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D a te
Software
Ve r s io n
Jan 2006
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May 2007
11.0
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12.0
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13.0
Alternate methods or
tips are listed in the left
margin in blue italic
text.
iii
Getting Help
Ansys Technical Support
To contact Ansys technical support staff in your geographical area,
please log on to the Ansys corporate website, https://www1.anssys.com.
You can also contact your Ansoft account manager in order to obtain this
information.
All Ansoft software files are ASCII text and can be sent conveniently by email. When reporting difficulties, it is extremely helpful to include very
specific information about what steps were taken or what stages the
simulation reached, including software files as applicable. This allows
more rapid and effective debugging.
Help Menu
To access online help from the HFSS menu bar, click Help and select from
the menu:
Contents - click here to open the contents of the online help.
Seach - click here to open the search function of the online help.
Index - click here to open the index of the online help.
Context-Sensitive Help
To access online help from the HFSS user interface, do one of the following:
To open a help topic about a specific HFSS menu command, press
Shift+F1, and then click the command or toolbar icon.
To open a help topic about a specific HFSS dialog box, open the dialog box, and then press F1.
iv
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
The Sample Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Results for Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
2-4
2-4
2-5
2-5
3-3
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-5
5. Generating A Solution
Specify Solution Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Add a Solution Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Add a Discrete Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Contents-3
Contents-4
Introduction
Introduction 1-1
Combining
junction
Waveguide
section
Port 2
Port 4
1-2 Introduction
Port 3
guide.
Introduction 1-3
1-4 Introduction
This guide assumes that HFSS has already been installed as described
in the Installation Guide.
Note
If you have not installed the software or you are not yet set up to run
the software, STOP! Follow the instructions in the Installation Guide.
Your goals in this chapter are as follows:
DCreate a new project.
DAdd an HFSS design to the project.
chapter.
3D Modeler window
Menu bar
Toolbars
Project Manager
window and the
project tree.
Properties
window
Status bar
Message Manager
window
Project Manager
window
Progress
window
Message Manager Displays error, informational, and warning messages for the
window
active project.
Progress window
History tree
Menu bar
Toolbars
Status bar
You can also create a new project and insert a design manually as follows.
2
3
4
5
Note
Press F1. This opens the Help window. If you have a dialog open, the Help
opens to a page that describes the dialog.
Press Shift+F1. The cursor changes to ?. Click on the item with which you
need help.
Now, you are ready to draw the objects for this waveguide combiner
problem.
This chapter shows you how to create the geometry for the waveguide combiner problem described earlier. Your goals are as follows:
DSelect the solution type.
DSet up the drawing region.
DCreate the objects that makes up the waveguide combiner model,
which includes:
a. Drawing the objects.
b. Assigning color and transparency to the objects.
c.
chapter.
Eigenmode
Grid
Face CS
Units Settings
Now, specify the drawing units for your model. For this waveguide combiner problem, set the drawing units to mils (1 mil = One thousandth of
an inch).
To set the drawing units:
1 Click Modeler>Units.
The Set Model Units dialog box appears.
2 Select mil from the Select units drop-down list, and ensure Rescale
to new units is cleared.
If selected, the Rescale to new units option automatically rescales
the grid spacing to units entered that are different than the set drawing units.
3 Click OK to accept mils as the drawing units for this model.
Grid Settings
The grid displayed in the 3D Modeler window is a drawing aid that helps
to visualize the location of objects. The points on the grid are divided by
their local x-, y-, and z-coordinates and grid spacing is set according to
the current projects drawing units.
3-4 Creating the Model
Transparency Setting
Set the default transparency for objects to 0.4.
To set the default transparency for new objects:
1 Click Tools>Options>Modeler Options.
The 3D Modeler Options window appears.
2 Click the Display tab.
3 If it is not already there, move the Default transparency slider to the
fifth line (which is a transparency of 0.4), and then click OK.
2 Click a point at the origin, and increment a count of clicks from the
initial click to 25, for convenience following a counter-clockwise
movement that places the last click back at the origin.
3 Right-click to display the shortcut menu.
4 Click Done.
3-6 Creating the Model
This displays the properties window for the newly created polyline in
the docked properties window.
5 Go to the Verify the Points of a Polyline section and follow the procedure to enter the correct coordinates for each segment.
Method 2: Enter the Point Coordinates for Each Point
The second method is more direct, but is less forgiving. In this case, you
enter the point coordinates for each vertice of the 25 segment polyline
in sequence:
1 Click Draw>Line, or click the Draw line button on the toolbar.
The status bar now prompts you to enter the first point of the
polyline.
2 Press the Tab key to move to the X box, and then select the first point
of the line by entering the following values in the coordinate boxes,
pressing Tab to move to the next coordinate text box:
X coordinate
0
Y coordinate
Z coordinate
Skip the first point, since you just entered its coordinates (0, 0, 0) in
the preceding steps.
Point
1
X Coordinate
0
Y Coordinate
0
Z Coordinate
0
-53
-147
-53
-474
-367
-474
-710
-944
-710
-944
-1130
-369
-1130
0
Creating the Model 3-7
-27
-792
10
-27
-467
11
83
-467
12
146
-433
13
255
-433
14
337
-411
15
427
-411
16
506
-523
17
682
-523
18
915
-683
19
1562
-683
20
1562
-263
21
1073
-263
22
858
-53
23
612
-53
24
612
25
2 Click the first CreateLine object in the list to view the coordinate
values that you entered for point 1 (0, 0, 0) and point 2 (0, -53, 0).
These values are displayed in the Properties window, as shown
below:
X Coordinate
0
Y Coordinate
0
Z Coordinate
0
-53
-147
-53
-474
-367
-474
-710
-944
-710
-944
-1130
-369
-1130
-27
-792
10
-27
-467
11
83
-467
12
146
-433
0
Creating the Model 3-11
13
255
-433
14
337
-411
15
427
-411
16
506
-523
17
682
-523
18
915
-683
19
1562
-683
20
1562
-263
21
1073
-263
22
858
-53
23
612
-53
24
612
25
5 Continue with this same method to verify the values for all the
remaining points.
Duplicate and Mirror Polyline1
Next, you will duplicate and mirror the object Polyline1 object about a
specified plane to create the right-half of the waveguide combiner.
Remember, this is possible because the waveguide combiner is symmetric
about the xz plane. This will result in a 2D sheet object with a default
name of Polyline1_1.
To duplicate the object Polyline1:
1 Select the object Polyline1 by either clicking on it in the 3D Modeler
window or clicking its name in the history tree.
2 Click Edit>Duplicate>Mirror.
3 Press Tab to move to the X box, and then enter (0, 0, 0) to specify
3-12 Creating the Model
the point on the plane on which you want to mirror the object.
A line drawn from this point to the mirror plane will be perpendicular
to the plane.
4 Press Enter.
5 Press Tab to move to the dY box and enter 1 to specify a normal point
on the plane.
6 Press Enter.
The object Polyline1_1, a duplicate of object Polyline1, appears on
the plane you specified, oriented according to the normal point you
specified, as shown below:
Note
Copy the objects, and then paste them back into the design after uniting
them.
On the Tools menu, point to Options>3D Modeler Options, and then click
Clone tool objects before unite in the 3D Modeler Options dialog box. This
option instructs HFSS to always keep a copy of the original objects being
joined.
3 Click 3D Modeler>Boolean>Unite.
The new object that is created inherits its properties (name, color,
boundary, and material assignment) from the first object selected
(Polyline1).
The resulting single, new object appears in the 3D Modeler window,
as shown below:
Rename Polyline1
Next, change the default name of the new, united object to specify that
it is the waveguide combiner object.
To modify the name of Polyline1 object:
1 Under the Attribute tab of the Properties window, click Polyline1 in
the Name row.
2 Under the Attribute tab of the Properties window, click Edit in the
Color row.
The Color palette appears.
3 Select the basic color blue (RGB settings 0, 0, 255) from the Color
palette, and then click OK to assign the color to the object waveguide.
While the waveguide is selected, it retains the selection color. To see
the assigned color, unselect the waveguide by clicking a location in
the drawing window off the waveguide.
Assign a Transparency to the Waveguide
To assign a transparency level to the waveguide:
1 Select the object waveguide, if it is not already selected.
2 Under the Attribute tab of the Properties window, click the default
value 0.4 in the Transparency row.
The Set Transparency window appears.
3 Move the slider to the right to increase the transparency level, stopping when the value is 0.7.
4 Click OK.
Creating the Model 3-15
The transparency is now set to .7, which appears as the new value in
the Transparency row after it is set.
5 Click outside the object, on the grid background, to deselect waveguide and view the resulting color and transparency assignments.
Your waveguides color and transparency should resemble the one
shown below:
, to
save the geometry.
Now you are ready to assign all boundaries and excitatons to the waveguide combiner.
Now that you have created the geometry and assigned all materials
for the waveguide combiner problem, you are ready to define its
excitations and boundaries.
Your goals for this chapter are to:
DDefine the boundary conditions, such as the locations of finite
conductivity boundaries.
DDefine the wave ports through which the signals enter and leave
the waveguide combiner.
DVerify that you correctly assigned the boundaries and excitations
to the model.
Now you are ready to set up the problem.
Time It should take you approximately 15 minutes to work through this chapter.
Boundary Conditions
Boundaries specify the behavior of magnetic and electric fields at various surfaces. They can also be used to identify special surfaces such as
resistors whose characteristics differ from the default.
The following two types of boundary conditions will be used for this
waveguide combiner problem:
Finite
This type of boundary represents an imperfect conductor. HFSS
conductivity does not compute the field inside these objects; the finite
conductivity boundary approximates the behavior of the field at
the surfaces of the objects. Any skin-effect losses will be
properly taken into account.
For this waveguide combiner problem, a finite conductivity
boundary is assigned to the side faces (excluding the four ports),
and the bottom face of the model.
Symmetry
Excitation Conditions
Wave ports define surfaces exposed to non-existent materials (generally
the background or materials defined to be perfect conductors) through
which excitation signals enter and leave the structure.
Wave ports represent places in the geometry through which excitation
signals enter and leave the structure. They are used when modeling strip
lines and other waveguide structures, such as this waveguide combiner
problem. Wave ports are typically placed on the perfect E interface
between the 3D object and the background to provide a window that
couples the model device to the external world.
4-2 Setting Up the Problem
Assign Boundaries
First, you will assign all boundary conditions to the model. These assignments include two finite conductivity boundaries and one perfect E symmetry boundary.
To review information on the types of boundaries you will assign, see
Boundary Conditions on page 4-2.
Assign a Finite Conductivity Boundary to the Side Faces
Finite conductivity boundary to all the waveguide combiners side faces,
excluding the port faces.
As discussed in Boundary Conditions on page 4-2, finite conductivity
boundaries represent imperfect conductors. At such boundaries, the following condition holds:
E tan = Z n u H tan
where
Etan is the component of the E-field that is tangential to the surface.
Htan is the component of the H-field that is tangential to the surface.
Zs is the surface impedance of the boundary, 1 + j e GV , where
The fact that the E-field has a tangential component at the surface of
imperfect conductors simulates the case in which the surface is lossy.
The surfaces of any objects defined to be non-perfect conductors are
automatically set to finite conductivity boundaries. HFSS does not
attempt to compute the field inside these objects; the finite conductivity boundary approximates the behavior of the field at the surfaces of
the objects.
The finite conductivity boundary condition is valid only if the conductor
being modeled is a good conductor, that is, if the conductors thickness is
much larger than the skin depth in the given frequency range.
To assign a finite conductivity boundary to the side faces of the waveguide combiner:
1 Right-click in the 3D Modeler window, then click Select Faces on the
Setting Up the Problem 4-3
shortcut menu.
In this mode you can select or de-select an objects faces instead of
the entire object. When the mouse hovers over a face in the 3D Modeler window, that face is outlined, which indicates that it will be
selected when you click.
2 Ultimately, you want to select all of the side faces of the object
waveguide, except the port faces. Here, you do not seek to select
the top or bottom faces. However, given the number and position of
the faces, in this case it is easier to use Edit>Select All, and then use
Ctrl-click to de-select the four port faces, and the top and buttom
faces. You will need to rotate the model to complete the process.
With Face selection mode on, click Edit>Select All. This highlights all faces on the object.
Press and hold down Ctrl and click to de-select the top face and
two visible port faces.
Press and hold down Alt and drag the mouse to rotate the model
to a position where you can select the desired side faces.
Press and hold Ctrl and click to deselect the rotated bottom face
and the remaining port faces.
All side faces of the waveguide combiner are selected.
4 Select the Use Material check box, and click the material button
(where the default vacuum is displayed).
The Select Definition window appears. By default, this material
browser lists all materials in the global material library, as well as the
local material library for the current project, which is a subset of the
global library.
5 Select aluminum from the list of materials, and then click OK.
The Finite Conductivity Boundary window reappears.
The conductivity and permeability values for aluminum are now
assigned to the finite conductivity boundary.
6 Clear Infinite Ground Plane if it is selected.
If selected, the Infinite Ground Plane option simulates the effects of
an infinite ground plane. This option only affects the calculation of
near- and far-field radiation during post processing. The 3D Post Processor models the boundary as a finite portion of an infinite, perfectly conducting plane.
7 Click OK to accept the default name FiniteCond1 and apply the
boundary.
The resulting finite conductivity boundary is applied to the side faces
of the object waveguide and now appears as a subentry of
Finite Conductivity
boundary added as a
subentry of
Boundaries
Properties of the
finite conductivity
boundary
By default, the geometry, name, and vectors for the boundary are all
shown in the 3D Modeler window. For this waveguide combiner problem,
it is not necessary to edit any of the boundarys visualization default settings.
Note
You can also assign boundaries by selecting the object or object face to
which you want to assign the boundary, and then doing one of the
following:
Right-click on Boundaries in the project tree, point to Assign, and then click
the boundary type you want to assign.
4 Select the Use Material check box, and click the material button
(where the default vacuum is displayed).
The Select Definition window appears.
5 Select aluminum from the list of materials, and click OK.
The Finite Conductivity Boundary window reappears.
The conductivity and permeability values for aluminum are now
assigned to this finite conductivity boundary.
6 Clear Infinite Ground Plane if it is selected.
7 Click OK to accept the default name FiniteCond2 and apply the
boundary.
The resulting finite conductivity boundary is applied to the bottom
face of the object waveguide.
Next, you will assign a perfect E symmetry boundary to the top face of
the waveguide combiner (the symmetry plane for the model).
To assign a symmetry boundary to the top face of waveguide:
1 If it is still selected, deselect the finite conductivity boundary you
just assigned.
2 In Select Faces mode, select the top face of the object waveguide.
The top face of the waveguide is selected.
b. Enter the value 2 in the Impedance Multiplier box, and then click OK.
Setting Up the Problem 4-11
6 Click OK to accept the default name Sym1 and apply the boundary.
The resulting perfect E symmetry boundary condition is assigned to
the top face the object waveguide, as shown below:
Assign Excitations
Now you will assign all excitations to the waveguide combiner model.
These excitations include wave ports assigned to each end face of the
models four waveguide sections, as shown below:
Port 1
Port 3
Port 2
Port 4
The function of each wave port in this waveguide combiner model are as
follows:
Port 1
The output port that is fed the output power of the solid state
power amplifiers from ports 2 and 4.
Port 2
Port 3
Port 4
Properties of the
wave port
Port 1
assigned
The endpoint defines the direction and length of the integration line.
The Wave Port wizard reappears at the WavePort:Modes step.
7 Click Next.
8 In the Wave Port:Post Processing step, accept the default settings,
and then click Finish to complete the wave port assignment for port
2.
WavePort 2, with its integration line, is shown below:
click Next.
6 In the Wave Port:Post Processing step, accept the default settings,
and then click Finish to complete the wave port assignment for port
1.
WavePort3 is assigned to the waveguide and now appears as a subentry of Excitations in the project tree.
Assign Wave Port 4
To assign wave port 4, you will use the same procedure you followed
when you assigned wave port 2.
To assign wave port 4:
1 Deselect WavePort3 that you just assigned, if it is still selected.
The endpoint defines the direction and length of the integration line.
The Wave Port wizard reappears at the WavePort:Modes step.
8 Click Next.
9 In the Wave Port:Post Processing step, accept the default settings,
and then click Finish to complete the wave port assignment for port
4. WavePort4, with its integration line, is assigned to the waveguide
the computed value is one-half the desired value. An impedance multiplier of 2 must be specified in such cases.
To edit the impedance multiplier:
1 Click HFSS>Excitations>Edit Impedance Mult.
The Port Impedance Multiplier dialog box appears.
2 Enter the value 2 in the Impedance Multiplier box, and then click
OK.
2 Select a check box in the Visibility column that corresponds with the
boundary or excitation for which you want to review its location on
the model.
The selected boundary or excitation appears in the model in the color
it has been assigned, as indicated in the Color column.
You are now ready to set up the solution parameters for this waveguide
combiner problem and generate a solution.
Generating A Solution
Now that you have defined and verified all of the boundaries and
excitations for the waveguide combiner problem, you are ready to
generate a solution.
Your goals for this chapter are to:
DSet up the solution parameters that will be used in calculating the
solution.
DValidate the project setup.
DGenerate a solution.
DView the solution data, such as convergence and matrix data
information.
The Solution Setup dialog box is divided into the following tabs:
General
Options
20 GHz
For every modal driven solution setup, you must specify
the frequency at which to generate the solution. For
this waveguide combiner model, you will solve over a
range of frequencies, which will require you to define a
frequency sweep in Add a Discrete Frequency Sweep
on page 5-5. If a frequency sweep is solved, an adaptive
analysis is performed only at the solution frequency.
Maximum
Number of
Passes
9
The Maximum Number of Passes value is the maximum
number of mesh refinement cycles that you would like
HFSS to perform. This value is a stopping criterion for
the adaptive solution; if the maximum number of passes
has been completed, the adaptive analysis stops. If the
maximum number of passes has not been completed,
the adaptive analysis will continue unless the
convergence criteria are reached.
tree.
Solution Setup
added as a subentry
of Analysis
Linear Step
Start
19.5 GHz
Stop
20.4 GHz
Step
Size
0.1 GHz
3 If the validation check indicates that a step in your waveguide combiner project is incomplete or incorrect, then return to the step in
HFSS and carefully review its setup.
4 Click Close.
5 Click File>Save to save any changes you may have made to your project.
5-8 Generating A Solution
2 Using the initial mesh, HFSS computes the electromagnetic fields that
3
4
5
6
To
Note
The results that you obtain should be approximately the same as the
ones given in this section. However, there may be a slight variation
between platforms.
tab selected.
Real Time
CPU Time The amount of CPU time required to perform the task.
Memory
Based on the criteria you specified for Setup1, you can view the fol-
To view matrices:
1 In the Solution Data window, click the Matrix Data tab.
dB/Phase
Real
Imaginary
Magnitude
Phase
dB
Create 2D or 3D rectangular or circular plots and data tables of S-parameters, basic and derived field quantities, and, had the waveguide combiner model emitted radiation, radiated field data.
Create animations of field quantities, the finite element mesh, and defined
project variables.
Delete solution data that you do not want to store.
Time It should take you approximately 30 minutes to work through this chapter.
The Context selections are Setup1: Sweep1 in the Solution pulldown list, and Sweep from the Domain pull-down list.
2 Under the Y Component pane, specify the following information to
plot along the y-axis:
Category S Parameter
Quantity S(WavePort1,WavePort1); S(WavePort1,WavePort2);
S(WavePort1,WavePort3); S(WavePort1,WavePort4)
Function dB
Notice that the line charted for S11 indicates that this model has its
lowest return loss at 20 GHz, if it were driven at port 1.
Notice that at 20 GHz, S12 and S14 are both almost exactly -3 dB.
WavePort4 is the port in which the output of a SSPA is fed, with a 90degree out-of-phase separation to WavePort2.
The phase of the field is changed by the number of degrees you
enter; in this case, 90 degrees.
4 Click OK.
The magnitude and phase are all now assigned to the selected ports
4 Select All from the In Volume list to specify that HFSS will plot over
the entire volume of the model.
5 Select 20 GHz from the Freq pull-down list.
The Freq pull-down list includes a list of frequencies for which a field
solution is available.
6 Select 0deg from the Phase pull-down list.
7 Click Done.
The Mag_E1 field overlay cloud plot appears in the 3D Modeler window and is now listed under Field Overlays in the project tree.
The resultant E-field pattern shows that input from wave ports 2 and
4, with a 90-degree out-of-phase separation, combine at port 1. The
E-field at port 3 is lower than 2.5e-3 V/m.
2 Click HFSS>Fields>Animate.
The Select Animation dialog box appears.
Analyzing the Solution 6-7
3 Click New.
The Setup Animation dialog box appears.
Index
assigning 4-3
editing visualization settings 4-7
finite conductivity 4-2
model-specific conditions 4-2
Perfect E symmetry 4-2, 4-10
solver view of 4-19
verifying 4-19
Symbols
2-2, 3-4, 4-2, 4-3, 4-5, 4-9, 4-13, 4-15,
4-18, 4-19, 5-2, 5-5, 5-12, 513, 6-2, 6-3, 6-5, 6-6, 6-7
Numbers
3D Modeler window
defined 2-3
history tree 3-3
location on interface 2-2
overview 3-3
analysis
results 1-3
running 5-9
animation
creating a phase animation 6-7
boundaries
about 4-2
appearance in the project tree 4-7
Index - 1
E
excitations
about 4-2
appearance in the project tree 4-15
assigning 4-13
model-specific conditions 4-2
verifying 4-19
F
F1 key 2-6
finite conductivity boundary
assigning to bottom face 4-7
assigning to side faces 4-3
G
geometric model
completed 3-17
creating 3-6
excitations 4-2
fitting in drawing region 3-9
list of objects points 3-7
sample problem 1-2
solution parameters 5-2
verify points 3-10
verifying points of 3-10
graphical user interface 2-2
grid settings 3-4
guide 1-1
H
help
accessing 2-6
Ansoft technical support 1-iv
context-sensitive 1-iv, 2-6
on dialog boxes 1-iv
on menu commands 1-iv
HFSS
insert an HFSS design 2-4
interface overview 2-2
history tree
defined 2-3
location on interface 2-2
I
impedance multiplier
about 4-18
infinite ground plane, about 4-6
insert HFSS design 2-4
installation 2-1
L
lighting
ambient 3-16
disable 3-16
distant 3-16
M
Mag E, plotting 6-6
material browser 4-5, 4-9
materials
material browser 4-5, 4-9
menu bar
defined 2-3
location on interface 2-2
Message Manager window
defined 2-2
location on interface 2-2
Index - 2
O
objects
assigning color 3-15
assigning transparency 3-15
duplicating 3-12
mirroring 3-12
modifying attributes 3-15
naming 3-15
sweeping along a vector 3-17
uniting 3-13
P
Perfect E symmetry boundary
assigning to top face 4-10
behavior of E-field on 4-10
plots
appearance in the project tree 6-3
ports
assigning 4-13
editing 4-18
model-specific conditions 4-14
modifying magnitude and phase of 6-5
profile data
viewing 5-10
Progress window
defined 2-2
location on interface 2-2
monitoring solution 5-10
project
validating 5-8
Project Manager window 2-2
location on interface 2-2
project tree
defined 2-2
insert an HFSS design 2-5
projects
adding 2-4
creating 2-4
saving 2-5
Properties window
Index - 3
R
reports
animating 6-7
creating a cloud plot 6-6
modal S-parameters 6-2
results for analysis 1-3
S
sample problem 1-2
saving
projects 2-5
select faces mode, about 4-3
selecting
port faces 4-13
solution
adding a discrete frequency sweep 5-5
appearance in the project tree 5-4
frequency 5-4
generating 5-9
maximum delta S 5-4
maximum number of passes 5-4
monitoring 5-10
viewing convergence data 5-12
viewing matrix data 5-13
viewing profile data 5-10
solution types
Driven Modal 3-2
Driven Terminal 3-2
Eigenmode 3-2
selecting 3-2
solutions
adaptive 5-9
adding a solution setup 5-2
setting solution parameters 5-2
status bar 2-3
defined 2-3
T
toolbars
defined 2-3
location on interface 2-2
trademark notice 1-ii
transparency
assigning 3-15
U
units, selecting 3-4
V
validation check 5-8
W
wave ports
editing 4-18
locations on model 4-13
model-specific conditions 4-14
step-by-step wizard 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17
Index - 4