Biology 101 Animals Notes

Animals
Tuesday, November 24, 2015

10:55 AM
Mobile, multicellular, heterotrophic combination - food from dijesting things in

environment
All reproduce sexually, some asexually as well - in addition
All have aerobic respiration
Have embryonic development - zygote to multicellular thing - varous processes that
occur that create tissues and organs and so on
Vertebrets - have backbone - fish amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Invertebrets - without a backbone
Invertebrate species outnumber vertebrate species 50 to 1
Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 6:47 PM
Animals came from protist linages in precambrian

Representatieves of all major groups present
Animals devided up into phyla
Phyla in other kingdoms as well
Phylum is singular pyla is plural
Phyla in animal - chordates, echonoderms, arthropods, so on
Most of these phylums not all
Differences among phyla Body symmetry radial or bilateral?

Radial or bilateral
Cephalization - to do with head
Head/brain organizes it
And in other animals - no brain per say at all
Thirdly - type of gun - gut is just a stumach and related features
In some animals this is a blind sac - tube from outside going in but nothing exiting
no anus or intesstines
In ather groups
Clearly mouth and tube going to stumach and intestines going out to anus
Presence or absence of a body cavity (coelum)
Segmentation weather body is put together in segments or not
Feature that comes up later
Hydra - radial symmetry, slice it down and put mirror to place where you made slice
and with reflection - look like entire animal
An equal slice through animal

Lower right - lobster - indicates bilateral symmetry
In this case - two sides - right and left side, up and down side
Only one side where you can put slice through and see full animal, others wouldn't
look like full animal
Sea anename - no head or breain, net - of nervous system

A little organized like a brain but no brain or head
Lower right - flatworm
Primative organism
Has nerve cord and concentration of nervous tissue in brain area / head
Body cavity
If there is one or not
Idea of what we mean - think about ourselves
Lower right - look at cross section through this guy running
See there are organs inside but also body cavity
Stumach is sitting in a cavity, space between it and the walls - abdominal walls
This space is lined with tissue
It has a body cavity, we have a body cavity
Flatworm - see it has a gut, just like we would have, but there is no space between
outside and the wall - body wall of the animal
Just solit tissue
This organism - no coelum
First phylum - most primative - the sponge phylum

Sponges here
Look like giant tubes
Some can be large enough a person could go inside
Sponges don't look like animals at all
Characteristic of animals can move around
Sponges larva stage that is swimming but don't see it because it's very small
Characteristics of sponge - no symmetry, no tissues, or organs or nervous system of
any kind
Come in variety of shapes and not all are radial symmetric
Filter feeding
Collar cells - flagella - to move water
Loose association of cells
Take a living sponge and break it apart into little pieces
Those pieces assemble themselves into sponge shape
Reproduces sexually produce a swimming larval stage
Also reproduces sexually
Sponges are filter feeders

To be a filter feeder - bring in water - all aquatic organisms - most are found in
ocean but there are some freshwater sponges
Filter food particles out of water to digest them
Water come in through sponge through sides and move out through top
For that to be accomplished - current thats set up inside sponge to get water to
move in that direction
Set up by collar cells
One collar cell in lower right hand corner
Has flagellum
This flagellum can eat and as it does so - in concert with other cells - ores in water
and get current flowing in sponge
Another thing you can see - there are little pores - openings where water can come
in
Another tihng you notice - glass like structures
Made of silica - same thing glass is made of
Gives sponge regidity
Same glass like structures that make sponges useful for cleaning things in kitchen
Sponges we made now aways are synthetic sponges
In old days - dead bodies of sponges
Those dead bodies are stiff and spicules in it that give the sponge a scowering
capability
Not sharp but rough so you can use that to scrape things off plates
C in the name not pronounced

Includes things like sea anemanies
Jellyfish and corals
Has tissues but no organs (kidneys, livers, so on, collections of tissues that do
specific functions)
No nervous sysstem just a nerve net
Not coordinating but nervous network
Do have symmetry - radial symmetry
Opening into gut but no exit - no anus
Two general body plan
One is called polyp
One is called medusa
Both same thing but oriented upward or downward
Tentacles and mouth down - medusa orentied up - polyp

Most are predators and many have a little harpoon type mechanism to capture prey
At top you see medusa

Mouth at bottom - jelly fish down below there
Mesoglea - this is why some are called jellyfish - gelatenous kind of material
Other body plan - polyp - would be attached to substrate at bottom mouth at top
Tentacles at top
Mesoglea - gelatanous material
Harpoon type system - nematocyst

How it works Capsule that's located in one of cells in exterior - in the tentacle areas
When some kind of organism comes by and brushes against trigger
Coil darts out and spears whatever is in front of it
Things are very effective and responsible for stinging sensation
Jellyfish - medusa body plan

On its side here beccause its moving
Move by head portion flap back and forth and move their way through the
environment quickly
Tentacles are many feet long
Corals on left
Think of corals and corals reef - looking at dead corals
Secrete calcuim corbinate skeleton and other corals come in and makes reefs
Living coral hass skeleton and things inside that looks like anemanies
Come out openings in skeletons and do filter feeding
Also have photosynthetic organisms mutually associated with them
Provies food and places to live
Free living things that consist of stalk and tentacles on top
Polyp phase
Anemane phase - bottom of polyp on subsstrate - easy pray for starfish
Starfish approaching sea anemane
Interesting behavior - sense they are attacked - release from substrate and go
tumbling through water to get away from
Slinky like moving away from predator
Hydra - polyp
Many also have medusa stage as well
In picture on left
Polyp attached to a substrate - aquatic plant here - tenticles above
Aquatic organism - speared by tentacle of ydra
Lower right - that little organism - placed in gut of the hydra and digested
Hydra sub group

Quick look at its life cycle
Polyp with tetcles - feeding polyp and reproductive polyp - male and females
producing zygote called planula - this planula swims around finds substrate and
attaches and a new polyp will form
Next phylum is flatworms

All other groups including this have bilaterla symmetry
Flatworms have tissues and organs
Brain and simple nervous system
Single opening to gut no anus
No coelum - no body cavity
Some free living - planaria
Many are parasites - many parasites are complex life cycles - live in several
different host sspiecies and move from one to another
Planaria - well known flat worm

Feeding tube so food comes in through there
Branching gut, no anus, no exit
There is some degree of cephilization in planaria and flatworms in general
Brain and nerve system
Has other different organs - ovaries, testies, etc.
Planaria - capable of regenerating parts of their bodies

Cut one in half - each half regenerate portion in needs to become complete one
Human parasites Blood fluke produces disease called schistosomiasis - common in asian and tropical
areas
Life cycle - complex life cycle
Lives in several different hosts - human and snail
Follow life cycle
Transmission occur in rice paty
Aquatic environment
Blood fluke inside human and produces eggs
Found in human feces and into rice patty and hatch and become swimming larva
and finds its way into snail
Reproduces asexually inside snail and another larva with fork feature
Finds foot of human working in rice patty
Burrow in and get inside human and repeat itself
Flukes in system takes tool on immune system and many organs that are effected
and not good disease at all
Tapeworms - are relatively flattened sorts of things

Part called scolex - part that attaches to - the wall of the intestines
Live in intestines of animals
Attach themselves to walls of animals
Take advantage of food thats coming through
Scolex way of attaching to wall
Right - close up of scolex

Devices that people use to scale buildings
Scale wall of intestines
Like molley for screws in wall
Stuck in there and anchors it in place
Two hosts involved - complex life cycle

Cow - larvae become dormant form in muscle of cow
If person eat that muscle tissue
Cook it enough
Larvae dies - no problem
Eat undercooked meat
Larva get into system

Comes out and attaches to wall of small intestine
Produce long series of sections
Each reproductive factory
Male and female parts
Does fertilization and produces thousands of eggs and leave body of human in feces
and gets on plants
If cow eats - picks up larva and cycle completed
And repeats itself
Nematodes - roundworms
Bilateral symmetry
Complete digestive tract
Mouth and anus
Pseudocoelum - has gut cavity
Have an opening there - between gut and outside wall but cavity not lined with
tissue not true coelum
Very abundant
Get a scoop of soil - find thousands of them
Very small
Go into pond pick up handful thousands of these living in there
Most free living scavengers
Make living picking up bits of organic material
Some are human parasites
Mouth and anus

Also space between inter organs and body wall
Not lined with tissue not true coelom
Number of parasitic diseases caused by round worms
Where we live not too common anymore
Used to be quite common
Pinworms - live in large intenstine
Interesting thing - parasite - get from one host to another
Pin worm - at night - the female migrate down to anus and lay eggs
Presence there - irritation and scratch irritation and eggs on hands, transferred
directly to another person or get on another surface and another person picks up
parasite by touching surface
Hookworm relatively common but not anymore
Barefoot - good way to pick them up

Attach in small intestine
Feed on blood, lay eggs, come out in feces
Old days - in soil
Larvae hatch
Person encounters, burrow in skin
Get into small intestine - larvae travles around in blood stream
Moves to lung into windpipe, person swallows and go into gut and get into small
intestine
Another round worm disease - trichinosis - raw pork
Similar to beef tapeworm
In muscle of pig and eat muscle tissue without cooking it pick it up and get into
system and exit through feces
Another disease is elephantiasis - round worm lodges in lymph nodes and distrupt
fluid material through body
Lymph accumulate in nodle areas and indivudals have tramendous swelling
anyplace there is lymph node
Skin is baggy like an elephants skin

Looking at lymph node areas accumulated large quantities of lymph
Round worms blocking ciruculation system for lymph and piles up and causes
swellings
Not attractive disease
Up to this point - all phyla - don't have coelum

Roundworms - have psudo or false coelum
Not lined with tissue
All remaining have a true coelum
Body cavity lined by tissue
Two major evolutionary lines
One called protostomes and one called deuterostomes

Two major based on differences in embryonic development
Single cell and get 2 cells and 4 cells and so on
During process major differences in phyla in protostomes and deuterostomes
Gives these two groups there names

Single cell and doubles and 2 cells
Build up of ball of cells that is hollow at some point
Someone punches in one side and an opening appears
That opening in protosomes develops into mouth
Later on gets a second opening at another end - becomes anus
Protostomes - first mouth - name itself say mouth develops first
Phylom in protostomes - mollusks, annelids, arthropods
Deuterostomes - that first opening that develops is the anus and the mouth
develops secondarily
The word deuterostomes - second mouth
When mouth appears
Echinoderms and chordates
Protostone groups first
Major is mollusks - large phylum
All animals - mollusks 2nd largest phylum in terms of number of species
4 groups in mollusks
Gastropods - snails and slugs
Chitons
Bivalves - clams and oysters - two shells
Cephalopods - octopus and squid
Number of mollusk characteristics

Have a mantle - as name implies - cloak like tissue that overlays the body Most have a radula - feeding structure - rasplike - used to scrape algae off rocks and
eat algae
Many have shell (not all)
Most have fleshy foot
Most do gas exchange
Get oxygen out of environment (most in water) using a gill like structure
Has a mantle - dark blue on top

Little strip
Mean by mantle
Some cases - mantle encloses gills and other structures
Other thing - fleshy foot
Grey thing at bottom - snail - fleshy foot - very apparent
Rasplike radula on mouth of animal
Inset picture shows it
Looks like a rasp
Used to scrape algae off rocks to eat them
Sub groups
Chitons - green animals
Segmented shell
8 segments
Go to rock and move slowly over surface using radula to graze on algae
Gastropod - snail and slug

Gastro - stomach foot
Stomach foot animals
They ride along and move along on fleshy foot
Most are marine and snails are terrestrial
Upper pictures see marine slugs
On bottom left snail
Bivalves clams and oysters and mussles and scallops

Shell divided into 2
Suspension feeder
Bring water inside and filter out matirials and consume them
Two cyphens for bringing in water - why they are called bivalves
Lower right hand side - water flows in over gill structer gas exchange and particle
filter
Water is sent out through a different cyphen and cycle repeates
In bivalve mantle again
Extensive one and another thing is fleshy foot
Bivalve uses fleshy foot - opens shell and sticks foot out to anchor or dig itself in
substrate
Squids and octopus

Squids in left
Octopus lower right
Chambered nautilus
Completely shelled animal
Squid and octopus no shell or reduced
Chambered nautilus
Cousin of abundant - amonites - all gone extinct
Carnivours, beak like jaw

Squid - see the jaw and radula
Mouth end
The other thing about squid - tentacles
Think about octopus as well
Part of head region and tentacles and cyphen - all modified from the fleshy foot in
other kinds of mollusks
Foot modified to become head region
Cephalopod Cephalo - head region pod - foot
Head foot animal
Other things - shell but internalized and back of animal
Siphon - lower left - animal moves by taking in water through siphon and shoot out
water in stream
Means animal moves backwards
Animals have jet propulsion to move through water
Have a closed circulator system
Means blood contained in vessles - like humans
Other kinds of animals - other molluscs don't have in vessels - just sloshes and
moves in passive ways
Well developed nervous systems
Complex brains
Octopi - solve wayss to get out - got out - smart animals
Annelids - earthworms, polychaetes, leeches
Annelids - little rings
Segmented
Very flexible
Move freely
Has appendages
Many live in ocean
Many freshwater habitats have them as well
Moist soil
Cross section - celum - body cavity

Organs anchored in body cavity
Mouth and anus end
Circulator end
Blood vessels - closed circulatory system
Several little hearts that pump blood through
See segments and on segments - bristle like things to allow earthworm to anchor in
ground as it moves through soil
Earthworms consume large quantities of soil equal to their own weight everyday
Taking organic material out of soil and putting out soil it doesnt use
Casts of earthworm - tiny mounds of soil earthrom gotten rid of
Earthworms
Polychaetes - marine worms
Live in tube
Filter feeders
See top portion here stick out move around in water, frilly stuff pick up particless
that it would filter out organic material and consume that
Mostly freshwater
Some on land
Some of these blood sucking parasites
Leech before feed and how swelled up it gets after feeding
Latch onto someone in water
Take blood meal and drop off
Doesn't sound good thing for humans
And are parasites
However interesting that to feed on blood - nescesary to secrete chemical - blood

thin out so it doesn't colagigate
Himan beings where they have condition where blood clots
Keeps blood thin and stops from clotting and stops strokes
Arthropods This is the largest phylum
Of out of phylums - more species and individuals than other phylums
Major groups
Trilobites - used to be very abundant but now extinct
Crustaceans - shrimps, barnacles, craps, lobsters
Insects, millipedes, centipes
Chelicerates - spiders, scorpions,ticks, mites, horeshoe crabs
Arthropod characteristics
Joined appendages
Pod - foot or leg
Arthro - hasz to do with joins
Jointed legs/ appendages
Allowed movement
Legs, wings, antennae - move with joins
Exoskeleton - hard - covering
Made of chiten - material found in cell wall of fungi
Type of carbohydrate
Exoskeleton provides protection for soft body of animal inside and prevents water
loss - keeps tissues from drying out
Downside of exoskeleton instead of endoskeleton

Grow - have a larger exoskeleton
When they grow - shed one exoskeleton and develop another one thats larger size
Fact that they are segmented
Not as the analids, many segments fused together for different functions
Well developed nervous and sensory system
Open circulator system
Blood doesn't travel in vessels
Blood pumps material
Material leaves vessels and gets back to heart in different way
Division of labor
One stage of lifecycle - primarily adapted for feeding - larva stage
Adult - generally engages in breeding - some cases just breeding
Segmentation
Segments are fused into big blocks
Head portion, thorax or chest
And see theres the abdomin
Legs on lobster and places where legs jointed
Jointed appendenches
Pinchers on lobster joined
On head region
More than one pair of eyes
Lots of sensory input
Antanae determine chemicals in environment
Well represented in ocean when we had mass extinction and all trilobites died out
Lot of fossils
Segments
Not much specialization
Each of segments in underside picture - each had same kind of leg structure
Joined leg
Compound eyes
Pretty good at seeing in environment
Named for feeding appandages

Chelicerae - fangs or pinchers
Fangs spider uses

Many chelicerates extinct
Much larger group than today
Horseshoe crap - odd looking member
One time wasn't so odd
Living fossil Fossils of this thing that look very similar to what we have today
Arachnids - scorpiods, spiders, ticks, mites

Scorpion - on left
On right - looking aat the tracea of honeybee
Bees - arthropods
Breething tubes called tracae

Mites live in them and clog up and cause damage
Mites doing number on honeybee colonies
All of us familiar with mites
Most of us mites in eyelashes
Mite that lives in eyelashes
Most have this
Other place
In house
Dust mites - live on dust on floor
Spiders - 8 legs - 4 pairs of legs
Poisonous spider - black widow - red hourglass shape thing on abdomen

Lower right hand - another poisonous - not conspicuous - brown recluse - have a
violin shape on its thorax - chest region
Chelicera in head region

Structure that gives the group its name
Ticks responsible for transmitting bacteria for lyme disease

Ticks here - ones contribute to lime disease - deer ticks
Hard to see
Difficult to tell you have tick on you until bite occurred and tick dropped off
Wood ticks - larger and see those
Bitten by a tick thats carrying this bacteria One characteristics patterns
Bulleye shape around bite
Include lobsters
Crayfish
Lot like lobsteres but live on land
Craps, shrump
Shrimp in lower left hand
On top of coral
Barnacles - jointed appendages
Crustacheans Lobsters, crabs, barnacles, pillbugs
Most marine
Hard exoskeleton (referred to as crust)
Gives name crutacean
Multiple branched appendages that are specialized
Pillbugs - mostly marine and out into a backyard and under rock - roll themselves in
ball to escape predators
Copepods - these are very small, numberous
Zooplankton
Things that eat phytoplankton
Abundant in aquatic systems
Large, marine, crayfish not marine - live on land although in damp areas
Groups that live in ocean - planktonic larvae - as krill
Things that produced by millions and very large whale - use as food source and
penguines use as food source
Have hard shell

Sessile - stay in one place - attached to rock
Filter feeders
Look at them as they filter feed
Extrude from shell that has jointed features
Have swimming larvae
Adult attached to rock but can disperse
Centipedes and millipedes
Centipedes - 1 pair of legs per segment, carnivores

Millipedes - 2 pairs of legs per segment, feeds on decaying material
Centipedes - some are poisonouse
Some house centipdes - these things fairly common and some value keeping down
population of insects in house
Major subgroup in arthropod - insects
Outnumber all other forms of live in diversity
Masters of land
very successful on land
Ability to fly - variety of habitats, escape bad habitats
Flying insects - dragonflies
Very large at oen time

Two foot wing span
Many have metamorphisis - larval feeding stage, adult breeding stage
Have this - in some cases larval stage looks very different
More larva - properly called nymphs - miniture sized of adults
Reproduction sexual with internal organs
Divided into parts

Thorax, abdomen, head
Two antanae
Three pairs of legs
Total of 6 legs
Insect mouth parts

Upper left grasshopper - chews on leafy material
Tongue on upper right - nector out of tubular flowers
Lower left - mouth of a sponge on a stalk - what flies have - dab surface with sponge
and soak up materials
On right - piercing mouth parts of mosquito
More dramatic metamorphosis - monarch butterfly

Caterpiller
Crysalis formed in second picture
Adult butterfly emerges
Continues to feed but not on plants - necter of flowers
Interesting thing - it flies considerable distances in fall to go to area in mexeco over
winter
Diverse and large

Subdivious - large
Names of major subdivisions
Coleoptra - beetles - once asked nature of god based on looking at biological world
Comment was - god have inordinant fondness of beetles - many kinds of beetles ,
numbers are huge
Lower left - dipterans - one pair of wings - flies
Lower right - hymenopetra - honeybees, wasps, polinators
Upper right - lepidopera - moths and butterflies
Insects and humans Long been concern to human
Do benificial things to human

Pollination of crops, fruit trees - benificial
Also responsible for disease - mosquito, african sleeping sickness
Larval stages - destruction of crops - stop insect pest
Ongoing battle
Insects evolve and fight back
Deal with chemicals
Changes occurred and what they are

Dedarians - jellyfish
Flatworms round worms, analids, arthropods, mollusks
Radial symmetry sponges no symmetry
All other bilaterial

Second collom if animal has single passage or two
See nidarians and flatworms - signle opening no anus
Roundworms and anything above - both anus and mouth
Third collumn
Tell us about presence or absense of caelom
Molusks analids and arthropods - true coelum
Body segmentation
Cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms no segmentation
Phyla - duterostomes -
Animals with coelum - major evolution branches - protostomes nad other is

duterostomes
Groups based on patterns of embyonic development
Deuterostomes
Don't look similar at all
One group is kindoderms - seen in upperleft hand - seastar
Other group within are the cordates - those include vertebrets such as humans also
some invertebrete cordates - tunicate - center picture
Two phylum
Echinoderms - seastars
Chordates - vertebretes and others
Phylum echinoderms
Sea star
Echino - spiny derma - skin

All have spiny skin in one way or another
Sea star or star fish

Some features Notice in looking at sea star - symmetry seems to be radial
All groups we discussed so far except some at beginning - bilateral symmetry
Echinoderm - radial as adults
Have larval stage - clearly have bilateral symmetry
Secondarily gone towards radial as adults
One thing you'' notice
Central disk area

Arms that come out
One thing echinoderms unusual - sephalization
Brain and central nerve system
Departure from that
Gone back to decentralized nervous system
No brain, nervous system but not centralized
Skin - spines all over the skin - helps protect animal from predators and distinctive
about them
Tube feet all along arms
Feet - this is way it moves around
General characteristics
Marine animals
Find in oceans
Radial symmetry as adults larvae - smaller and swim around bilateral symmetrical
Internal and external parts radiate from the center - 5 spokes - sea star
Endoskeleton - hard skeleton made of calcium carbonate
Regidity and protection against predators
Tube feet - used for locomotion in sea stars
Way they work - not muscles that get these things to move - water vascular sytem
Have water inside arms
Pressurised water in hydrolic cannals
Use pressure to move around
Water vascular syystem very important in feeding, movement, and gas exchange
No brainer - have a nervous system, not centrailzed , no brain
Regeneration of body parts - chop off arm - can grow new arm back
Surface of animal covered in spines
Sea stars - 5 arms, predatory animals on shelled animals, clams and can move over
to where clam is attached
Grab clam and use tube feet to attach on shell apply pressure to slightly open shell
Take their stumach and invert it - put it out through mouth and into crack of clam
and start digesting clam
Digest muscle tissue and opens up and eats rest
Moves around on tube feet
Go out to ocean - intertidal or subtidal
See them - don't look like they move much
Camera and set it up and go for 24-48 hours
Move around quite a bit
Brittle stars - longer and more slender arms

Tube feet without suckers
Move by thrashing around with arms
Sea urchins - long spines - protect it from predators - two feet to move around
No arms like sea stars
Sand dollars in this group
Endoskeleton of sand dollar
Sea lilies = plant like - mostly filter feeders or suspension feeders

Ancient group and lots of fossils
Not extensive today
Sea cucumbers
These don't look like other members of group
Elongated like cucumber
Don't have spiens and endoskeleton reduced

Biology 101 Animals Notes

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Biology 101 Animals Notes

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Animals

Tuesday, November 24, 2015

Mobile, multicellular, heterotrophic combination - food from dijesting things in

Vertebrets - have backbone - fish amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 6:47 PM

Animals came from protist linages in precambrian

Differences among phyla Body symmetry radial or bilateral?

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 7:04 PM

An equal slice through animal

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 7:06 PM

Sea anename - no head or breain, net - of nervous system

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 7:06 PM

This organism - no coelum

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 7:08 PM

First phylum - most primative - the sponge phylum

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Sponges are filter feeders

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C in the name not pronounced

Tentacles and mouth down - medusa orentied up - polyp

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At top you see medusa

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Harpoon type system - nematocyst

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Jellyfish - medusa body plan

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Hydra sub group

Next phylum is flatworms

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Planaria - well known flat worm

Planaria - capable of regenerating parts of their bodies

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Tapeworms - are relatively flattened sorts of things

Right - close up of scolex

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Two hosts involved - complex life cycle

Larva get into system

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Mouth and anus

Barefoot - good way to pick them up

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 9:11 PM

Skin is baggy like an elephants skin

Up to this point - all phyla - don't have coelum

One called protostomes and one called deuterostomes

Gives these two groups there names

Cephalopods - octopus and squid

Number of mollusk characteristics

Screen clipping taken: 11/25/2015 9:19 PM

Has a mantle - dark blue on top

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Gastropod - snail and slug

On bottom left snail

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Bivalves clams and oysters and mussles and scallops

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Squids and octopus

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Carnivours, beak like jaw