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Speakers have various ways of saying the same thing. It may arise from the
mechanical limitations of the speech organs for instance speaker may not be fully
under the speakers control. The choice of linguistically elements is done by
consciously or unconsciously. Two or more distinct but linguistically equivalent
variants represent the existence of a linguistic variable (Llamas et al., 2007).
Linguistic variable is linguistic unit or a sociolinguistic has variant in lexical and
grammatical, but are most often phonological. For instance British English is (h)
which stands for the presence or absence of /h/ in words such as hammer,
house and hill. Chicano English the levelling of past tense be in We was
there, (Llamas et al., 2007). Speakers in Aberdeen, north-east Scotland may choose
between the terms boy, loon, loonie, lad or laddie when referring to a young male
person, or between quine, quinie, lass, lassie, or girl in reference to a young female.
Different words refer to the same things; therefore we can conclude that each
language has a number of varieties (Wardhaugh, 2006).
The terms of variety language are emerged due to different systems reflecting
different varieties of the human condition. Variety is a specific set of linguistic
items or human speech patterns (presumably, sounds, words, grammatical
features, etc.) which we can connect with some external factor apparently, a
geographical area or a social group (Hudson, 1996; Ferguson, 1972 and Wardhaugh,
2006). Languages can be at variance in lexical, grammatical, phonological and
other ways depends on different social, geographical and other circumstances
determine what elements will be needed and, therefore developed, and for that
reason sociolinguistics believe that such unique sets of items or patterns do exist
(Wardhaugh, 2006).
3. Historicity
: a particular group of people finds their identity by using a
particular language
4. Autonomy
languages
5. Reduction
: particular variety may be regarded as a sub-variety rather than
as an independent entity.
6. Mixture
7. De facto norms: speakers recognize as good speakers and poor speakers and
that the good speakers represent the norms of proper usage.
(Adopted from Wardhaugh,
2006)
The concepts of power and solidarity such as status, money, influence,
togetherness feeling can lead people to preserve a local dialect
3. Social dialect.
Social dialect is difference speech associate with various social groups.
Social dialects create among social groups and are related to a variety of factors
such as social class, religion, and ethnicity. In India, for example, caste is one of the
clearest of all social differentiators. Branch of linguistic study that linguistically city
characterized is called social dialectology
Ethnic group in USA AAVE (African American Vernacular English), also known as
Ebonics, Black English (BE), Black English Vernacular (BEV) show hyper corrective
tendencies in that they tend to overdo certain imitative behaviors freely use the
habitual form of misapplication rules. Hyper correction is the overgeneralization of
linguistic forms which carry obvious social prestige often through the misapplication
of rules (e.g. allows deletion They are going can becomeThey going and dog
pronounce as the vocal of book : dug).