Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4.0
THE PACKAGES
4.1
Foreword
With the technical term package, it is indicated by the Engineering
Companies, but generally speaking in the industrial field, a small
system constituted by two or more equipment, connected each others
with piping, including some instruments and often electric components;
therefore in this little plant, four of the six classic departments of the
Engineering
Company
are
present:
Mechanical,
Piping,
Instrumentation, Electrical.
The Civil work department is indirectly involved, in the sense that this
small plant has, of course, to stand and to rest on a basement, but the
Civil Word division could be directly concerned, for example, in case
that the Package should include a steel structure; the Process
department obviously, does not appear in evident manner, but it is
upstream located, being the guide and the informing principle of all the
equipment and complexes.
We have repeated more times little plant, small system to indicate
the package. But there are also significant units, for size and
complexity, which can be considered as a package unit.
Among these complex packages we will deal with, as examples, the
Pneumatic Transport System and Air Conditioning System.
As far as the small packages are concerned we will consider, as
examples, three of them: Solid Handling System Oil Water Treatment
Unit Dosing Unit.
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Just for curiosity we want remind that the term package comes from
the English word package that in the common acception means
parcel of things packed together.
4.2
30C
21,3C
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specific humidity
12,2 g/kg
relative humidity
47%
specific volume
0,875 m3/kg
17,1C
enthalpy
14,7 kcal/kg
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Temperature
Relative humidity
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In the following table are indicated the air changes per hour for different
building or room, with the note that air changes up to eight per hour,
provide for removing contamination normally caused by human
occupants.
The higher rates of air changes provide for removing heat and steam in
temperate zones.
The indicated table refers to the pure ventilation; it is clear that air
changes higher than 8 can be reduced with a complete air conditioning.
Other adopted criteria are:
for the R.U. on assume a value between 40% and 70% (normally
50%) both in summer and in winter
ti =
+ 10
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2
that means that, with the increasing of the external temperature also
the internal temperature rises, and this is not only for energy saving
reasons, but also in order to limitate the (delta) between inside and
outside, since the human organism well tolerates positive sudden
changes of temperature, while does not tolerate negative sudden
Ventilation Requirements
TABLE 1 Air Changes per Hour
Situation
Assembly Halls
Bakeries
Banks
Banquet Halls
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Billiards Rooms
Boiler Houses
20-30
10-12
Canteens
4-6
Churches
-1
Cinemas
10-15
Club Rooms
8-10
Dance Halls
6-8
Dye Works
20-30
Engine Rooms
20-30
Factories (Workshops)
6-10
Foundries
20-30
Furnace Shops
30-60
Garages
6-8
4-6
Hotel Bars
4-6
15-20
Kitchens (Domestic)
10-15
Laboratories
Lavatories
10-15
Laundries
20-30
Machine Shops
6-10
Mushroom Houses
10-20
Offices
4-6
Paint Shops
30-60
Photographic Darkrooms
10-15
Pig Houses
6-10
6-10
Residences
1-2
Restaurants
6-10
School Classrooms
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4-6
2-3
10-20
20-30
6-10
10-20
Swimming Baths
20-30
Theatres
10-15
Filtration section
Humidification section
Post-heating section(*)
Ventilation section
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Now we will examine the main air conditioning plants, with the remarks
that the combination of these, can give place to many other systems,
each of them with its particular characteristics.
(*) According to various cases, the post-heating battery, can be located
into ducting.
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eff. =
x 100
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up stream concentration
One moto
condensation
condensation
condensation
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These monoblock units are available on the market for a powers range
from 10 to 200 Kw.
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for
residential
and
light
commercial
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to be conditioned
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- all air, air and fancoils, air and split units, etc.
4.2.6.3 The Heat Transmission through the External Structures due to the
Temperatures Difference
The transmitted heat, in regime condition, through a wall because of
the different temperatures between external and internal air, is given
by:
q = K S (te ti)
where
S = wall area m2
te = external temperature
ti = internal temperature
K = global coefficient of thermic transmission kcal/m2 Ch
Where K is given by:
1
=
K
+
c
ai
ae
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=
K
S1
S2
Sn
+ .
ai
c1
c2
ai, ae = unit surface conductances in kcal/h m2C
+
cn
ae
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Asphalt
0,6
2.400
Bitumen
0,15
1.050
1,2
2.100
1,0
1.800
- pumice
0,31
1.150
- cellular
0,2
700
Cement
0,78
820 + 1.950
Cardboard
0,23
1.300
Bitumen cardboard
0,16
1.100
1,8
2.700
Resin laminate
0,10/0,15
600
Plast
0,35/0,80
1.000 + 1.200
Gres
2.650
0,14
1.000
0,8
1.900
1,2
2.200
0,6
1.200
0,7
1.800
- hollow bricks
0,45
800
- cutting stones
1,4/2,2
1.400 + 2.800
- tuff
0,7/1,0
1.100 + 1.900
0,1
550
Construction Materials
Concrete:
Roofing sheet:
- ribbed plates in Al (i.e. coverrar from TML alusio
from
SICIT alucover from ASA)
Pattern:
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- full bricks
Panels:
- plywood
- plast
0,14
970
- linoleum
0,16
1.200
- rubber
0,26
1.600
- P.V.C.
0,25
2.000
0,47
1.950
0,45
1.600
1,0
2.000
2,0
2.000
- dry
0,45
1.400 + 1.900
Glass
0,50/0,80
2.400 + 2.800
- Armaflex
0,037
112
- foam
0,026
73
- ultrafoom
0,035
100
- Fiberglass
0,030
80
- Ultralite
0,036
160
Rock wool
0,031/0,032
80/112
0,2
750
0,135
630
0,04
200
0,14
800
0,06
800
Floors:
Sand:
- dry
- moist
Land:
- clayey
Insulating materials
Felt
Fiberglass (mattresses, panels, chapels) i.e.:
Insulating bricks:
- 29% clay, 28% sawdust, 43% coke
- pumice
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- cork
Thermal insulating panels:
0,03
20
0,033
85
0,05
220
Cork:
- dissolved cork
- cork slabs with bituminous binder
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Engine Room
The practice shows that many times it overlooks, in the design of a
building, to provide adequate space for the engine and the equipment
room. In principle we can consider that the engine room should have,
with a height of 3 + 4 meters, a surface of 0, 6 + 1 m2 for each 100 m3
of conditioned space.
4.3
4.3.1 Definitions
As follows the definitions of the most frequently quantities and terms
used in Pneumatic Transport field are listed.
4.3.1.1 Equivalent length
It concerns the effective length of the circuits, which is appropriating
increased in order to consider the localized resistances.
4.3.1.2 Concentration
It concerns the relation between the weight of the transported product
and the weight of the gas constituting the vehicle which is involved in
the transport.
4.3.1.3 Velocity of Support or Flotation
It is the velocity for which the thrust induced on the product particles,
balances their weight.
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Humidity
Density in bulk
Compressibility
Angle of repose
Uniformity coefficient
4.3.1.8 Floodability
It is the characteristic of the material obtainable from laboratory
research. It gives useful guidelines about the possibility to be
maintained in suspension.
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Transport aptitude
Angle of fall
Aptitude to dispersion
4.3.1.9 Electro-excitability
It is the tendency of the material to acquire an electric charge due to
wiping.
4.3.1.10 Explosiveness
It is the possibility of the material, in determined conditions of
temperature, pressure and humidity, to create explosive mixture.
4.3.2 Classification
The pneumatic transport can be essentially divided into two main
categories:
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4.3.3 Selection
4.3.3.1 The use of pneumatic transport for solid or powdered materials, in place
of other type of transport, is mandatory, a part of any other
consideration, when:
Man has to send and/or to take the product to/from points not
otherwise accessible.
Man has to take the products from points of not easy accessibility
(corners of storehouse, wagons and trucks, unloading, bags
breakers etc.)
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The logistic configuration and the number of the loading and unloading
points of the plant establish the basis choice of transport type; therefore
the following transports will be used:
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If the supplier has forecast only one cyclone system in the vacuum
system, as dust exhausting system, the fan (or the blower) that is used,
shall be formally guaranteed against the wear.
4.3.4.2 Materials
All the ducts will be realized with the use of not combustible stuff. If,
there is the possibility that the product could be damaged by the
ferrous pollution, it will be used stainless steel or aluminium.
Diameters
The diameter of the ducts will be estimated depending on the effective
volume of the gas. In case of transports with high compression ratio,
the variation of the ducts diameter shall be provided.
Thickness
The thickness of the ducts will depend on the diameter, on the operative
conditions and at last, on the type of the material. If it is not specified,
the selection of the suitable thickness will be a supplier duty.
Bend
The minimum radius of the bends, carried out in only one piece, will be
equal to:
The lines that are realized with segments, shall be constituted, at least,
by 10 stub pipes when the angle of the bend measures 90.
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Connections
Flanged connections
In conformity with the to ducting, the flanges will be in
accordance with, if it is possible, the Standard ANSI, excepted the
thickness, that would be a supplier duty.
Welded connections
In case of ducts butt-welded, the execution of the welding shall
ensure the absence of distortions especially for thickness of a
modest entity.
Supports
Vertical Ducting
The supports for vertical ducting shall be positioned at distance
not higher than 7m.
Horizontal Ducting
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span
up to 3
4 + 8
4,5
10 + 14
The system has been used for transports of several products that
can not be in contact
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4.3.10 Tests
4.3.10.1 Dimensional Check by the Shop
This check will be carried out in shop during the fabrication of the
equipment and ducting to verify the correspondence of the various
components with the working and detailed drawing approved for the
construction.
4.3.10.2 Working Test by the Shop
For all that components, for which it is demanded the seal to the dusts
and the air, as switches, filters, tank of discharge etc. a resistance test
to water and/or air will be carried out according to the modalities that
will be agreed between the engineering company and the manufacturer.
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properties
Maximum rate.
of
the
material
to
be
Battery limits. As far as the battery limits are concerned, they can
be fixed in very short and simple modality; in fact, the battery
limits of the product generally are: the first loading hopper at the
beginning of the transport system and the last silo at the end of
the same.
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for the electrical part, the cables glands on the power and control
panel(s) supplied by the Vendor. All the connections to the other
electrical users, starting from the control panel shall be at Vendor
care and charge.
4.4
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In any case the process engineer, the project engineer and the
mechanical specialist, always in close contact, have to supply to the
Manufacturer all the necessary data and information as:
Maximum rate
4.5
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to
be
supplied
to
the
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Environmental conditions
4.6
Dosing Units
Also a dosing unit, as well as the Oil Treatment Unit, of CPI type,
previously examined, can be considered a typical example of package
unit, completed shop assembled, mounted on skid, complete with
drivers and all the other necessary accessories.
As example we will consider an Antifoam Dosing Unit for the Injection
and Measuring of an antifoam product into an amine liquid flow.
The unit, taken into consideration, is very simple and of limited
dimensions; it is mainly constituted by:
N 1 calibration pot
Oscillation dampers
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Also in this case, since the package of this type are largely
standardized, the only care and attention that the process engineer and
project engineer have to be given are the completeness of data and
information to be furnished to the manufacturer, they are: