-out center
may
of wire
size
is
the
is
be reduced be-
used further
shown
in the figure
Main
on.
first
At
located.
method
system."
"tree
139
and
That
2.
is,
the cut-out
blocks.
is
This
off.
line,
Figure
B shows
somewhat
different
arrangement which
all
Even
if
the
to
compensate for
is
With
first
this
loss
and
Figure
C shows
The mid-
wire then forms one side of the system and the outside
carry as
much
cur-
It
z^Elifer
many
shown
141
Table No.
I on page 312,
which must be consulted in selecting wires.
In three-wire systems the middle or neutral wire is merely
a balancing wire and normally carries very little or no current, but it is very important that
remain intact. If for instance in Figure D the branch circuit a has tw^elve lights
fulfill this
requiremeat, as
is
in
i.t
b,
the
current will pass from the positive wire through the lower
to a,
fuse, thence
will
a,
the
current of six
will
wire be broken or
its
fuse
'
will
be seen that
wire so that
Figure
it
it is
C shows
blow
out.
142
entire length.
While
this
owing
still
to the
much
smaller
Fig. 77.
79.
in
parallel
Two
Fig-.
in
78.
Fig. 79.
Fig. 80.
as to
melts.
the
If the
much
overfused,
143
in
Figure
If the
79.
current supplied
and each
mains allowed
supply a
to
made
certain
part
For
independent.
of
is
set
them, when
sizes of
wires
.to
With
the
and a few
in Figure
three- wire
lights are
80,
small
.type
shown
in
this
figure
often
many
Figure 81
one-half as
the neutral.
all
much
current and
it
and
full benefit
of
144
Figure
81.
Figure
82.
Fig-ure 83.
14:^
nary engine and dynamo room and where these conditions Will
be maintained.
While
it
is
required
that
cu.t-out
cabinets
be
accessible
is
also
is
this
the
case
when switches
are
in
left
open.
the
same
The above
one
is
The fuses
146
amperes
e.
The rated capacity of fuses must not exceed the allowCirable carrying capacity of the wire as given in No. 16.
cuit-breakers must not be set more than 30 per cent above
the allowable carrying capacity of the wire, unless a fusible
cut-out is also ins.talled in the circuit.
In the'* arms of fixtures carrying a single socket a No. 18
B. & S. gage wire supplying only one socket will be considered
as properly protected by a six ampere fuse.
16
p.
c.
incandescent lamp
is
usually estimated at 55
is
If voltages
may
motors
circuit.
is
on the motor.
Switches.
22.
{See No.
17,
a.
Must be placed on
In
31.)
is
to
lead to
it
direct
from
of building where
Qtect^d-
it
pole.
is
likely
that
the
locate
may
sides
may
be
147
is
not occupied,
cut-out where
to
wires
enter
it is
the building
call
more
advisable to place
from
street
and
accessible place.
still
it
is
it
is
svv^itch is
on the wiring,
off.
to
allow of repairing.
be
horizontal as preferred.
To comply
of knife
switches
directly
when
If
switch
closed the fuses will blow instantly and very likely burn
tridge
fuses
larger ones,
148
Figure
Figure
84.
view
is
85.
flexible
tubing.
side
the switch the wires may, of course, run around one side to
the
.top,
the bot-
tom.
Figure 85
illus.trates a
The cover
service
149
switches nor placed in the neutral wire of a three-wire system, except in the two-wire branch or tap circuit described
in 21,
d.
of 660 watts,
volts,
answer
fairly well
and
it
offers
if
150
When
even
if
the switch
were turned
as in the diagram.
wire
.these
troubles
would be avoided.
Often times,
how-
ever, switches are connected before the circuits are run into
and an attempt
on a
which many wiremen will not take. In the case of only two wires from a
central, three-wire, station being run into a building, the
neutral wire is not known until meters are set and instructions would, therefore, have to be left for meter men which
would often be disregarded, so that in all cases on threewire grounded systems double-pole switches are preferable.
Three-way switches must not be used on circuits of over
660 watts. In wiring up three-way switches if both poles
of the circuit are brought to the switch only one wire need
be run between the switches, but where bo.th poles of the
circuit are connected into the switch the arc produced on
operating the switch may carry from one pole to the other
and cause a short circuit so that this method of wiring should
never be used.
For full and comprehensive description of "three-way"
switches the reader is referred to "Modern Wiring Diagrams
and Descriptions" by the authors of this work.
cut-outs
certain
wire requires
to place
considerable
single-pole switches
care,
Where
possible,
at
all
switch
or
fixture
outlets,
151
%-inch block must be fastened between studs or floor timflush with the back of lathing to hold tubes and to
bers
The board
fastened between
Figure
Fig-ure 87.
the size of this
Loom
is
little
hard
put on
to the nearest
rest
all
against
work
in
the
lathing,
behind the
in.
but
lath,
knob.
is
first
One
The opening
in
block to admit
152
room
hardwood.
23.
Electric Heaters.
of energy.
b.
Must never be concealed, but must at all times be in
plain sight.
Special permission may be given in writing by the Inspection Department having jurisdiction for departure from
this rule in certain cases.
c.
Flexible conductors for smoothing irons and sad irons
and for all devices requiring over 250 watts must comply with
No. 45, g.
d.
For portable heating devices the flexible conductors
must be connected .to an approved plug device, so arranged
153
abnormal strain
may
Figure
apply.
They must also be provided with an approved stand,
on which they should be placed when not in use.
An approved automatie attachment which will cut off the
154
In Figure 89
a 4
c.
p.
lamp
is
in circuit.
Where
there are
as
in
irons
are
not
in
use.
The
it
is
many
irons in use,
advisable to
individual
switch at
each iron
to
the iron.
them.
Cords
run
155
LOW-POTENTIAL SYSTEMS.
Any
circuit attached to any machine, or combination of machines, which develops a difference of potential between
any two wires, of over ten volts and less than 550 volts,
shall be considered as a low-potential circuit, and as coming under this class, unless an approved transforming device is used, which cuts the difference of potential down
The primary circuit not to exceed a
to ten volts or less.
potential of 3,500 volts unless the primary wires are installed in accordance with the requirements as given in
No. 12 A, or are underground.
For 550 volt motor equipments a margin of ten per cent above
the 550 volt limit will be allowed at the generator or
transformer.
Before pressure is raised above 300 volts on any previously existing system of wiring the whole must be strictly
brought up to all of the rectuirements of the rules at date.
24.
Wires.
GENERAL RULES.
{See also Nos.
14,
15 and 16.)
a.
Must be so arranged that under no circumstances will
there be a difference of potential of over 300 volts between
any bare metal parts in any distributing switch or cut-off
cabinet, or equivalent center of distribution.
This rule is not intended to prohibit the placing of
switches or single pole cut-outs for motor systems of voltage
above 300 in cabinets, but would require that the cabinets be
divided by approved' barriers so arranged that no one section
shall contain more than one switch nor more than one single
pole cut-out.
This
rule, as far as
it
156
The ordinary
to be
changed
a pressure of 440
at cut-out centers as
Figure
it
making
shown
in
Figure
90,
where
90.
circuit.
Must not be
similar finish,
From
this
be
made
as
shown
at
s\\ \
\ \
It
is
better, even,
to
is
cut
have the
Figure
where
158
ets,
paratus.
Must be protected on
When
jury.
^\'^'^^\N\\ n\\\\V\\\
^\\^^U\
^W^W
Figure
(when required),
current,
In
may
damp
ifll
I / >//.
92.
159
in
regard
ceilings.
on side walls.
At
When
the cover
is
screwed on
SPECIAL RULES.
Must have an approved rubber, slow-burning weatherproof, or slow-burning insulation (see Nos. 41, 42 and 43).
slow-burning covering, that is, one that will not carry
fire, is considered good enough where the wires are entirely
on insulating supports. Its main object is to prevent the
copper conductors from coming accidentally into contact with
each other or anything else.
g.
h.
Must be rigidly supported on non-combustible, nonabsorptive insulators, which will separate the wires from each
other and from .the surface wired over in accordance with the
following table
:
Voltage.
to 300
300 to 550
Distance from
Surface.
1/2 inch
inch
1
Distance between
Wires.
21/^
inch
inch
Figure 93.
If the
method shown at a is J
and there and the!
shown
at b
and
The arrangements'
ings.
at
d and
is
at /
may
damp
Figure
places, or
spans, supports
be used.
TBT
In
With long
no danger of interference.
shown
94.
to moisture or
acid or other fumes liable to injure the wires or their
to
insulation.
used.
j.
Must be
rigidly supported
on non-combustible, non-ab-
In
damp
of an inverted trough as
shown
in
Figure
95.
The main
point
prevents
it
Condensa-
tion will,
less.
The
many
1G2
screws,
the
butting edges
of
the
is
and
where practicable
some current
to
leak
first
finished,
out.
it
apart, even
when
if,
Each
over
its
in
order to do
insulator,
surface
so,
when
and,
a larger
wet,
allows
therefore,
the
wire.
be not
Figure
when not
95.
subject to
much
handling.
As
these are, however, easily broken, brass shell sockets are of.ten
used.
so as to exclude
For Moulding
Metal).
50.
Figure
96.
Figure
in
97.
moulding.
mou
164
Wires should never be crossed beexposed wire in Figure 97 is objectionable, part of the back of moulding may be cut out, or the
wall back of the moulding may be gouged out as shown in Fig-
ure 98.
If the
Figure
Fig.
wires in moulding.
flexible cord to
99.
The
vv^hole
There
is
When
is
tile
is
used, or
Although toggle
been successfully used in
circuits.
drill
tile.
is
only necessary to
have
first
way
of
making
shown
is
along the
off
in
Figure
is
Figure
The saw
for
if
used in
102.
etc.,
require
should be
to
made with
be close together.
corners.
saw and
Bending is
a fine
103.
greatly
cut entirely
103
short bends
is
is
work.
no.ticed.
Figure
ing
piece
Figure
the botch
cuts, a, b,
facilitated
One
101.
101.
passed by inspectors
moulding
Figure
if,
filled
with glue,
it
v/ill
Screws or nails
fastening the capping should pass through the mould-
add
.to
the
durability of
the
job.
166
No. 47).
0.
Must not be drawn in until all mechanical
building has been, as far as possible, completed.
Conductors
in
vertical
work on
the
No. 14 to
every 100 feet.
No. 00 to 0000 every 80 feet.
0000 to 350,000 C. M. every 60
350,000 C.
500,000 C.
750,000 C.
feet.
of
1.
2.
-Cables
LOW
wires in vertical
r'
I'OTEXTIAL .SV:;TEMS.
runs in conduits.
1C7
ranged that they will prevent the insulators from being pulled
The method shown in the lower figure is some-
off sideways.
a
^
"P=-T-
ur
ci^
5**
x^
/>
^'^.y
'
f-A
Oporcelain[oj
fef
1
1
(
'
Figure
104.
not
stand the
strain
of
supporting them.
The
figure
168
If a single
were run
in
iron pipe
voltage.
This drop
changing
roundings.
This
is
is
particularly strong
M.
when
F. in their sur-
rounded by, or very close to, iron. If both wires are run in
same pipe the current in one wire neutralizes that of the
other and there is no trouble.
the
No. 41).
_
Must be
rigidly supported on non-combustible, non-absorptive insulators which separate the wire at least one inch
from the surface wired over. Should preferably be run singly
on separate timbers, or studdings, and must be kept at least
Must be separated from contact with the
five inches apart.
walls, floor timbers and partitions through which they may
pass by non-combustible, non-absorptive insulating tubes, such
r.
as glass or porcelain.
169
metal conduit, or approved armored cable (see No. 24 0. except that if the difference of potential between the wires is
not over 300 volts, and if the wires are not exposed to moisture, they may be fished if separately encased in approved
flexible tubing, extending in continuous lengths from porcelain support to porcelain support, from porcelain support to
outlet,
An
Figure 105.
somewhat
is
in
The amount
the labor
is
of wire required
is
Sometimes, however,
170
the system
The
figure
is
and splices
shows mixed "knob
Along the walls behind
also
to
admit of
t.
Mixed concealed knob and tube work is provided for
No. 24 s, must comply with requirements of No. 24 n to p,
and No. 25, when conduit is used, and with requirements of
No. 24 A, when armored cable is used.
in
u.
Must at all outlets, except where conduit is used, be
protected by approved flexible insulating tubing, extending in
continuous lengths from the last porcelain support to at kast
one inch beyond the outlet. In the case of combination fixtures the tubes must extend at least flush with outer end of
gas cap.
Figure 106
is
drawn
and expensive.
work."
to illustrate "fish
is
Fish work
is
an entire
trouble, as there
wires
in.
An
under
si-rips
cessful
the distance
if
One man
is
a.t
joists)
is
is
failure.
usually
eft'ort to fish
there are
When
is
more
diflicidt,
(when
men
the usual
method
of-
fishing is:
in
.to
such a
way
that
it
easily
At
this
opening
his helper
when
comes near
it
the
conducting wires
are
fastened to
it
is
171
his opening.
one
to
When
is
,ijW^^>-i;g>,.yy-j.bwt,v'^wiHnu!gn:T!7i
If
in.
it
is
put on
h^-;'.W ,^^^<M^.Vtrr..:
.
Fig-ure 106.
later there is
much
temptation to leave
a.
This trick
would
if
pushed
in
is
it
as indicated at the
quite
common, but
is
taped to the wires this will be impossible, but either one of the
tubings can still be moved without moving the other, which
would be impossible in a job properly done. The tubing must
consist of one piece, and there must be only one wire in each
tubing
If
one
man
is
alone on a
fish job, a
172
is
manner which
in a
When
to
the
moving
will indicate
it
it,
this wire,
will allow
it
fish
it
hanging
left
by
out.
the
the drawing,
When
if
way through
necessary to find a
it
is
nearly alwa\^s
headers, timbers,
doing as
hole
etc.
this
method
little
is
light
with
when job
is
and
lines, 1
finished, to continue
2.
Where
it
is
indicated by
partition in
which
dotted line
moulding in
same room with the
in the
is
to find
work
at both
sides
from basement
it
may
room
Before under-
lights.
it is
over carefully.
Often
3,
false walls
along chimneys,
for wires.
When
Use
wood
off;
if
driven
of the board.
away
up when necessary.
With double
taken up.
floors,
it
is
173
hardwood
No. 46)
and be not
less in size
24 A.
Armored
Cables.
(For construction
rules, see
No.
48.)
this involves
b.
Must be equipped at every outlet with an approved outbox or plate, as required in conduit work. (See No. 49A.)
Outlet plates must not be used where it is practicable
to install outlet boxes.
The outlet box or plate shall be so installed that it will
be flush with the finished surface, and if this surface is
broken it shall be repaired so that it will not show any gaps
or open spaces around the edge of the outlet box or plate.
In buildings already constructed where the conditions are
such that neither outlet box nor plate can be installed, these
appliances may be omitted by special permission of the Inspec-
let
]74
having jurisdiction,
provided
firmly and rigidly secured in place.
tion
Department
cable
is
c.
armor of
the
armored
effectively grounded.
is essential that the metal armor of such systems be
joined so as to afford electrical conductivity sufficient to
allow the largest fuse or circuit breaker in the circuit to
operate before a dangerous rise in temperature in the system
can occur. Armor of cables and gas pipes must be securely
fastened in metal outlet boxes so as to secure good electrical
Where boxes used for centers of distribution do
connection.
not afford good; electrical connection, the armor of the cables
and
It
ground connection.
When
25.
Interior Conduits.
to p,
and
49.)
The object
ground.
The
installation of wires
in
175
fire to
reason
this
the
wires
For
all
-Another
outlets.
the facility
is
mean
in
cases
It
must be remembered
is
30 amperes,
is
on
it
ware
may become
This
circuits,
More than
so that
The
six amperes is
no larger fuse than
installation of wires in
Conduit
lined.
is
is
classed under
required.
a.
No conduit tube having an internal diameter of less
than five-eighths of an inch shall be used. Measurements to
be taken inside of metal conduits.
lined
it
requires
a lined con-
an inch in diameter.
176
When
conduit
is
may
in acces-
If a mixed form of
where part of a circuit is run in conduit and
the balance with some other form of construction, such as
outlet, fixture outlet or a junction box.
wiring
is
used,
^
iuY\ct\on
box
concealed knob and tube work, for instance, the conduit must
in all cases enter the box and be firmly attached to it, as
shown
in
Figure
107.
is
177
brought just to the box, but does not enter it, the
This method
is
is
apt to find
if
The
centers.
Figure
work
when
is
the case of
178
in
If a
meter
This construc-
to be installed near a
is
cut-out center, the main conduit should be carried into the box
and the necessary meter loops then brought out. In this way
the quantity of wire outside of conduits
mum.
meter
If a
is
reduced to a mini-
is
some
to be installed in
As
installed,
is
work on
the building
conduit system
is,
all
in.
is
The
the mechanical
When
may
be
good as the
The end
fish
of the wire
somewhere
to
is first
engage
it
it
with another
possible should
fish
it
stick
This
pipe.
is
fish wire,
to the
179
it
is
tageous to pull on the fish wire and at the same time push on
the
remember that it is
when pulling down,
easier to pull
It
.the
also well to
is
down than
assists.
The use
Graphite
purpose, as
will rot the
d.
let
or axle grease
.the
graphite
is
a conductor
Must be equipped
at
it
is
practicable to
The
The
in place, to
fireproof
enclosure
for
the
joints,
switches,
etc.
Outlet
180
They do not
it is
make
afford a
If
be used, special
tion
to
omit them.
In this
case the conduits should be bushed at the ends and the pipes
all
When
edge
is
a piece of conduit
left
on the
inside.
means of
as shown
a pipe reamer.
in
Figure
should be removed by
107, a
locknut having
It
Must have
first
been screwed
good connection.
effectually grounded.
It is essential that the metal of conduit systems be joined
so as to afford electrical conductivity sufficient to allow the
largest fuse or circuit breaker in the circuit to operate before
a dangerous rise in temperature in the conduit system can
occur.
Conduits and gas pipes must be securely fastened in
metal outlet boxes so as to secure good electrical connection.
Where boxes used for centers of distribution do not afford
good electrical connections, the conduits must be joined
around them by suitable bond wires. Where sections of metal
lol
condiiit are installed without being- fastened to the metal structure of buildings or grounded metal piping they must be
bonded tog-ether and joined to a permanent and efficient ground
connection.
are
recalled.
Until
recently
very
little
attention
has
very apparent.
If the
and if there is a
ground on the other side of the sys.tem (and there always is
with 3-wire systems) the conduit becomes a conductor. If
the conduit system is so installed that every piece is in good
electrical connection and the entire system effectually grounded
no harm will be done except the blowing of a fuse. Conduit is
in
exposed where a
effects that might result from a conduit so run should the
The
Suppose
.that
in
the
case the co'nduit crosses the gas pipe at right angles, the
area of contact
rent in
result in
ing gas.
a livened
burning a hole in the gas pipe and igniting the escapAgain, suppose the conduit run in a damp floor
With
conduit
system which
will
usually
only
is
be
Even
if
it
it
remains perma-
to the
surrounding
On
which
is
boxes and,
,be
in
make good
contact.
In order to do
the
this,
conduit should enter at right angles to the box and the enamel
should be scraped away from the box so that the locknut and
The same
thing
The
metal of the cut-out box will bond together the various branch
conduits and the main conduit.
work
of the building.
The gas
pipe
is
necessarily in contact
with the outlet box at this point and any poor contact which
the case of smaller circuits, but with the larger size mains
more
difficult
matter.
Special
devices
for
attaching
in
it is
the
ground wire to both conduit and the grounded pipes are now
on the market and should be used. When these are not obtainable a ground connection can be made by taking a number
of good turns around the conduit and then soldering the
wire to the conduit and taping the join.t. A better way would
be to use a few T couplings on the system and to screw brass
plugs to these and solder the ground wire to the plugs. Such
10<i
much with
"fishing."
service switch
never
make
g.
be
installed
in
such a
manner
h.
All elbows or bends mus.t be so made that the conduit or lining of same will not be injured.
The radius of the
curve of the inner edge of any elbow not to be less than three
and one-half inches. Must have not more than the equivalent
of four quarter bends from outlet to outlet, .the bends at the
outlets not being counted.
If
box should be
of the outlets
box
installed
,to
conduit
of various
much more
it
must be exercised
in
is
With
the
can
be
shapes
satisfactory to use
in
making bends
order to keep the inside lining from coming loose from the
when
"pulling in."
To
prevent this
suitable
spiral
spring
is
184
which
is
sometimes used
in
.the
bending
is
simple
matter,
although here also care must be taken to see that the conduit
does not bend flat. In a good bend the pipe retains its circular
form throughout the bend, while, if the bend is poorly made,
the pipe will assume an oval shape, flattening somewhat at
The
the bend.
This
vise.
is
Figure
vise
common
109.
slight
shape
is
obtained.
small pipes
is
shown
at a in
on the end.
leverage to
This
is
make any
bend.
b in Figure 109.
This
sufficient
is
is
shown
at
For
.the
185
made with
one end.
(This practice
is
is
provided with a
now
being discon-
removed and the end of the conduit reamed out. The reaming
should always be done so that there is considerable metal left
at the end of the pipe, and it should never be carried so far as
If a thread is to be cut, it is good
to leave only a sharp edge.
practice to take a couple of turns with the reamer after this
has been done.
them too
.that
tight,
in
on.
When
all
probabilit_v,
Do
Fig-ure 110.
opening
is
shown
at b.
is
installations, to
fit
pieces between
coupling in place.
In
1
MODERN ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION.
186
bath-rooms and
through
other places
likely to
drain
for
instance,
bracket to another,
the floor.
25 A.
run
so .they
will
side
is
from condensation.
the ends
it
be
may
Where
there
is
any likelihood of
this
be sealed.
Metal Mouldings.
{See also Nos. 24 k
to
m, and
50.)
all points.
lo7
Must be
c.
must be
in separate
mouldings.
Fixtures.
26.
c,
24 v
to y.)
joint
Figure 111 shows insulating joints such as are used to insulate fixtures
The
on one
is
to prevent a
"ground"
fixture
188
insulated
from the
made
in a variety of patterns.
The
one shown at a in Figure 111 is designed for use on a combination gas and electric fixture, and is made to allow the gas
Figure
to pass through.
111.
b,
on a gas
minimum
Figure 11
the joint.
lating joint
has been
left
ceiling,
it
is
good
plan to protect the pipe above the joint either by using a porcelain tube
which
will
fit
Figure
tubing
Flexible
is
189
sometimes used.
also
See
112.
left
for
making
the joint
is
twisted around
If the wires
bottom of
.the
112,
insulating
joint.
the fixture
is
to
De
joint.
mounted on
plaster,
hardwood
is
Fig-ure 113.
will
hung
as
shown
Heavy
at b, in
fixtures
Figure
in
113.
old
This
190
for
own
to
These motors
fan motors.
ceiling
may
On
is
Fiber
is
ceiling.
saw.
and the
fiber,
small dent
fiber
is
hole
it
made
is
is
in the
If a hole is
.that
fits
and
in,
much
better job
is
Must be
fix.ture,
it
is
connected to
its
supply conductors.
is,
made up
tests
nected,
it
should be
are not
If tes,ts
circuit
them again
is
Where
191
in
is
con-
con-
to de-
should be discovered,
to disconnect several of
found.
fixtures.
is
If all
clear,
may
be made,
first,
by connecting
two wires of
the
magneto
no ring
will be
to the
obtained.
If
ring
is
obtained,
it
neto, another
may
wire into each socket in turn, thus connecting the two terminals
ring
remedied.
The
third test
made
is
for "grounds."
is
it,
the
two
.the fixture.
To make
now
the lacquer
obtained,
it
is
often a very
good
This
test
insulator.
can be
is
in contact
working the accessible fixture wires back and forth during the
test; sometimes a damaged portion of wire is not in contact
with the metal of fixture while lying upon the floor, but may be
brought in contact with
it
when hanging.
192
for
first
"ground"
in a fixture
to one,
This
will
test
without disconnecting
it
detect a
from the
cir-
cuit.
them
advisable to connect
is
it
same main
wire.
is,
all
connected to the
reflectors,
border lights
polarity.
trouble.
shown
in
Figure
show windows,
114.
The
Figure
etc.,
construction
are often
shown
made up
at the left
is
114.
more care
in installing
If
.this
it is
even
insert
if
d.
193
All fixture
diameter,
inch
outside
must be secured
Sockets.
27.
{For construction
rules, see
No.
55.)
In rooms where inflammable gases may exist the incandescent lamp and socket must be enclosed in a vapor-tight
globe, and supported on a pipe-hanger, wired with approved
rubber-covered wire (see No. 41) soldered directly to the
a.
circuit.
requirements of this
seal the
Key
gases
rule.
If
moisture
is
present
it
is
well to
exist.
If
enclosed as
required
useless.
h.
In damp or wet places "waterproof" sockets must be
used. Unless made up on fixtures they must be hung by
separate stranded rubber-covered wires not smaller than No.
14 B. & S. gage, which should preferably be twisted together
when the pendant is over three feet long.
direct to the
circuit wires
Key
sockets
v>'ill
not be approved
if
194
inflammable
cially
stuff,
bustible material.
Figure
115.
to them.
with
The method
the
conditions.
Ordinarily,
stranded
rubber-covered
shown
at
in
b,
Figure
115,
is
it
if
If
to be
where
or,
may
I
LOW POTENTIAL SYSTEMS.
195
If cleats are
used
in a
damp
shown
in
wet
as
places.
Flexible Cord.
28.
a.
insulation
No. 45).
tures,
be avoided and
196
on
lamps
which
seldom
will
need
adjusting.
The
indis-
work
it
loose and
come
in contact
in
it
will
The
great
number
its
show windows
is
sufficient
argument
use.
is
Special
ceiling
blocks
or
rosettes
which
facilitate
the
In
liability
of stray strands
197
It
is
29.
Circuits.
Figure 116
tial
a.t
the
left
Figure
lamps.
volts.
this
116.
steadying resistance, R,
lamp
its
feeds.
always placed
in
series
down
is
During
.the
198
is
now
so
it
is
mains
it
in such cases
not
work
An
b.
Must only be furnished with such resistance or regulators as are enclosed in non-combustible material, such resistances being treated as sources of heat. Incandescent lamps
must not be used for this purpose.
c.
Must be supplied with globes and protected by spark
arresters and wire netting around the globe, as in the case of
series arc lamps (see Nos. 19 and 58).
Outside arc lamps must be suspended at least eight feet
above sidewalks. Inside arc lamps must be placed out of reach
or suitably protected.
d.
Lamps when arranged to be raised and lowered, either
for carboning or other purposes, shall be connected up with
stranded conductors from the last point of support to the
lamp, when such conductor is larger than No. 14 B. & S.
gage.
Economy
30.
a.
Coils.
lamps must be
31.
a.
Special
permission
may
be
given
in
writing by the
199
31 A.
{For
A.
Services.
Where
must be
at
least
same
200
the premises
may
ice.
The
"emergency"
light-
Light
Circuits
Figure
117.
The emergency
lighting system
is
201
any and
all
under
It
is,
there-
how
this
Fig-
rule
rule
it
is
permissible
Under
to
Figure
shown by dotted
This
systems as
118.
is,
the switch
and thus
lines.
certain interpretation of
as
shown
in
the cut
202
many
In
as often lobby
to blow.
The
switch
is
located at the
and
it
is
203
may
be
made
sev-
such circumstances
is
it
Stage.
All permanent construction on stage side of proscenium wall must be approved conduit, with the exception
of border and switchboard wiring.
2 Szvitchhoards. Must be made of non-combustible,
non-absorptive material, and where accessible from stage
level must be protected by an approved guard-rail to prevent
accidental contact with live parts on the board.
1.
The switchboard
proper
is
of
generally in
necessity
being
it.
Figure
ing material, and as
is
close
to
the
stage
As
the costumes
tinsel or other
worn
conduct-
120.
guard
rail
it
204
3.
Footlights.
a.
Must
Where
mounted on or
enclose
all
made
troughs
are
No.
Stubbs
20
These
up.
gage
iron
or
troughs
steel,
in
are
the
which footlight
constructed
receptacles
of
being
completed
footlight
strip
is
Figure
121.
light
proper,
footlights
tained
their
are
when
installed
in
this
manner more
light
is
ob-
only a small part of the light emitted from the colored lamps
^US
absorbed
by
the
light
glass.
from
Owing
the
clear
to the
lamps
passing
thus bringing the lamps below the level of the stage floor,
the placing of the white lamps in the lower
Figure
122.
and for
this
in the figure
in the
reason where
it
is
footlights
are placed
as
shown
upper row.
Where
all
vO-Q-a^^-D-^aFigure
in
123.
in
Figure 123
Receptacles used in footlight construction must be of approved design and where the receptacle is fastened to the
206
metal
work with
ceptacle
it
lamp.
or
extraction
of
the
accomplished
by means
of
notches
insertion
or
projections
on the
all
exposed
contacts,
including
the
themselves,
clips
Com-
kind the
clips
The
footlight circuits
may
12-32
4.
c.
p.
lamps on one
c.
lamps, 18-24
c.
p.
lamps, or
circuit.
Borders.
207
sulated
from border by
at least
rope,
two approved
properly inserted.
that
just
described
for
of border lights
footlights
is
similar
the
downward and
To produce the proper
slightly to the
of
lighting
the
stage.
efifects
back
the
3
Figure
124.
208
mon
use.
It will
carried around
in
com-
is
lamps
in
Figure
125.
]
Figure
126
shows
completed
border
light
with
one
method of suspension. The iron bands to which are fastened the supporting chains are carried entirely around the
border frame and serve as a means of attaching it to its
support and at
tion for
six
the
the
lamps.
same time provide mechanical protecThese bands are placed from four to
feet apart.
Figure
The
126.
installation,
to the
the
size
number and
209
There are
at
the present
way
it
cable should be
the
be
to
wires of corresponding
should be covered with a tough outer braid of. such thickness as to provide proper protection with continued rough
No
usage.
might be well
enable one
There are at the
it
present
class
is
.time
no
Underwriters'
is
specifications
covering
this
The
latest
Underwriters'
buying or ordering
cable.
Border cables must be continuous from the stage switchboard or center of distribution to the border itself, the exposed portion of the cable being protected by a fireproof
braid or hose.
This fireproof covering can be put on when
the cable is manufactured or fireproof hose suitable for
the purpose may be obtained from the manufacturers of this
class of goods and placed on the ordinary cable.
The cables
210
border to be lowered to
.the
within six or seven feet of the floor to permit of the necessary repairs and adjustments and the replacement of lamps.
The
be injured.
cable
is
is
tion.
As
considerable heat
to the great
of
border
the
developed in a border
is
the
itself,
covering of
due
light,
the position
to
the
ordinary
Specifications
lights.
port
the
border
with
ample
an
safety
factor.
Generally
the
length of the
the
type
shown
border frame.
where
porting cables
are
ropes
fastened
to
itself
serving as
Where
the border
wire rope
is
connects to
it
run
generally
either
strain
is
to
.the
insulators
border.
to
raise
in
The
counterweights,
counterweights
the
means
of
the
sup-
hemp
or the border
Two
in
Stage Pockets.
it
direct.
Must
amperes
rating,
and
separate circuit to
its
each
receptacle
be
to
wired
receptacles
into
made
.the
the
stage,
floor.
connected
to
cables
with
full capacity.
receptacles
should be
would be a good
rule
to
lights
so
that
on arc
it
will
be
light circuits.
impossible
An
to
plug incandescent
Many
is
2l2
with
The average
receptacles.
stage
accommodates
four receptacles.
Those
side
the
lights
of the
placed
wall
footlights
previously
described,
Figure
with
the
exception
of
128.
the
128
care
should
It is
be
exercised
manner
in
placing
them so
that
in the case
mesh
7.
Scene Docks. Where lamps are installed in Scene
Docks, .they must be so located and installed that they will
not be liable to mechanical injury.
213
Curtain
8.
Motors.
Electrical
Must
conform
stalled so as to
(See No.
Code.
be
of
ironclad .type
wall
or
in
any
in-
8.)
and
o.ther
location
if
installed
on the
a.
cases
b.
Magnet operating damper must be wound to take full
voltage of circuit by which it is supplied, using no resistance device, and must not heat more than normal for apparatus of similar construction.
It must be located in loft
above scenery and be installed in. a suitable iron box with a
tight self-closing door.
c.
Such dampers must be controlled by at leas.t two
standard single pole switches mounted within approved iron
boxes provided with self-closing doors without lock or
latch, and located, one at the electrician's station, and others
as designated by ,the Inspection Department having jurisdic-
tion.
The dampers
stage
214
ing
very
it
frantic
difficult
efforts
at
consumption of oxygen
inhalation,
which
result
in the build-
in
inhaling large
perhaps
air,
are
loss
usual
of
in
the
theater
fires.
is
shut
Figure 12
battery, or
more
of
the
Where
satisfactory
damper,
to
used,
it
is
for
the
being used
for
this
gravity
the installation
is
is
ceils
generally
operation
purpose.
^lO
in
is
enclosed in an
magnet pole pieces being of brass. When the ciropened the armature falls and strikes the lower arm
To close
a sharp blow, thus releasing the damper rope.
the damper the circuit is first closed, the magnet armature
is pulled back in place by the cord attached to the lower end
of it, and the damper is closed, the ball in the damper rope
engaging in the slot in the end of the lever arm,
ing
.the
cuit
is
c.
Dressing Rooms.
1.
Must be wired in approved conduit, except that in
existing buildings where it is impracticable to install approved conduit, approved armored cable may be used, provided it is installed in accordance with No. 24 A.
All pendant lights must be equipped with approved
2.
All lamps
it
difficult
way
that
way
that
is
it
matter to
actors
many
arrange
cannot
kinds.
disar-
One
of
eral
illumination,
receptacle
for
2l6
Portable Equipments.
1.
following requirements
must conform
to .the
possible.
lamps.
On
the
stage
the
in
and an operator
lamps.
The
style
Figure
131.
is
217
of lamps
generally
130.
Figure
131.
.Osp..
<52P-
.flap.
One lamp on
110 volts,
60 amperes.
amperes.
Dotted line One lamp on
110 volts, 30 amperes.
volts, 20
-333-
line
each, 20 amperes.
Dotted line Two lamps on 110
volts each, 30 amperes.
each, 15 amperes.
'[^'
<&
>'..
-8f>
93C>-
223 volts,
35 amperes.
One lamp on
20
03^''
93%
Figure
132.
450 volts,
amperes.
accordingly.
in so far as
voltage
is
rheostat
this
particular
lends
As
will be seen
from the
i.
e.,
figure,
This
to any voltage or system.
manufactured by the Chicago Stage
itself
rheostat
is
Lighting Co.
of
light
is
amount
of illumination is required.
Must be constructed
of steel of a thickness not less than No. 20 gage, treated to prevent oxidation,
and suitably stayed and supported by metal framework.
3.
Strips,
a.
Strip lights are laid on the floor and hung on the scenery
and are used to illuminate those parts of the scenery where
the lights from the foots and borders is obstructed.
Any
of the forms shown in Figure 119 may be used for footlight
construction.
Reflectors are generally provided which serve
to concentrate the light on the spot desired and to protect
the lamps from accidental contact.
Special care must be
Poftahle
Plugging
Boxes.
Must
be
constructed
that no current carrying part will be exposed, and each receptacle must be protected by approved fuses mounted on
slate or marble bases and enclosed in a fireproof cabinet
equipped with self-closing doors.
Each receptacle must be
constructed to carry thirty amperes without undue heating,
and the bus-bars must have a carrying capacity equivalent to
Figure
133.
to
a pocket, a portable
One
is
used.
This
221
is
shown
in
Figure
box to a
pocket or other convenient point of connection and the
various pieces of apparatus connected to .the plugging box
by plugs and short cables. This greatly reduces the amount
of cable used and allows of rapid assembly and removal.
133.
5.
may
large cable
is
be
pliances.
b.
will be
Must be
on the
so
live
installed
that
the
Figure
134.
be
The
usual
this rule
is
shown
in
222
Figure
134.
stage cable
is
is of metal and
used to make the connection to the outside.
approved
Figure
good
shown
in
method
Figure
making
of
The
135.
135.
tap
joints
are
joints
in
festoons
is
The
tape.
cable which
8.
Electrical
producing special
for
The
necessity
for
Effects.
effects,
electrical
current
in
connection
and
effects
of
with
Scenes
can be produced by
arc
lamp.
exposed to the
films attached to
Celluloid
light of
films,
if
an arc lamp,
223
and rotating
in front
may
be ignited in two
on the audience.
In Figure 136 a device
flashes.
It
shown
is
which
is
at-
Fig-uie iob
tached to a lever
rests
fitted
on a piece of
steel
and
bar.
When
is
closed
raises the
The carbon
the circuit
224
to
rise
another
e.
when
I
it
etc.
Auditorium.
1.
All wiring must be installed in approved conduit, except that in existing buildings where it is impracticable to install approved conduit, approved armored cable may be used,
provided it is installed in accordance with No. 24 A.
2.
All fuses used in connection with lights illuminating all
parts of the house used by the audience must be installed
in fireproof enclosures so constructed that there will be a
space of at least six inches between the fuses and the sides
and face of enclosure.
set of fuses
The only fuses allowed on the exit light, circuits are the
branch fuses and the fuses at the service. This necessitates
running the exit light main, direct to the service, no.t changing
size and not tapping onto any other main unless both mains
are of equal carrying capacity.
4.
Exit lights and all lights in halls, corridors or any
other part of the building used by .the audience, except the
general auditorium lighting, must be fed independently of the
stage lighting, and must be controlled only from the lobby
or other convenient place in front of the house.
To conform
in
luminate
it
number of
sufficient
at all times.
These
is
in
225
lights
lights should
the building.
to
properly
il-
never be turned
They should
be
32.
a.
1.
Under
etc.
by approved
1-8 inch in
thickness, or by sheet iron or steel, not less than .04 inch
in thickness, as specified in Section a, 2, 3 and 4.
This protection to be provided over all electrical apparatus, such as
motors with a capacity of over 75 H. P. each, resistances, contactors, lightning arresters, air-brake motors, etc., and also
where wires are run, except that protection may be omitted
over wires designed to carry 25 amperes or less if they are
encased in metal conduit.
fire-resisting,
At motors of over 75 H. P. each, fire-resisting mateor sheet iron or steel .to extend not less than 8 inches
all edges of openings in motors and not less than 6
inches be3'ond motor leads on all sides.
2.
rial
beyond
3.
Over resistances, contractors and lightning arresters,
and other electrical apparatus, excepting when amply protected by their casing, fire-resis,ting material or sheet iron or
steel to extend not less than 8 inches beyond all edges of the
devices.
4.
Over conductors, not encased in conduit, and conductors in conduit when designed to carry over 25 amperes,
unless the conduit is so supported as .to give not less than
inch clear air space between the conduit and the car, fireresisting material or sheet iron or steel to extend at least 6
inches beyond conductors on either side.
The fire-resisting- insulating- material or sheet iron or
steel may be omitted over cables made up of flame-proof
braided outer covering- when surrounded by 1-8 inch flameproof covering-, as called for by Section i, i.
5.
In
all
226
Wires, Cables,
etc.
The
and resistance leads shall be the per cent of .the full load
current, based on one hour's run of the motor, as given by
the following table
Size each
Motor
motor.
Leads.
Trolley
Leads.
Resistance
Leads.
40%
50%
15%
45%
35%
15%
Fixture wire complying with No. 46 will be permitted for
75 H. P. or less
Over 75 H. P.
4.
When not in conduit, in approved moulding, or in
cables surrounded by ]4, inch flameproof covering, must comply with the requirements of No. 41 (except that tape may be
substituted for braid) and be protected by an additional
flameproof braid, at least 1-32 inch in thickness, the outside
being saturated with a preservative flameproof compound.
227
Must be so spliced or joined as to be both mechanand electrically secure without solder. The joints must
then be soldered and covered with an insulation equal .to that
5.
ically
on the conductors.
Joints made with approved splicing devices and those connecting' the. leads at motors, plows or third rail shoes need
not be soldered.
6.
fittings,
c.
2.
Cut-outs to be of the approved cartridge or approved
blow-out type.
3.
All switches controlling circuits of over 5 ampere
capacity shall be of approved single pole, quick break or ap-
228
d.
When from
into
outlet
or
junction
boxes
and
firmly
fittings,
secured
making
as to protect cables
from abrasion.
5.
manner
6.
All conduits, outlets or junction boxes and fittings to
be firmly and substantially fastened to the framework of the
e.
Moulding
To consist of a backing and a capping and to be conof fire-resisting insulating material, except that it
be made of hard wood where the circuits which it is
designed to support are normally not exposed to moisture.
1.
structed
may
229
The
capping,
shall cover
either side.
to
not
be
and extend
less
at least
than
Vs inch in thickness,
inch beyond conductors on
When
protected
screws.
/.
Each
receptacle,
candle
2.
or
power
an approved
.to
cluster.
approved porcelain
No lamp
of
over
32
be used.
Circuits to
proved moulding.
3.
all
When
metal conduit
is
used,
230
5.
lain
Where conductors are run in moulding the porcereceptacles or cluster to be mounted on blocks of hard
or of fireproof insulating material.
wood
g.
when
at leas.t
all
woodwork.
Air
h.
Circuits.
Circuits
to
be
apart.
box.
When
Main Motor
/.
a.
To be run
in
being provided
outlet
b.
ing.
c.
To be supported by insula.ting
being not over 12 inches apart.
cleats,
the
supports
4.
Conductors with flameproof braided outer covering,
connecting between controllers a.t either end of car, or controllers and contactors, may be run as a cable, provided the
cable where exposed to the weather is encased in a canvas
hose or canvas tape, thoroughly taped or sewed at ends and
where taps from the cable are made, and the hose or tape
Conductors with or without flameproof braided outer covconnecting between controllers at either end of the
or controllers and contactors, may be run as a cable,
provided the cable throughout its entire length is surrounded
by 1-8 inch flameproof covering, thoroughly taped or sewed
at ends, or where taps from cable are made, and the flameproof covering enters the controllers.
Cables where run below floor of car may be supported by
approved insula^ting straps or cleats. Where run above floor
of car, to be in a metal conduit or wooden box painted on the
inside with not less than two coats of flameproof paiut, and
where this box is so placed that it is exposed to water, as by
washing of the car floor, attention should be given to making
ering
car,
the
232
Canvas hose or
cables
after
tape,
conductors are
fire-resisting
insulating material.
The
and painted
j.
Lightning Arresters
To be preferably located
1.
cuits in addition to
main motor
.to
protect
all
auxiliary cir-
circuits.
2.
The ground conductor shall be not less than No. 6 B.
& S. gage, run with as few kinks and bends as possible, and
be securely grounded.
General Rules
When passing through floors, conductors or cables'
must be protected by approved insulating bushings, which
shall fit the conductor or cable as closely as possible.
2.
Mouldings should never be concealed except where
readily accessible.
Conductors should never be tacked into
moulding.
k.
1.
Short bends
in
233
possible.
must
be
in-
Car Houses.
33.
a.
The
trolley wires
sulating hangers.
b.
The
trolley
in
the
at such a distance
trolley wire, contact
in
e.
Where
from a grounded
to apply:
1.
side
2.
and
234
3.
Must have
all rails bonded at each joint with a conductor having a carrying capacity at least equivalent
No. 00 B. & S. gage annealed copper v^ire, and all
rails must be connected to the outside ground return
circuit by a not less than No. 00 B. & S. gage copper
wire or by equivalent bonding through the track. All
lighting and stationary motor circuits must be thoroughly and permanently .connected to the rails or to
the wire leading to the outside ground return circuit
to
34.
eircuit
trie
HIGH-POTENTIAL SYSTEMS.
550 TO 3,500 Volts.
Any
any
2d5
Wires.
35.
Must
a.
have
an
14,
approved
15 and 16.)
rubber-insulating
covering
For
No. 24
36.
see
note
under
e.
Transformers.
No. 13.)
(When
see
236
Must be
a.
Must be placed
h.
in
an enclosure constructed of
fire-
resisting material the enclosure to be used only for this purpose, and to be kept securely locked, and access to the same
allowed only to responsible persons.
;
37.
a.
No
h.
Must
Lamps.
to gas
fixtures.
EXTRA-HIGH-POTENTIAL SYSTEMS.
Over
Any
circuit attached to
3,500 Volts.
less.
Primary Wires.
38.
a.
power
into
and sub-stations.
or over buildings,
except
Secondary Wires.
39.
237
Must be installed under rules for high-potential systems when their immediate primary wires carry a current at
a.
village limits.
Class D.
AND DETAILS OF
CONSTRUCTION.
FITTINGS, MATERIALS
(Light,
Class E.)
rules are hut a partial outline of requireDevices or material zvhich fulfill the conditions of
these requirements and no more will not necessarily' be acceptable.
All fittings and materials should be submitted for
examination and test before bring introduced for use.
ments.
INSULATED WIRESRules
40 to 48.
General Rules.
40.
S.
The
97%
conductivity of
of that of pure
FITTINGS^
cent.
The
MATERIALS;,
ETC.
Per cent
Number
,
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
and larger
97.0
96.8
96.6
96.4
96.2
96.0
95.8
95.6
95.4
95.2
95.0
94.8
94.6
94.4
94.2
94.0
93.8
The maximum
is
designed
to be used.
2.
3.
Name
4.
Code Standard."
company and, if desired,
Electrical
of the manufacturing
trade name of the wire.
Rubber-Covered Wire.
41.
a.
Must be
of
rubber
to 600 inclusive.
or
other
approved
substances,
240
homogeneous
&
S.
Thickness.
1-32 inch
Gage.
16
18 to
8
15 to
2
7 to
1 to 0000
.3-64
.1-16
5-64
4.
a
M
Circular Mils.
250,000 to
500 000 to
500,000.
000,000.
1 000 000.
Over
Measurements of insulating- wall are
.3-32
.7-64
1-8
to
..
be made at the
Each
d.
foo.t
of
the
Thickness
in 64th inches.
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
10
12
14
16
Breakdown Test
on
1 foot.
3,000 Volts A. C.
6,000
9,000
11,000
13,000
15,000
16,500
18,000
21,000
23.500
26,000
"
28,000
FITTINGS,,
MATERIALS,
241
ETC.
&
Thickness.
S. Gage.
B.
1
14 to
to 0000
3-32 inch.
3-32 inch, covered
by tape or
braid.
by tape or
by tape or
braid.
braid.
Circular Mils.
250,000
to
Over
500,000
500,000
50O
megohms
per mile.
The tests on this wire to be made under the same conditions as for low-potential wires.
Specifications for insulations for alternating- currents exceeding 3,500 volts have been considered, but on account of the
somewhat complex conditions in such work it has so far been
deemed Inexpedient to specify general insulations for this use.
General.
h.
The rubber compound or other approved substance
used as insulation must be sufificiently elastic to permit all
wires smaller than No. 7 B. & S. gage and larger than No.
11 B. & S. gage to be bent without injury to the insulation
242
around a
measured
gage and
around a
measured
^^^
Fig-ure 138.
practice,
ples submitted
42.
Thickness.
3-64 Inch
.
3-32
7-64
1-8
made
at the
same kind
as that
The
1-16
5-64
MATERIALS,
FITTINGS,
ETC.
243
The weatherproof
c.
braid,
applied
and
treated
Slow-burning Wire.
43.
Figure
139.
44.
The
244
Flexible Cord.
45.
(For installation
rules, see
No.
28.)
required for portable heating apparatus (see section g), be made of stranded copper conductors, each strand to be not larger than No. 26 or smaller
a.
Must,
except
as
Figure
140.
2.
The
tight,
close
wind of
insulation proper,
fine
cotton.
which
shall
be waterproof.
FITTINGS^
3.
An
MATEKIALS^
ETC.
245
The wind of cotton tends to prevent a broken strand puncturing the insulation and causing a short circuit. It also keeps
the rubber from corroding the copper.
The insula.tion must be solid, at least one thirty-second
d.
of an inch thick, and must show an insulation resistance of
fifty megohms per mile throughout two weeks' immersion in
water at 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and stand the tests prescribed
for low-tension wires as far as they apply.
e.
The outer protecting braiding should be so
sealed in place that when cut it will not fray out
cotton is used it should be impregnated with a
paint, which will not have an injurious effect on
put on and
and where
flameproof
the insula-
tion.
For Portables.
(See Figure 141.)
In this classi is included all cord used on portable lamps,
small portable motors, or any device which is liable to be
carried about.
Figure
141.
as to construction and thickness of insulation, and in addition mus.t have a tough braided cover over the whole. There
must also be an extra layer of rubber between, the outer
cover and the flexible cord^, and in moist places the outer
cover must be saturated with a moisture-proof compound,
thoroughly slicked down, as required for "weatherproof wire"
in No. 44.
In offices, dwellings, or in similar places where
is not liable to rough usage and where appearance is an
essential feature, flexible cord for portable use must meet all
of the requirements for flexible cord for "pendant lamps,"
cord
246
both as to construction and thickness of insulation, and in addition must have a tough, braided cover over the whole, or
providing there is an extra layer of rubber between the
flexible cord and the outer cover, the insulation proper on
each stranded conductor of cord may be 1-64 of an inch
thickness instead of 1-32 of an inch as required for pendant
cords.
11^2.)
Must be made
as follows
&
B.
S. gage.
When
Figure
142.
An
inch
bestos,
fiber.
The
several conductors comprising the cord to be enclosed by an outer reinforcing covering not less than
one sixty-fourth inch thick, especially designed to
resist abrasion, and so treated as to prevent the
cover from fraying.
FITTINGS,
MATEKIALS,
247
ETC.
Fixture Wire.
46.
(For
to y.)
May
a thickness not
than one thirty-second of an inch for Nos. 18 to 16 B.
& S. gage, and three sixty-fourths of an inch for Nos. 14 to
8 B. & S. gage, except that in arms of fixtures not exceeding
twenty-four inches in length and used to supply not more than
one sixteen-candle-power lamp or its equivalent, which are
e.
less
Figure
143.
248
Conduit Wire.
47.
(For installation
rules, see
No. 24
n.
to p.)
Figure
Figure
144.
Figure
145.
146.
that tape
Figure 147.
Figure
148.
^''
riTTINGS,
MATERIALS,
249
ETC.
Armored
Cable.
Figure
149.
metal conduits (see No. 49 h), and its thickness must not be
less than that specified in the following table
Nominal
Internal
Internal
Diameter.
Diameter.
Actual
External
Diameter.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Vs
1/4
%
%
%
1
1^
1%
2
2^
3
3y2
4
4%
6
Actual
.27
.36
.49
.62
.82
1.04
1.38
1.61
2.06
2.46
3.06
3.54
4.02
4.50
5.04
6.06
.40
.54
.67
.84
1.05
1.31
1.66
1.90
2.37
2.87
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.56
6.62
Thickness
of Wall.
Inches.
.06
.08
.09
.10
.11
.13
.14
.14
.15
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.28
250
An allowance
in
permitted.
b.
The conductors
in same,
Interior Conduits.
49.
(For
Nos. 24 n
to
p and 23.)
Each length of
Figure
and
150.
its
c.
Must not be seriously affected externally by burning
out a wire inside the tube when the iron pipe is connected to
one side of the circuit.
d.
Must have
pipe.
e.
The insulating lining must not crack or break when a
length of the conduit is uniformly bent at temperature of 212
FITTINGS,
MATERIALS,
251
ETC.
after
/.
Figure
i^i.)
j.
Trade
Approximate Internal
Size.
Minimum Thickness
Diameter.
Inches.
of Wall.
Inches.
Inches.
.100
.105
.125
.135
.140
.150
.200
.210
.220
.62
.82
1.04
1.38
1.61
2.06
2.46
3.06
3.54
1
1^/4
11/2
2V2
3
31/2
column of above
Pipe
to
be
table.
thoroughly cleaned to
remove
all
scale.
'ib^
Figure
151.
Cleaned pipe to be protected against effects of oxidaby baked enamel, zinc or other approved coating which
will not soften at ordinary temperatures, and of sufificient
weight and toughness to successfully withstand rough usage
and
likely to be received during shipment and installation
/.
tion,
Figure
152.
of sufficient elasticity to prevent flaking when 14 inch conduit is bent in a curve the inner edge of which has radius
of 3J^ inches.
All elbows or bends must be so made that the conin.
The radius of the curve of the
duit will not be injured.
inner edge of any elbow not to be less than 3^ inches.
49 A.
p.
Must be
fiTTlNGS,
MATERIALS,
ETC.
253
gage.)
h.
Must be
Must be
so
effectively closed
made
by metal which
Must be arranged
is
sides
metal.
254
Mouldings.
SO.
(For wiring
Wooden
rules, see
No. 24 k
to
m.)
Mouldings.
repellent.
h.
Must be made in two pieces, a backing and a capping
and must afford suitable protection from abrasion. Must be
Metal Mouldings.
{For wiring
rules, see
Nos.
24, k to
m, and 25 A.)
in
order that
it
may
be readily
The use
of paper stickers
or
tagrs
cannot be considered
FITTINGS^
MATERIALS,
ETC.
255
and lost
least
vanized
inside
or
coa.ted
and out
with
to prevent oxidation.
bolts
of
its
covering.
b.
Must be made
of non-combust-
ible
256
c.
mark
d.
Dimensions
or trade
must be
at
External
Diameter.
Diameter
of
Hole.
Inches.
Inches.
^
%
Ya
%
%
External
Diameter
of Head.
Head.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
%
A
^
i
1
!^
lA
lA
,?,
iy4
1%
1%
/2
,^
2A
2A
2M
2%
of
it
V^
V2
lA
1^
IH
IM
2^
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
21*
3T^r
H
M
3t\
3U
2V2
Length
Thickness of
Wall.
3A
311
4^
An allowance
SOB.
Cleats.
Must
Construction.
Material and Test. Must be made of non-combustinsulating material, which, when broken and submerged
100 hours in pure water at 70 degrees Fahrenheit, will
not absorb over one-half of one per cent of its weight.
c.
ible
for
d.
mark
e.
Marking.
Must
initials
or trade
Must
conform
following table
Voltage
0-300
to Surface.
inch.
Distance between
Wires.
2%
Inches.
FITTINGS^
MATERIALS^
257
ETC.
Flexible Tubing.
50C.
{See
Figure 154.)
Must have
a.
Must be constructed
h.
which
The
c.
all
will serve as
tube\
with
of or treated
moisture repellents.
must be
so
designed that
surface
it
to
materials
will withstand
The
d.
linings, if an_v,
in lengths
Figure
compound which
proof
heit
154.
Fahren-
must be
as well
Other
sizes
made.
/.
Bunsen burner to
vertical position.
51.
{For
General Rules.
a.
in-
cir-
spection,
h.
cuit
"off"
must
Knife Switches.
{See Figure 155.)
Base.
Must
absorptive
Mounting. Pieces carrying the conjaws and hinge clips must be secured to
the base by at least two screws, or else made
with a square shoulder or provided with dowelpins, to prevent possible turnings, and the nuts
or screw heads on the under side of the base
must be countersunk not less than one-eighth
d.
tact
Fig. 155.
FITTINGS^
MATERIALS,
259
ETC.
compound which
will not
stiffness
fifty
insulating material.
To prevent possible turning or twisting the cross-bar
be secured to each blade by two screws, or the joints
with square shoulders or provided with dowel-pins.
must
made
h.
Connections. Switches for currents of over thirty
amperes must be equipped with lugs, firmly screwed or
bolted to the switch, and into which the conducting wires
shall be soldered.
For the smaller sized switches simple
clamps can be employed, provided they are heavy enough to
stand considerable hard usage.
"Wliere lugs are not provided, a rugged double V groove
clamp is advised. A set screw gives a contact at only one
point, is more likely to become loosened, and is almost sure to
cut into the wire. For the smaller sizes, a screw and washer
connection with turned-up lugs on the switch terminal gives a
satisfactory contact.
260
designed.
"
114
"
11/2
"
"
"
2%
214
inch.
V?.
"
"
inch.
"
"
"
"
inch.
%
1
inch.
1V4
"
2%
2%
For
all
Switches
amperes or less
11-30 amperes
31-100
"
101-300
"
"
301-600
601-1000 "
10
1%
%
21/4
inch.
m
IV?.
21/^
2%
234
21/2
inch.
"
"
"
FITTINGS^
MATERIALS^
ETC.
261
"A.
C."
For
all
Switches
10 amperes or less
S^/^ inch.
3
inch.
"
11-35 amperes
4
3% "
36-100
"
4
Auxiliary breaks or the equivalent are recommended for
switches designed for over 300 volts and less than 100 amperes,
and will be required on switches designed for use in breaking
currents greater than 100 amperes at a pressure of more than
300 volts.
41^"
Snap Switches.
{See Figures 156 and 157.)
Flush, push-button, door, fixture, and other snap switches
used on constant-potential systems, must be constructed in
accordance with the following specifications.
Figure
156.
Sub-bases
of
non-combustible,
non-absorptive
insulating
262
Figure
157.
Binding Posts.
FITTINGS^
MATERIALS^
263
ETC.
r.
Handle or Button. The handle or button or any
exposed parts must not be in electrical connection with the
circuit.
s.
Test. Must "make" and "break" with a quick snap,
and must not stop when motion has once been imparted by the
button or handle.
Must operate
successfully
at
50
per
cent
over-load
in
amperes and at 125 volt direct current, for all 125 volt or
switches, and at 250 volts direct current, for all 126 to
250 volt switches under the most severe conditions which
they are liable to meet in practice.
When slowly turned "on and off" at the rate of about two or
less
Marking.
Must
it
may
is
installed,
are recommended.
is
"on" or
264
52.
{^See
{For
Figu7'e i^8.)
and
21.)
General Rules.
jingle Pole.
Figure
158.
meet
FITTINGS,
MATERIALS,
ETC.
2b5
can,
Circuit-breakers must operate successfully on short-cirunder the most severe conditions with which they are
Hable to meet in practice, at 25 per cent above their rated
set at the highest posvoltage and with the circuit-breaker
sible opening point.
For the sarse reason as in Section c.
d.
cuits,
e.
with the
the devi-ce
is
designed.
Link-Fuse Cut-Outs.
(See Figure 159.)
(Cut-outs of porcelain are not approved for link fuses.)
The following rules are Intended to cover open link fuses
mounted on slate or marble bases, including switchboards,
tablet-boards, and single fuse-blocks.
They do not apply to
fuses mounted on porcelain bases, to the ordinary porcelain
cut-out blocks, enclosed fuses, or any special or covered type
When tablet-boards or single fuse-blocks with such
of fuse.
open link fuses on them are used in general wiring, they must
be enclosed in cabinet boxes made to meet the requirements of
No. 54. This is necessary, because a severe flash may occur
when such fuses melt, so that they would be dangerous if
exposed in the neighborhood of any combustible material.
-O"
Figure 159
Figure
160;
h.
Metal. All fuse-block terminals must have ample
metal for stiffness and to prevent rise in temperature of any
part of over 50 degrees Fahrenheit at full load. Terminals, as
far as practicable, should be made of compact form instead of
being rolled out in thin strips; and sharp edges or thin projecting pieces as on winged thumb nuts and the like should be
avoided.
Thin metal, sharp edges and projecting pieces are
much more likely to cause an arc to start than a more solid
mass_ of metal. It is a good plan to round all corners of the
terminals and to chamfer the edges.
i.
Connections. Clamps for connecting the wires to
the fuse-block terminals must be of solid, rugged construction,
so as to insure a thoroughly good connection and to withstand
considerable hard usage.
For fuses rated at over thirty
amperes tugs firmly screwed or bolted to the terminals and
into which the conducting wires are soldered must be used.
Test.
h.
Must operate
one fuse
h.
Marking. Must be
plainly marked,
where
it
will
be
FITTINGS,
MATEEIALS,
^Ci
ETC.
visible
the
block
is
designed.
%
%
inch.
114=
"
"
"
\'V2
inch.
1%
"
"
IV4.
11/^
"
1
1
2l^
inch.
1
1^/4
"
1^4 inch.
"
"
wires.
Enclosed-Fuse Cut-Outs
Plug
Base.
Must
be
made
Figure
161.
Classification.
Must be classified as regards both
q.
current and voltage as given in the following table, and must
be so designed that the bases of one class' cannot be used
with fuses of another class rated for a higher current or
voltage.
matekials^
fittings,
269
etc.
251-600 Volts.
0-250 Volts.
0- 30 amperes.
"
31- 60
"
61-100
"
101-200'
"
201-400
401-600
0- 30 amperes,
31- 60
61-100
101-200
201-400
.?.
visible
when
Fuses.
53.
{For
installation
rules,
see Nos.
ly
and
21.)
Link Fuses.
The use of the hard metal tip is to afford a strongcal bearing- for the screws, clamps, or other devices
for holding- the fuse.
mechaniprovided
b.
Rating. Must be stamped with about 80 per cent of
maximum current which they can carry indefinitely, thus
allowing about 25 per cent overload before the fuse melts.
With naked open fuses, of ordinary shapes and with not
over 500 amperes capacit3^ the minimum current whicli will
melt them in ahout five minutes may be safely taken as the
melting point, as the fuse practically reaches its maximum
temperature in this time. With larg-er fuses a longer time is
necessary. This data are given to facilitate testing.
the
c.
Marking.
the maker's
Fuse
name
or
initials,
Enclosed Fuses
Plug
(See
Figure 161
These requirements do not apply to fuses for rosettes, attachment plugs, car lighting, cut-outs and protective devices
for signaling systems.
270
d.
Construction.
The
sufficiently
dust-tight
so
around the
fusible wire
that
is
blown.
Classification.
e.
Must be classified to correspond
with the different classes of cut-out blocks, and must be so
designed that it will be impossible to put any fuse of a given
class into a cut-out block which is designed for a current or
voltage lower than that of the class to which the fuse belongs.
The
styles of terminals
must be as follows
0-250 Volts.
r
r. ars
K
0-30
Amps.
J.
j
\
A-\
Cartridge fuse
^
i
^^v
+
(ferrule
contact)
Approved plugs
^
(
^v
^
(ferrule conta,ct)
61-100
''
201-400
400-600
"
"
h
|
to
L?
fit
<
)
a,
spring clip
terminals.
>.
Edison plug
b,
casings.
"
"
"
251-600 Volts.
0-30 Amps.
61-100
101-200
201-400
&, Edison
pi^^ casings.
Cartridge fuse
,
terminals.
<
to
E?
fit
Cartridge enclosed fuses and corresponding cut-out blocks must conform to the dimensions given
g.
Dimensions.
FITTINGS,
Rating.
h.
Fuses
MATEEIALS,
271
ETC.
j:
'
a current 10 per cent, greater than that at which they are rated
and at a current 25 per cent greater than the rating they will
open the circuit without reaching a temperature which will injure the fuse tube or terminals of the fuse block. With a current 50 per cent greater than the rating and at room temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit (24 degrees Centigrade), the
ftises starting cold, must blow within the time specified below
0- 30 amperes,
30 seconds.
"
"
"
"
"
31- 60
61-100
101-200
201-400
401-600
Marking.
2
4
8
Must be
minute.
minutes.
10
marked, where
it will be plainly
with the name or trade-mark of the maker, the voltage and current for which the fuse is designed, and the words
"National Electrical Code Standard." Each fuse must have
a label, the color of which must be green for 250-volt fuses
and red for 600-volt fuses.
It will be satisfactory to abbreviate the above designation
to "N. E. Code St'd" where space is necessarily limited.
',
visible,
The temperature of the exenclosure must not rise more than 125
degrees Fahrenheit (70 degrees Centigrade) above that of
the surrounding air when the fuse is carrying the current for
/.
terior
which
Temperature Rise.
of
it is
the
fuse
rated.
Test.
Must not hold an arc or throw out melted
metal or sufficient flame to ignite easily inflammable material
oil or near the cut-out when only one fuse is blown at a time
on a short circuit on a system of the voltage for which the
k.
fuse
is rated.
The normal capacity of the system must be in excess of
the load on it just previous to the test by at least five times
the rated capacity of the fuse under test.
The resistance of the circuit up to the cut-out terminals
must be such that the impressed voltage at the terminals will
be decreased not more than 1 per cent when a current of
ICO amperes
is
Forml.
CARTRIDGE
FUSE-Ferrule
Contact.
Length
between
of
over
Terminals.
Contact
Contact
Clips
Clips.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Rated
Voltage.
Amperes.
0-250
251-600
Distance
Capacity.
0-30
31-60
1%
5%
8%
10%
Width
61-100
101-200
201-400
401-600
^
^
0-30
31-60
E.
SL
5^2
4^2
7%
9%
11%
6
7
8
61-100
101-200
201-400
SL
1^
FITTINGS^
MATERIALS^
ETC.
Form
2.
Diameter of
Ferrules or
Min. Length of
Ferrules or of
Thiclvness
Terminal Blades
of
G
Eated
Width
outside of
Dia.
of
Blades.
Tube.
Tube.
Blades.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Terminal
1%
1%
1%
2M
2ys
it
i'^
Terminal
iM
1%
21/2
Amperes.
0-30
31-60
-^
61-100
101-200
201-400
401-600
0-30
31-60
1%
Capacity.
of
ill
61-100
101-200
201-400
Three-Wire Mains
Figure
182.
53A.
FITTINGS,
MATERIALS,
ETC.
When mounted
When
on
Between parts of
same polarity.
At link
held free
in the air.
fuses.
the same surface.
i/^
0-125 volts
inch.
1/2 inch.
% inch.
126-250 volts IV4. inch.
% inch.
% inch.
At switches or enclosed fuses, parts of the same polarity
may be placed as close together as convenience in handling
will allow.
It should be noted that the above distances are the minimum allowable, and it is urged that greater distances be
adopted wherever the conditions will permit.
The spacings given in the first column apply to the branch
conductors where enclosed fuses are used. Where link fuses
or* knife switches are used, the spacings must be at least as
great as those required by Nos. 51 and 52.
The spacings given in the second column apply to the distance between the raised main bars and between these bars and
the branch bars over which they pass.
The spacings given in the third column are intended to
prevent the meltingi of a link fuse by the blowing of an adjacent fuse of the same polarity.
54.
Cut-Out Cabinets.
Material. Cabinets
must be
constructed of non-comnon-absorptive material, or of
wood. When wood is used the inside
of the cabinet must be completely Hned
with a non-combustible insulating maSlate or marble at least oneterial.
quarter inch in thickness is strongly
recommended for such lining, but, except with metal conduit systems, asbestos board at least one-eighth inch in
thickness may be used in dry places if
firmly secured by shellac and tacks.
With metal conduit systems the lining of either the box or the gutter must
be one-sixteenth inch galvanized, painted
or enameled steel, or, preferably, one(Figure
quarter inch slate or marble.
a.
substantially
bustible,
163.)
276
Door.
as to be
hook or
The
is
filled
put in place.
perfectly dust-tight.
catch are required.
Bushings.
Bushings
through
which
wires
enter
must
Rule 54A.
Rosettes.
(See Figure 164.)
Ceiling rosettes, both fused and fuseless, must be constructed in accordance with the following specifications:
j
\
MATERIALS,
FITTINGS^
ETC.
2,11
over the surface, between supporting screws and currentcarrying parts. The supporting screws must be so located
or countersunk that the flexible cord cannot come in contact
with them.
Bases for the knob and cleat type must have at least two
holes for supporting screws must be high enough to keep the
wires and terminals at least one-half inch from the surface
;
Figure
164.
c.
Terminals. Line terminal plates must be at least
.07 inch in thickness, and terminal screws must not be smaller
than No. 6 standard screws with about 32 threads per inch.
Terminal plates for the flexible cord and for fuses must
be at least .06 inch in thickness. The connection to these
plates shall be by binding screws not smaller than No. 5
278
f.
Cover.
When
the
rosette
is
made
in
it
work
loose.
In fused rosettes, the cover must fit closely over the base
so as to prevent the accumulation of dust or dirt on the
inside, and also to prevent any flash or melted metal from
being thrown out when the fuses melt.
g.
Markings.
Must
name
it
may
with the
rating in
amperes,
amperes,
NOTE. When link fuses are used the test shall be made
with fuse wire which melts at about 7 amperes in one inch
The larger fuse is specified for the test in order to
more nearly approximate the severe conditions obtained when
only one 2-ampere fuse (the rating of the rosette) is blown
at a time.
Fused rosettes equipped with enclosed fuses are much
preferable to the link fuse rosettes.
lengths.
55.
Sockets.
(See Figure 165.)
(For installation rules, see No.
2y.)
FITTINGS^
MATERIALS,
ETC.
^79
any
size
Shell.
Metal used for shells must be moderately
c.
hard, but not hard enough to be brittle or so soft as to be
Figure
165.
easily dented or
at least thirteen
same
stiffness
d.
Lining.
binding screws.
The
second
of
tenacious.
an
It
280
v/ater in
firmly
which
secured
it
is
to
the
shell
that
it
will
It is
not
It
must be so
fall
out
with
The cap must also be lined, and this lining must comply
with the requirements for sliell linings.
The shell lining- should extend beyond the shell far enough
so that no part of the lamp base is exposed when a lamp is in
the socket.
e.
Cap. Caps, when of sheet brass, must be at least
thirteen one-thousandths of an inch in thickness, and when
cast or made of other metals must be of equivalent strength.
The inlet piece, except for special sockets, must be tapped
with a standard one-eighth-inch pipe thread. It must contain
sufficient metal for a full, strong thread, and when not in one
piece with the cap must be joined to it in such a way as to
give the strength of a single piece.
There must be sufficient room in the cap to enable the
ordinary wireman to easily and quickly make a knot in the
coird and to push it into place in the cap without crowding.
All parts of the cap upon which the knot is likely to bear must
be smooth and well insulated.
The cap lining called for in the note to Section d will provide a sufficiently smooth and well-insulated surface for the
The
frame
which
holds the
MATERIALS,
FITTINGS,
281
ETC.
way
that
it
Lamp
is
strongly advised.
The
Holder.
Base. With
;.
insulating
celain.
Key.
k.
The
material that
it
will
it
is
designed to
turn.
/.
Sealing. All screws in porcelain pieces, which can
be firmly sealed in place, must be so sealed by a waterproof
compound which will not melt below 200 degrees Fahrenheit.
m.
Putting Together.
The
n.
off"
at
282
they apply.
Inlet Bushing.
When
the socket
is
not attached
Hanger-Boards.
56.
Fig-ure 166.
non-absorptive
insulating
substance.
All
switches
FITTINGS^
MATERIALS^
283
ETC.
Arc Lamps.
57.
(For installation
h.
circuit.
Spark Arresters.
(See Figure 167.)
(For installation
rules, see
and 2g
Nos. 19
c.)
Figure 167
Insulating Joints.
59.
(See No. 26
Must be
a.)
284
throughout
five
Rheostats.
(For installation
60.
rules, see
Nos. 4 a and 8
c.)
Must
be made entirely of non-combustible materials, except such minor parts as handles, magnet
a.
Materials.
insulation, etc.
All segments, lever arms, etc., must be mounted on noncombustible, non-absorptive insulating material.
Rheostats used in dusty or linty places or where exposed
to fiying-s of combustible material must be so constructed
that even if the resistive conductor be fused by excessive
current the arc or any attendant flame will be quickly and
Rheostats used in places where the
safely extinguished.
above conditions do not exist may be of any approved type.
Construction.
mounted on
The
c.
Connections. Clamps for connecting wires to the
terminals must be of a design which will ensure a thoroughly
good connection, and must be sufficiently strong and heavy to
withstand considerable hard usage. For currents above fifty
amperes, lugs firmly screwed or bolted to the terminals, and
into which the connecting wires shall be soldered, must be
used.
Clamps or lug's will not be required where leads designed
for soldered connections are provided.
d.
Marking. Must be plainly marked, where it may
be readily seen after the device is installed, with the rating and
and the terminals of motor-starting
the name of the maker
;
FITTINGS^
rheostats
circuit
MATERIALS,
must be marked
each
is
"field."
to
to
indicate
be connected, as
285
ETC.
to
"line,"
device
of the
g.
Overload-release.
Overload-release
devices
which
in
h.
Test. Must, after 100 operations under the most
severe normal conditions for which the device is designed,
show no serious burning of the contacts or other faults, and
286
61.
Reactive coils must be made of non-combustible mamounted on non-combustible bases and treated, in
general, as sources of heat.
a.
terial,
Transformers.
62.
(For
a.
in
Nos.
it, is, 13
and
36.)
combustible cases.
On account of the possible dangers from burn-outs in the
(See note under No. 11 a.)
is advised that every transformer be so designed and
connected that the middle point of the secondary coil can
be reached if, at any future time, it should be desired to
coils.
It
ground
b.
it.
Must be constructed
to
tests
1.
FITTINGS,
2.
MATERIALS,
The
Lightning Arresters.
(For installation
63.
a.
tion.
287
ETC.
rules, see
No.
5.)
approved
construc-
Class E.
<
MISCELLANEOUS.
Signaling Systems.
64.
Governing wiring for telephone, telegraph, district messenger and call-hell circuits, lire and burglar alarms, and all
similar systems which are hazardous only because of their
liability to become crossed with electric light, heat or pozver
circuits.
building* is
to
When
light or
Sig-nalingfall,
c.
Where the wires are attached to the outside walls of
buildings they must have an approved rubber insulating covering (see No. 41), and on frame buildings or frame portions
of other buildings shall be supported on glass or porcelain insulators, or knobs.
d.
last
MISCELLANEOUS.
289
Wires must enter building through approved non-comnon-absorptive insulating bushings sloping upward
e.
bustible,
where the Current Carrying Parts of the Apparatus Installed are Capable of Carrying Indefinitely a
Current of Ten Amperes.
Installations
An
f.
all-metallic
circuit
shall
be
provided,
except
in
telegraph systems.
The wires
No.
than
tial.
The instruments
i.
structed
terial.
of
shall
non-combustible,
paratus
where the Current Carrying Parts of the ApInstalled are Not Capable of Carrying Indefi-
nitely a
Installations
protective device
located as near as possible to the entrance of wires to buildthe immediate
placed
in
must
not
be
ing.
The protector
j.
290
vicinit}' of easily ignitible stuff, or where exposed to inflammable gases, or dust or flyings of combustible material.
Wires from entrance to building to protector must
k.
be supported on porcelain insulators, so that they will come
in contact with nothing except their designed supports.
The ground wire of the protective device shall be run
/.
in
be
Shall
&
B.
of
copper
18
S. gage.
2.
3.
Must run
When
pipes,
and
When
MISCELLANEOUS,
291
When
For Instrument
1.
An
in
each wire, designed for 2,000 volts potential, and containing fuses
rated at not over one ampere capacit}^ When main
line cut-outs are installed as called for in section g,
the instrument cut-outs may be placed between the
switchboard and the instrument as near the switch-
board as
possible.
tector
2.
A
A
is
Must have
attached.
The heat
coil is
designed to
warm up and
292
current large enough to endanger the instruments if continued for a long time, but so small that it would not
blow the fuses ordinarily found necessary for such instruments. The small currents are often called "sneak"
currents.
3.
The
An
lowed.
to
All
Overhead or Underg-round.
n.
Wires beyond the protector, or wires inside buildings
where no protector is used, must be neatly arranged and sefastened in place in some convenient, workmanlike
manner. They must not come nearer than six inches to any
electric light or power wire in the building unless encased in
approved tubing so secured as .to prevent its slipping out of
curely
place.
kind of
upon
to
approved
required
0.
Wires where bunched together in a vertical run within
any building must have a fire-resisting covering sufficient to
prevent the wires from carrying fire from floor to floor
unless they are run either in non-combustible tubing or in a
fireproof shaft, which shaft shall be provided with fire stops
at each floor.
run
MISCELLANEOUS.
293
each
floor.
65.
Electric
fire
stops at
Gas Lighting.
lighting-.
65 A.
b.
theater arcs.
the
must be secured
to the
be no liability of
in front of lamp.
its
in
spindle or shaft,
coming
off
film to stop
will not
i.
house
be permitted).
Picture
made
suitable
fireproof
in
an enclosure or
be thoroughly
material,
294
Insulation Resistance.
66.
The wiring
e.,
the
Up
to
10
25
50
100
200
400
800
,600
amperes
4,000,000 ohms.
2,000,000
800,000
400.000
200,000
100,000
50,000
25,000
12,500
The test must be made with all cut-outs and .safety devices in place.
If the lamp sockets, receptacles, electroliers,
etc., are also connected, only one-half of the resistance specified in the table will be required.
'
{
j
]
CLASS
F.
MARINE WORK.
Generators.
68.
a.
Must be
b.
j\Inst
have
frames
their
insulated
from
their
bed-
plates.
c.
d.
waterproof cover.
Wires.
69.
Must be supported
a.
in
gage.
is
in
dynamo-rooms.
Mus.t have no single wire larger than No. 12 B.
Wires
required.
to be
No
stranded
when
&
S.
&
c.
as possible.
Where
it
is
necessary to
be so spliced or joined as to
trically secure
without solder.
to insure preservation,
They
The
joist
of
296
at
Must
e.
have,
hard rubber.
all
decks, a metallic
water-tight
stuffitig
bulk-
tube lined
of an
non-water-tight bulkheads.
insulating covering.
the
have a second outer fibrous covering at least one thirty-second of an inch in thickness and sufficiently tenacious to
withstand the abrasions of being hauled through the metal
conduit.
MARINE WORK.
h.
Must
the conduit
i.
no.t
is
be
drawn
in
until
coal
-;:'
the mechanical
is
work on
in place.
injury,
and
must be
Portable Conductors.
70.
a.
Must be made
and covering.
Where not exposed to moisture or severe mechanical injury, each stranded conductor must have a solid insulation
at least one thirty-second of an inch in thickness, and must
show an insulation resistance between conductors, and between either conductor and the ground, of at least fifty
meg-ohms per mile after two weeks' submersion in water at
70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 degrees Centigrade), and be protected by a slow-burning, tough-braided outer covering.
Where exposed to moisture and mechanical injury (as for
use on decks, holds and fire-rooms) each stranded conductor
shall have a solid insulation, to be approved, of at least onethirty-second of an inch in thickness and protected by a tough
braid.
The two conductors shall then be stranded together,
using a jute filling. The whole shall then be covered with
a layer of flax, either woven or braided, at least one thirtysecond of an inch in thickness and treated with a noninflammable waterproof compound. After one week's submersion in water at 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 degrees Centigrade), it must show an insulation between the two conductors, or between either conductor and the ground, of fifty
megohms per mile.
Bell or Other wires.
71.
a.
in
72.
Actual
No. of
Strands
Strands.
Size of
B. & S. G.
Area
B.
&
S.
19
18
17
16
15
14
12
G.
CM.
1,288
1,624
2,048
2,583
3,257
4,107
6,530
9,016
11,368
14,336
18,081
22,799
80,856
38,912
49,077
60,088
75,776
99,064
124,928
157,563
198,677
250,527
296,387
373,737
413.639
Amperes
'3
*6
"7
7
7
7
7
19
19
19
37
37
61
61
61
61
61
91
91
127
i9
18
17
16
15
18
17
16
18
17
18
17
16
15
14
15
14
15
12
17
21
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
85
100
120
145
170
200
235
270
320
340
of
19,
7,
strand
around
it
Switchboard.
73.
h.
Must be kept
non-absorptive
so as to be accessible
Must have a
c.
for each generator.
Must also have a voltmeter
d.
Must have a cut-out and switch for each side of each
current leading from board.
MARINE WORK.
299
e.
Resistance Boxes.
74.
{For construdtion
rules, see
No.
60.)
Must be
a.
bustible
comthey
insulat-
ing material.
Switches.
75.
{For construciion
When
a.
exposed
,to
rules, see
No.
^i.)
in
a water-tight case.
Must be
b.
when
located on switch-
board.
may
Must be provided so
be separately controlled.
76.
Cut-Outs.
c.
{For construction
a.
Must be placed
at
.that
When
placed
77.
ical injury.
e.
Sockets.
79.
Wooden
(For construction
Mouldings.
(For construction
a.
Where moulding
first
rules, see
No.
33.)
rules, see
No.
^o.)
run over rivets, beams, etc., a backbe put up and the moulding secured to
is
this.
b.
80.
(For installation
(For construction
rules, see
rules, see
No.
No.
25.)
49.)
Signal Lights.
81.
Motors.
82.
MARINE WORK.
301
many of
the alternating current motors, the wires must be of such
size as to be properly protected by these larger fuses.
In general, motors should preferably have no exposed live
parts.
b.
Must be thoroughly insulated. Where possible, should
be set on base frames made from filled, hard, dry wood and
raised above surrounding deck.
On hoists and winches they
must be insulated from bed-plates by hard rubber, fiber or
c.
in use.
83.
Insulation Resistance.
The wiring
i.
Up
25 amperes
"
50
"
to
100
200
400
800
1.600
"
"
"
"
800,000 ohms
"
400,000
"
200 000
"
100,000
"
50,000
"
25,000
"
12.500
Where lamp
sockets, recep.tacles
and
electroliers, etc.,
PRACTICAL HINTS.
303
PRACTICAL HINTS.
A full description of the Wheatstone bridge, the telephone,
magneto and other instruments, as well as the many ways of
their application in testing for defects and for circuits in electrical installations having been given in a previous work of the
authors (IViring Diagrams and Descriptions) it is not thought
necessary to repeat them here, especially as a work of this
kind is necessarily limited in diagrams which would be required to a
full
understanding of methods.
An
may
first
be tried.
in the
in turn
Figure 168
out.
nects
This
is
is
main system
which the circuit to be tested connot grounded, a temiporary ground must be put on.
best done by connecting a lamp with one wire to a gas
If the
to
or water pipe and the other to the "live" binding screw on the
opposite side of cutout to that in v/hich the other lamp is connected.
Thus,
in
Figure 168,
if
and
would burn.
were connected
much more
in
searching.
With 3-wire systems no ground need be put on, as the neuwire will always be found grounded. The lamp need be
tried in the outside fuses only.
This test will be more searchtral
ing
if
tral
By
main blocks a
first.
it
is
out, the
short time.
pendent of
two
When
it is
generally
a 3-wire circuit
be drawn
is
inde-
made
is
In order
sets of lamps.
trouble,
each circuit
first
in
case of
first.
outside wires, and, therefore, the other wire must be the neutral.
If the
at half candle
power,
we have
only 110 volts and one of the wires must be the neutral.
That
wire which gives 110 volts with either one of the other two
wires is the neutral; this wire should always be run in the
center between the other two.
PRACTICAL HINTS.
S06
a lamp to ground.
half
of a 3-wire system
the circuit,
site
side.
<>
'
[iio
6 6 (J-g fifg]
d,*'>'><'<''><'<^*<'*
i>i>f>i>i>t>/)t?t>i?t>i,
+
!
a
Figure 169
cutouts as shown.
mains.
When
strip
is
no
306
short circuit.
On
panel boards where fuses are set too close together, the
heat of one fuse while blowing will often blow the next fuse
above
it.
in small
formed by blowing
the vapors
nets,
and very
will
tight cabi-
often cause
short
circuits.
many
to disconnect as
there
is
main switch
in a "loaded"' circuit,
lights
this
it
advisable
is
possible.
If
If there is
no
will
ulation
any
The
necessary.
is
may burn
In order to avoid
face severely.
difficulty, as
first
this,
fuse
are grounded.
fuse
the
cuit and,
circuits
if
all
is
may
in
If there are
two men, one may hold the jumper while the other
fuse, but
it
places the
the circuit has a motor load, for these will be started very
soon after the lights come on and will greatly increase the
current.
If there is but one man the jumper may be temif
A
for
if
jumper
is
is
made
PRACTICAL HINTS.
tection possible.
307
If a piece of asbestos
all
pro-
may
be
much
Much
less.
is
to
Figure 170
hold
it
enough
must turn
to be fastened as in
to be bent
See
c.
The
wire
is
not long
shown
it
h.
at d, should be connected,
drawn.
If a
many
when
:,xODERN ELECTRICAL
308
them an inch or
CONSTRUCTION.
so apart.
an arc lamp has been properly connected, the upper carmuch more than the lower and will remain
red longer. An arc lamp improperly connected is said to be
burning "upside down" and will at once manifest itself by the
strong light thrown against the ceiling.
It is very often found necessary to determine the capacity
of a cable which is already installed and where it is impossible
to get at the separate wires of which it is formed.
As cables
are usually made up in a uniform manner, as shown in the
table below, their capacity can be determined by the following
If
bon
will be heated
method
To
find the
number
up of wires of uniform
Measure diameter of
size.
made
cable,
second column.
Outside layer
wires
12
18
24
30
36
42
times diameter
wires in cable
19
37
61
91
5
7
9
11
13
15
127
169
show how
Thus,
for
instance,
if
in
12
wires
are
run
through
PRACTICAL HINTS.
310
one tube
must be
ter
the
of
or
conduit,
the
at
least
4 1/3
the
wire
to
diameter
times
be
of
great
as
Each
used.
conduit
that
diame-
the
as
figure
illustrates
leave,
and
is
it
if
Long
large.
Much also depends upon the nature of the insulation
and the temperature. The figures are believed to be correct
for single wires and can be followed for twin wires, as the
same number of conductors arranged that way will not occupy
as
much
The
to.
best
way
The
in
to accurately
may
be
number
of short pieces
all
and divid-
known where
it
was requested
to replace
single pole switches by double pole, that the single pole switch
was replaced
through
it
brought into
as
it
required,
only
felt at b
and
c,
when
the switch
is
open, only.
one occasion a wireman had run some wires on insulators along a ceiling and instead of soldering joints had care-
On
many
fully, in
311
smoked
was made, meter loops which had been run in continuous pieces were found with the wire "nicked" with a knife
sistance
circuit open.
similar trick
is
"bad"
circuits.
often
fuses
intact,
but the
in
Figure 172
Figure 173
pieces of
Lamp
butts
or a
shown
..
.
312
The following table, showing the allowable carrying capacity of copper wires and cables of ninety-eight per cent conductivity, according to the standard adopted by the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers, must be followed in placing
interior conductors.
For insulated aluminum wire the safe carrying capacity
is eighty-four per cent of that given in the following tables
for copper wire with the same kind of insulation
TABLE
NO.
Table A.
Rubber
Insulation s.
Insulation.
See No.
B.
& S.
3
6
8
6
5
4
3
00
000
0000
::;ircular Mils.
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
1,100,000
1,200,000
.
..
12
17
24
33
46
54
65
76
90
107
127
150
177
210
1,300,000.
1,400,000
1,500,000
1,600,000
1,700,000
1,800,000
1,900,000
2,000,000
SeeNos. 42 to 44.
Amperes. Circular Mils.
41.
Amperes.
G.
18
16
14
12
10
200
270
330
390
450
500
550
600
650
690
730
770
810
850
890
930
970
1,010
1,050
I.
Table B.
Other
5...
8...
16.
23.
32.
4G.
65.
..
.
..
77...
.
92.
110.
131.
156.
185...
220...
262...
312.
.
300
400
500
590
680
760
840
920
1,000
1,080
1,150
1,220
1.290
1,360
1,430
1,490
1,550
1,610
1,670
1,624
2,583
4,107
6,530
10,380
16,510
26,250
33,100
41,740
52,630
66,370
83,690
105,500
133,100
167,800
211,600
TABLES.
313
The lower
above tables.
WIRING TABLES.
The wiring
manner
tables,
For each
is
size of
carry
ampere
&
S.)
the distance
it
will
The same wire will carry 2 amperes only half as far at the
same percentage of loss and again will carry I ampere twice
as far at double the percentage of loss.
From
is
these facts
we deduce
numnumber so obtained
the number nearest equal to
Take
the
reach the
With
this
is
No. 8
it
would
is
314
on each
side.
The
sizes
all
Llff
The columns
in the
at the
right,
pere
feet.
For
this
reason
we
is,
ing capacities.
will be
1.5
'U
000654
002084
000036
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.002628
.001040
.000519
.000824
.000411
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.000103
.000129
.000102
.000064
1159 1449
1120
.0000308
.000051
.0000215
.000027
.0000108
.0000054
140470
280961
108576
217168
.000024
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a
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It is
overloaded.
It is quite
becomJ
it
In order
proportionally greater.
is
a certain current,
its
circular mils,
M. X
must be equal
A
where
C.
M. stands
circular mils
a
is
VII
and
from
calculated
this rule
it,
while
Table No.
size of wire
For
great care
acci-
load would be forced over the smaller wire and would likely
result in a
The two
fire.
together.
TABLE
NO. VII.
Amperes. B.
210
177
150
127
107
90
76
65
&S. 10%
0000
000
00
1
3
4
50
20
30
40
10
10
11
12
14
60
00
70
80
90
000
00
000
000
0000
000
100
0000
000
00
00
10
11
3
4
3
4
321
g
a
m9
einii
8}0Ti
0}
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a-
VY A
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c
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ca^
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fl-
= =
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u
H
a|
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en
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So
S'S
cq
ia
1
U m
O O
^ ^
C t-
tH
0)
Ampe
"
600
lono
100
300
aooS
a2<2^2
<igife
OT^<i--- Wo^-S^oo9
C/5i-(i-lOO
CO
1-1
'C
t3
[Z|
II.
1 f^^
33 Z
sa
a^ 9i.
^a
a^
a<Ji
35
CM
Amperes
^<^
Hori
fa
Sis
aaS
oog
;^a
^ 'A
T-Hr-l<^^ CCi-<i-l
^'^
p
\
lai
Q.
Ill
ITiTSl
^im
.
S, V
Weights
l|
ag
s,
Areas circuk
Mils.
C.M.-
0000
000
00
1
2
3
4
5
6
641.
509.
403.
320.
253.
3,382.
2,687.
2,129.
1,688.
1,335.
.051
.064
.081
.102
.129
258.
229.
204.
182.
162.
66,564.
52,441.
41,616.
33,124.
26,244.
202.
159.
1,064.
126.
100.
79.
838.
665.
529.
419.
.163
.205
.259
.326
.411
20,736.
16,384.
12,996.
10,404.
8,281.
63.
50.
39.
32.
25.
331.
262.
208.
166.
132.
1.040
1.311
20.
15.7
12.4
9.8
7.9
105.
83.
65.
52.
42.
2.084
2.628
3.314
4.179
6.1
32.
4.8
3.9
12
13
14
15
16
81.
72.
64.
57.
51.
6,561.
5,184.
4,096.
3,249.
2,601.
17
18
19
45.
40.
36.
32.
2,025.
1,600.
1,296.
1,024.
3.1
25.6
20.7
16.4
28.5
812.3
2.5
13.
25.3
22.6
20.1
17.9
15.9
640.1
510.8
404.
1.9
1.5
1.2
320.4
252.8
.97
.77
10.2
8.2
6.5
5.1
27
28
29
30
14.2
12.6
11.3
201.6
158.8
127.7
.61
10.
100.
31
8.9
79.2
.24
32
33
34
35
36
8.
64.
7.1
6.3
5.6
50.4
39.7
31.4
.19
.15
.12
5.
25.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
211,600.
168,100.
133,225.
105,625.
83,521.
11
10
Mile
460.
410.
365.
325.
289.
144.
128.
114.
102.
91.
8
,9
1000 feet
.48
.39
.3
.095
.076
.519
.654
.824
1.6.53
5.269
6.645
8.617
10.566
13.283
16.85
21.10
26.70
33.67
42.68
4.
3.2
2.5
2.
1.6
1.27
1.02
.81
.63
.5
.4
53.52
67.84
84.49
107.3
136.2
168.5
214.0
271.7
343.6
431.6
Table giving the outside diameters of rubber covered wires for use on
voltages less than 600.
Solid
Size
B.
&S
Wire
Solid
Strand- Strand-
Solid
Stranded
Twin Wire
Twin Wires
59-64
55-64
48-64
45-64
42-64
54-64x101-64
46-64X 87-64
43-64X 81-64
40-64X 75-64
37-64X 70-64
59-64x111-64
32-64
30-64
27-64
37-64
34-64
31-64
28-64
62-64
58-64
54-64
52-64
49-64
37-64X 69-64
34-64X 64-64
31-64X 58-64
24-64
33-64X
31-64X
29-64X
28-64X
26-64X
20-64
18-64
16-64
15-64
23-64
21-64
20-64
19-64
22-64X
20-64X
19-64X
18-64X
13-64X
12-64X
41-64
37-64
35-64
33-64
24-64
22-64
Gauge
Single
Braid
Braid
Braid
Braid
0000
000
00
47-64
41-64
38-64
36-64
33-64
54-64
46-64
43-64
40-64
37-64
52-64
48-64
43-64
40-64
37-64
29-64
27-64
25-64
24-64
22-64
33-64
31-64
29-64
28-64
26-64
18-64
16-64
15-64
14-64
10-64
9-64
22-64
20-64
19-64
18-64
13-64
12-64
2
3
4.
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
55-64x103-64
48-64X 91-64
45-64X 85-64
42-64X 79-64
28-64X 52-64
23-64X
21-64X
20-64X
19-64X
42-64
38-64
36-64
34-64
Table giving the outside diameters of rubber covered wires for use on
Voltages between 600 and 3500.
Size
B. &S.
Solid
Wire
Solid
Strand- Strand-
Wire
ed Wire ed Wire
Double Single
Double
Solid
Stranded
Twin Wire
Twin Wire
61-64
57-64
53-64
46-64
43-64
56-64x105-64
53-64X 99-64
46-64X 87-64
43-64X 81-64
40-64X 75-64
61-64x114-64
57-64x107-64
53-64X 99-64
46-64X 88-64
43-64X 82-64
36-64
34-64
31-64
40-64
38-64
35-64
32-64
71-64
67-64
62-64
60-64
58-64
40-64X 76-64
38-64X 72-64
35-64X 66-64
28-64
38-64X
36-64X
33-64X
32-64X
31-64X
26-64
24-64
22-64
21-64
30-64
28-64
26-64
25-64
28-64X
26-64X
25-64X
24-64X
52-64
48-64
46-64
44-64
30-64X
28-64X
26-64X
25-64X
Gauge
Single
Braid
Braid
Braid
Braid
0000
000
00
1
49-64
46-64
41-64
38-64
35-64
56-64
53-64
46-64
43-64
40-64
53-64
50-64
47-64
42-64
39-64
2
3
4
5
6
33-64
31-64
29-64
28-64
27-64
38-64
36-64
33-64
32-64
31-64
24-64
22-64
21-64
20-64
28-64
26-64
25-64
24-64
10
12
14
32-64X 60-64
56-64
52-64
48-64
46-64
NOTE. These figures are taken from data furnished by one of the largest
manufacturers of wire and are believed to be of at least as great dimensions
as any standard wire on the market.
Judgement must be used in applying
these dimensions as the same size wire B. & S. gauge, of different makes
often varies considerably in outside diameter.
Capacity in
Diameter
Cir. Mils.
over Braid
Outside Diameters.
Wire
113-64
107-64
97-64
95-64
94-64
93-64
89-64
87-64
83-64
81-64
79-64
76-64
73-64
68-64
66-64
64-64
61-64
59-64
1,500,000
1,250,000
1,000,000
950,000
900,000
850,000
800,000
750,000
700,000
650,000
600,000
550,000
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
Solid
1,000,000
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
0000
000
00
_i.
50-64
47-64
39-64
36-64
32-64
30-64
27-64
25-64
22-64
20-64
17-64
16-64
14-64
12-64
10-64
8-64
2
3
4
5
6
8
Dimensions
of
Unlined Conduit.
Nominal
Actual
Internal
Internal
Diam.
Diam.
Inches.
J
i
a
u
n
2
2h
3
10
12
14
16
18
17-64
23-64
31-64
40-64
52-64
67-64
88-64
103-64
132-64
157-64
196-64
26-64
35-64
43-64
54-64
67-64
84-64
106-64
122-64
152-64
184-64
224-64
4-64
5-64
6-64
6-64
7-64
8-64
9-64
9-64
10-64
13-64
13-64
Dimensions
Nominal
of
Stranded
108-64
103-64
100-64
94-64
85-64
80-64
76-64
73-64
64-64
62-64
58-64
55-64
51-64
43-64
39-64
35-64
33-64
30-64
28-64
24-64
22-64
18-64
Lined Conduit
Internal
Internal
Actual
External
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
Inches
.
1
1
li
2
2i
3
Actual
Inches
32-64
45-64
58-64
80-64
90-64
115-64
144-64
176-64
Inches
54-64
67-64
84-64
106-64
122-64
152-64
184-64
224-64
TABLES.
2
3
3*
4
2i
1.^
2i
1^
li
5*
li%
7
9
10^
Trade
Number
1
1*
2
3
7
8
Size of
Groove
7-32
5-16
13-32
9-16
1
1*
A
A
j^
A
T^
2
1
1
3
1
Height
Width
U
H
H
u
2i
2
2
2J
3f
SIZES
T^
i
i
1^
1
Jg
-
1-
1^
U-
|-
\\ire
A
^
2
14
4+
Height of
2
If
Groove
Hole
Diameters
Height
No.
Size of
Size of
Hole
Groove
1
f
tk
I
'..
1" cable
2f
OF PORCELAIN TUBES.
Size of
14-12
10- 8
6-5-4
3-2-1-0
Wire
B.
B.
B.
B.
&
&
&
&
Size of
Groove
S.
S.
3-4
7-8
S.
Size of
1-4
Wire
0-0000 Stranded
250.000 C. M.
500 000 C. M.
750.000 C. M.
One-Wire Cleats.
DuGGAN Cleat.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
16-8 B,
4 holds wires
&
S.
2-00
000-300,000 C. M.
400,000-800,000 C. M.
900,000-1,200,000 C. M,
5
6
Brunt Cleat.
Stand.
1
-}|
21
2|
2-h
1 i
2|
i|
"
"
"
*
"
"
"
"
&
16-8 B.
16-8 B.
&
&
S
S
16-8 B.
6-00 B.
16-8 B.
& 8.
& S.
& S.
16-5 B.
8-3
3-00
4-1
holds wires
0-0000
Cleats.
Brunt.
No. 334 2-wire holds wires
"
"
No. 337 3 wire
DuGGAN.
No. 3
No. 2
No. 1
"
"
3 wire
"
"
Pass
No.
No.
No.
No.
A-3
2-wire
"
"
A-43 3-wire
"
"
43
"
"
3-wire
& Seymour.
14-12
14- 6
14-12
14- 6
B.
B.
B.
B.
& S.
&S
&S
& S.
TABLES.
in
Nearest B.
2
3
bI
9
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
II
N,
xis
--%
2
hi'
_?9.
1|-
u
1+
24
3
3
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Diameter in
Number
Fractions
lOd
12d
16d
20d
Obtainable
11
3%
2d
3d
4d
5d
6d
7d
8d
9d
Greatest Length
S.
15
14
12
I2S
lis
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
&
Gauge
Fractions
APPROXIMATE.
its
B5
S
i
BI
s
t8
ts
r\%
5
/zg
Nearest B.
&
Gauge
13
12
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
6
4
S.
APPROXIMATE
Length
in
Inches
1
u
n
If
2
2i
222
3
3i
34
4
No.
per
lb.
875
565
315
270
ISO
160
105
95
70
60
50
30
Fine Nails
.2d
3d
4d
15
13
li
1350
770
470
110
VOLTS
220
VOLTS
1.9
2.7
500
VOLTS
.42
.62
.95
7.5
9.2
1.35
2.50
3.75
4.60
2
3
17.5
24.6
8.75
12.30
32.
40.
57.
16.
20.
76.
110.
144.
176.
38.
55.
72.
88.
105.
25.
34.
40.
49.
57.
65.
75.
80.
100.
120.
160.
210.
245.
280.
325.
5.
5
7i
10
15
20
25
30
1.15
1.70
2.10
4.
5.60
7.50
9.20
28.5
210.
35
40
45
50
60
250.
280.
320.
430.
125.
140.
160.
175.
215.
75
100
125
150
175
200
520.
700.
880.
1056.
1230.
1400.
260.
350.
440.
530.
615.
700.
3.50.
13.
17.5
VOLTS
Watts
220
Amperes
18
6
8
10
12
16
24
30
35
40
56
70
84
.16
.22
.27
.32
.36
.51
.64
.76
112
175
1.00
1.60
20
24
32
50
VOLTS
C. P.
Watts
8
10
16
20
36
45
64
76
90
122
190
24
32
50
Amperes
.16
.20
.29
.35
.41
.55
.86
323'
TABLES.
'.5
amperes.
The Nernst lamp consumes 88 watts per glower; for a 6 glower, 110 volt
lamp, about 4.8 amperes.
Series miniature lamps, operated 8 in series, on 110 volts, require a current
of about .33 amperes for 1 candle power lamps, and 1 ampere for 3 candle
power lamps.
Tables showing the currents which will fuse wires of different sub-
B.
&S.
Diam.
Copper
10
12
14
102.
81.
64.
333.
236.
16
18
51.
40.
32.
Gauge
20
22
24
26
2.5.3
20.
16.
Germar*
Silver
Iron
165.7
246.5
174.4
122.8
117.7
81.9
58.5
87.1
60.7
43.4
60.1
41.8
29.9
36.1
25.2
41.1
28.9
20.7
30.5
21.5
15.3
21.0
14.8
10.6
12.4
8.9
6.4
14.5
10.2
7.3
10.7
7.6,
5.4
7.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
3.8
2.7
2.6
1.8
1.6
28
30
32
12.6
34
36
6.3
5.1
5.
3.6
10.
8.
Aluminum
170.
120.5
84.6
102.3
72.6
50.9
18.
3.1
2.3
1.1
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to
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