ILOSH103-S322

GPN:1010400743
120

:407 99
:( 02)2660760 0
:( 02)2660773 2
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10 3 I L O S H 1 0 3 - S 3 2 2

Prevention of Electrostatic Hazard during the Handling of

Organic Solvents

ILOSH103-S322

Prevention of Electrostatic Hazard during

the Handling of Organic Solvents

ILOSH103-S322

Prevention of Electrostatic Hazard during

the Handling of Organic Solvents

103 3 1 103 12 31

104 

ESD
MIE
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Abstract
Electrostatic discharges (ESD) can occur when organic solvents come into contact with
the tank, vessel, pipe, filter, other operation equipment, and mixer, or during the settling of
mists, solid particles, and water when they are being handled in piping, filling,
loading/uploading, gauging/sampling, mixing/blending, cleaning etc. If the relaxation time is
too long, the charge will accumulate locally and become electrostatic discharge hazard.
When the energy from electrostatic discharge is more than the MIE of the organic solvent,
fire or explosion occurs.
Main preventive measures against fire/explosion caused by ESD when handling organic
solvents include (1) bounding/grounding all conductive materials and avoid having any
isolated conductor; (2) controlling process velocity, filling and mixing measure and pressure
to restrict charge generation; (3) using a floating roof or cover to avoid vapor space, and
using inert or ventilation to avoid creating a flammable atmosphere; (4) using dissipative or
conductive materials and adding static dissipative additives or high conductive solvent to
enhance charge dissipation.
Lastly, we compiled an ESD prevention guideline against fire/explosion caused by
handling operations of organic solvents. We hope the guideline will serve as a key reference
for handling operations of organic solvents and will help prevent the occurrence of fires and
explosions.
KeywordsElectrostatic, Organic Solvent, Handling

ii

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Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii
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iii

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.................................. 31

iv


1 ................................................................................... 4
2 ........................................................................................... 4
3 ............................................................................................................... 5
4 ............................................................................................... 6


1 ........................................................................................................... 14
2 ........................................................................................................... 15
3 ............................................................................................... 16
4 ............................................................................................................... 16
5 ........................................................................................................... 25

vi

ESD
MIE

( 50 pS/m)

0 (MIE) 1mJ
brush discharge

84
93
10
97

()

BS 5958 part 1 & part 2 API 203 IEC

60079-32-1IEC 60079-10-1
BS 5958 part 1 & part 2 API
203 IEC 60079-32-1IEC 60079-10-1

ESD

MIE

Ethyl acetate
2007 10 29 13
1
Ethyl acetate 300
1
1 [1]

(bonding)

2008 11 11 14

Toluene

1
1 [2]

230

BLEVE

1993 3

()
() [3]

1012m

Schn
is=K2d2
is (A)
(m/s)
d (m)
K (4AS2/m4)
()
Schn

(C/m3)
(m/s)
1 m/s 10 m/s 5 C/m3 50C/m3
5
(L)3

L (m)
(s)
(F/m)
(8.8510-12 F/m)
(pS/m)

 1012m
1 pS/m 100 pS/m

()

10 200 50 300m

10 C/m3 5000
C/m3
[3] API
100150m
30 100 3
50 - 100 150 - 300 m

3
30
[4]
() [5]

() [5]

() [5]

() [3]

[3]
() spark discharge

(breakdown strength)
(10mm) 3 x 103 KV/m

E = 1/2 QV = 1/2 CV2

E J
Q C
V V
C F

() corona discharge

() brush discharge

4 mJ
() propagating rush discharge

[3]

()

37 % 50 pS/m
0.35s
1,000pS/m

10


50 pS/m

[3]
106

()

()
()

()

[3]

11

(isolated slugs of water)

(MOC)
MOC

MOC

(grounding)

12

(bonding)
()

()

/
300V
/
106 100V

()

(R.H.>65%)
(Cellulose
acetate)
()

1.

2.

()

13

()

( 50
PS/m)() 1m/s
7m/s[3]

175
252 [6] 1 2
1

1.

175 2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

252 1.

14

CNS-8312-L3148

CNS-8878-Z2045

BS 5958 part 1 & part 2 NFPA 77

CLC/TR 50404 IEC 60079-32-1
CLC/TR 50404 BS 5958 part 1 & part 2
CLC/TR 50404

BS 5958 part 1 & part 2

15

4 [7]

0 1 2 [8]
0 (zone 0)

1 (zone 1)
2 (zone 2)

1000 pS/m

50~1000 pS/m

50 pS/m

5m 50m3

5m 1~50m3

1m3

16

v d

l
i = 3.7 x 10-6d2v2 1 exp
1
v

/
/=
q
q = 4.7 x 10-6

2 1~10m/s
5~50C/m33
[7]

()
()

() 10 m/s
() 7 m/s 3
() 1 m/s
() 1 m/s
() 1 m/s

17


[7]

()

1. 10
2.
3.

4.

()

()
1.top loading

45
T
2.bottom loading
T
3. 0.6m
1 m/s
() 10 m/s
() 1 m/s
()
()
()

18


50 pS/m

()
()
1.
2.(floating cover)
()
1.
2.
1 m/s 7
m/s
3. 1 m/s
4.

/ s 5 pS / m
N

0
.
38
m
/
s 5 pS / m

d= N 0.50m

d
10m 67%

L 2 m

N = L / 2 2 L 4.6

1 .5

L 4.6

L ()
L 7m/s

3 75%
()
3/ 30

19

50m3100m3

()

()

()
3 7m/s
10m/s
()

()
1. 5
2. 10
3.gauge well

() 1m 103~106
()
()

20

[7]

[7]

10 30

21

1,000 pS/m

()
() 1,000pS/m

in-line

jet mixer
()
() 50pS/m

() Zone 01

22

() 5m3 3m
() 5MPa
() 1L/s
() 1wt%

108m 1010

Zone 0
[7]

1 m/s

0.04Vt m2 [9]Vt m3

23

 Zone 1
Zone 0

Zone 01

[7]

() 3 3/ 1/e3 0.05
50 pS/m 10
30 [9] 5
() 5 5 3
() 5

()

()

24

m3

S/m

10

10~50

50~5,000

5,000

10-8

10-1210-8

10

30

10-1410-12

60

120

10

10

120

240

-14

10

[7]

30cm

[7]

108 100V

()

108
() 105~108
()
[7]

25

()
()

()
()
()

Zone 0 1

26

() ()

() ()

()
()
() ()

()
()
()

() ()
() ().
()

27


()
()
()
()

0 1 2

28

29


[1] U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Ivestigation Board. No. 2008-02-I-IA : Static Spark
Ignites Flammable Liquid during Portable Tank Filling Operation. Washington, D.C.;
2008.
[2]
2009
[3] British Standards Institute. BS 5958: Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable
Static Electricity. Part 1: General considerations. London; 1991.
[4] American Petroleum Institute. API RP 2003: Protection Against Ignitions Arising out
of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents. Washington, D.C.; 2008.
[5] International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 60079-32-1: Explosive Atmospheres
Part 32-1: Electrostatic Hazards, Guidance. Geneva; 2013.
[6] 2014
[7] 20072007
[8] International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 60079-10-1: Explosive Atmospheres
Part 10-1: Classification of areas Explosive gas atmospheres. Geneva; 2008.
[9] British Standards Institute. BS 5958: Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable
Static Electricity. Part 2: Recommendations for particular industrial situations. London;
1991.

30

BS 5958
IEC 60079-10-1

1.

2.

3.
3.1 0 (zone 0)

3.2 1 (zone 1)
3.3 2 (zone 2)

3.4 1000 pS/m

3.5 50pS/m 1000 pS/m
3.6 50pS/m
3.7 5m 50m3
3.8 5m 1 m3 50m3
3.9 1m3
4.
4.1

31

4.2

(MOC)

4.3
(grounding)(bonding)

5.
5.1
5.1.1

5.1.2
10 m/s
7 m/s 5.2 1
1 m/s
1 m/s
1 m/s

5.2
5.2.1

1. 10

32

2.
3.

4.

1.top loading

45
T
2.bottom loading
T
3. 0.6m
1 m/s
10 m/s

1 m/s

5.2.2
50 pS/m

33

1.
2.(floating cover)

1.
2.
1 m/s 7
m/s
3. 1 m/s
4.

/ s 5 pS / m
N

0
.
38
m
/
s 5 pS / m

d= N 0.50m

d
10m 67%

L 2 m

N = L / 2 2 L 4.6

1 .5

L 4.6

L ()
L 7m/s

1 75%

3/
30
5.2.3
50m3100m3

34

1 7m/s
10m/s

1. 5
2. 10
3.gauge well
5.2.4

1m 103~106

5.3

5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4

35


5.3.5

5.3.6
5.3.7

5.3.8
5.4
5.4.1
6.3

5.4.2
10 30
6.4
5.4.3

5.4.4

5.5
5.5.1

5.5.2
1000 pS/m
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
6.2
5.5.6 6.1

36

5.5.7

1000pS/m

5.5.8 in-line

5.2
5.5.9 jet mixer

50pS/m

Zone 01

5.6
5.6.1

5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5m3 3m
5MPa
1L/s
1wt%
5.6.5
5.6.6
6.
6.1

37

6.1.1

108 100V

108
105~108

6.1.2

6.1.3 Zone 0 1

6.2
108m 1010

Zone 0

38


6.2.1

6.2.2
1 m/s
6.2.3
6.2.4

6.2.5
0.04Vt m2 Vt m3
6.2.6

6.2.7 Zone 1
6.2.8 Zone 0

6.2.9 Zone 01

6.3

30cm
6.4

6.4.1 3 3/ 1/e3 0.05

39

50 pS/m 10
30 1
6.4.2 1 1 3
6.4.3 1

6.4.4

6.4.5

m3

S/m

10

10~50

50~5,000

5,000

10-8

10-1210-8

10

30

60

120

10

10

120

240

10 10
-14

-12

-14

10

7.
[1] 20072007
[2] British Standards Institute. BS 5958: Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable
Static Electricity. Part 1: General considerations. London; 1991.
[3] British Standards Institute. BS 5958: Code of Practice for Control of Undesirable
Static Electricity. Part 2: Recommendations for particular industrial situations. London;
1991.
[4] International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 60079-10-1: Explosive Atmospheres
Part 10-1: Classification of areas Explosive gas atmospheres. Geneva; 2008.

40

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