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LU;S$aE'+T$$TE=ER$O<OT-@`GRLVg*`I6GOC$EC'I<'ZCaE'
=*<=ERCT5

. . . 11000
0-2590-4380, 4388 0-2590-4380, 4388

2558

ISBN

978-616-11-2712-11
















(International Health
Regulation : IHR 2005)

2558

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.3.1

1.3.2 (IHR-2005)

1.4


2

2.1 (Health risk assessment)

2.1.1

1)

2)

3)

4)

2.1.2

2.2

2.2.1

2.2.2 5

2.2.3

2.2.4

1-17
2
4
7
7
9
11
17
18-37
19
20
20
25
26
29
29
30
30
31
34
35
37

3
38-54

3.1
39

3.2
44

3.3
46

3.4 / 51

53

 ()

4 55-64

4.1
56

4.2 SRRT 58

4.2.1
58

4.2.2
60

4.2.3
62

64

5
65-94

5.1
66

5.1.1 (Zoning)
66

5.1.2
66

5.1.3 67

5.2
68

5.2.1 (Restriction of Exposure)
69

5.2.2
70



5.2.3
70

5.3
74

5.3.1
74

5.3.2
75

5.4
84

5.4.1
85

5.4.2
89

5.5
90

93


95

1 1.1

1.2


2 2.1

2.2 Threshold

dose-response models for deterministic effects

2.3 (Extremely dangerous)

2.4 (Very dangerous)

2.5 (dangerous)

2.6 (Unlikely to be dangerous)

2.7 (Not dangerous)

2.8

2.9

3 3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5 lymphocyte



3.6 Amylase activity

3.7



3.8 /

13

14
23
28
31
32
33
33
34
35
36
40
41
45
47
48
49
50
51

()

5.1
5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5 (Air-purifying respirators)
5.6 (Atmosphere-supplying respirators)
5.7
5.8

5.9
5.10 Acute Radiation Syndrome
5.11
5.12

67
67
68
70
72
73
76

77
82
86
87
88

1 1.1

2 2.1 Risk analysis

3 3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5 Dicentric /

Cytogenetic

5 5.1

5.2



5.3 Classical Andrews lymphocyte depletion curves

3
19
45
45
45
47
50
71

85
87

 1
(Introduction)
., Ph.D.
..
.

1.1

1.2


1.2.1






1.2.2

1.3

(International health regulations: IHR-2005)

1.4
-60 ..2543

1.1

2

1.1 (non-ionizing radiation)


(non-ionizing radiation)
( )


1.2 (ionizing radiation)


(ionizing radiation)
()
(atomic
radiation)


1.2.1) (Alpha radiation)



1
2 2 +2
(shielding)
Radon-222
Polonium-218.

1.2.2) (Beta radiation)




(transformation)
(shielding)
Tritium (Hydrogen-3)
Helium-3


1.2.3) (Photon radiation; Gamma () and X-ray)


1) (Gamma radiation)

2) (X-ray)





(shielding)
-60 (Cobalt-60) -60 (Nickel-60)


1.2.4) (Neutron radiation)





(paraffin wax)




1.1

1.1
: Canadas Nuclear Regulator. Introduction to Radiation, December 2012

1.2

1.2.1



(1)
(2)




Stephen A. McGuire Carol A. Peabody .. 1982
1.793 (179.3 )
0.83 (83 ) 0.963
(96.3 )




6.2 (620 )



( , 2554)





1)


100

-
10-20


-

2)

2



1)




1.1) -60




1.2) - 60



1.3)




2)




3)

-60
(Sterile Insect Technique) (Food Preservation)

4) (Radon)


(Radon: Rn-222)

2-3 ( 3.82 )

4


(Radon Potential)



1.2.2

/

549 270
(49.18%)


/



/

/
Am-241
Cs-137 Kr-85 Co-60 (1) Am-241
(2)
(3) Cs-137




/

// /
/





Film Badge, TLD, Pocket
Dosimeter

1.3

1.3.1


1) .. 2550




( 2)

2) .. 2535 ( 3) .. 2551


( 4)
( 2)
( 3)


3) .. 2535


( 4)

( 6)
( 9)


4) .. 2535



( 1) 5



5) .. 2535




( 1) ( 2)


6) 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535







7) 3 (.. 2535)
.. 2535






8) .. 2541



18 ( 2, 3, 4)
( 8)

9)
.. 2547

10) .. 2504
( 2) .. 2508






11)
.. 2550



( 4)


12) .. 2546






13)
.. 2549







14) .. 2530



( 4)

1.3.2 (International health regulations: IHR-2005)


(International Health Regulations IHR)
(World Health Organization WHO)

10

(,,,)
(International traffic and trade)

1)

2)



3)



4)



5)



6)
/

7)

8)

9)

10)


11)



12)

13)
( )


14)
(Bioassay) (biological dosimetry)
(Electron-spin resonance-ESR)


15)
(Bioassay) (biological dosimetry)
(Electron-spin resonance-ESR)

16)

1.4

: -60 ..2543

-60
..2543

(IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency)
(nuclear and radiation accident)
(an event that
has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility)



..2529

11

12

(orphan source)
-60 ..2543 -60

17 2543
2


1


2543 2-3


12 2543 12
2







()

2
(ERT)

.

20 2543 00:20 . 4
2.5 2

- 60 15.7
(425 ) .
20 2543 4.5

12-20 -60
62 10
. 52

9 4 (P1-P4)
24 2543 5 (P5-P10)
P7 P8 P7 P9
P7 P8 P10 ( 75 ) P7
P10

10 2 P5 P8
6 . 62 0 32
1.1
1.1
()

<1
1-5
5-10
10-20
20-32
>32

11
18
11
6
6
0

.
10
1.2

13

14

1.2

()

[P1]

[P2]
[P3]
[P4]
[P5]


[P6]

[P7]
[P8]

40

25
19
23
20


18

45
44

P1
P1
P1






P7

18 2543

9 2543

[P9]

[P10]

33

75

24 2543
P7

P7

.
(IAEA) 21 2543 .

31 26 2543

2

24 2543


2 26 2543 1

2
3

.




1.


@
BSS
IAEA-TECDOC-1067 BSS


IAEA IAEA s Categorization of Radiation
Source

2.


@
1 2



3.


@ BSS ( V.1)

IEAE-TECDOC-953
IAEA-TECDOC-1162

@





4.

@



@

15

16

@

-60
..2541

5.


5.1


@

5.2

@


-60 -192 -137


5.3
(G-CSF GM-CSF)

@

5.4
3 2

@

{{{{{{{{{{

1. . . ().
2555. 9 2556, URL;
http://www0.tint.or.th/nkc/nkc55/content55/nstkc55106.html.
2. . . 23 2557, URL;
http://ww.vibhavadi.com/health435.html.
3. . .
. 23 2557, URL; http://www.
nst.or.th/article/notes01/article008.htm.
4. . .
. 23 2557, URL; http://www.nst.or.th/
article/notes01/article007.htm
5. . (2554). .
, . 3 2554. 26 2557.
URL; http://www.stou.ac.th/Schools/Shs/booklet/book543/frommag.html.
6. .
.
19 2557, URL;
http://www.oshthai.org/index.php?option=com_linkcontent&Itemid=69&sectionid=
34&pid=67.353&task=detail&detail_id=699&lang=th.
7. . . 2556.
8. . . : , 2549.
64 .
9. IHRThailand.org. . 7 2557. URL;
http://www.ihrthailand.org/TH/ebooks.php?c=2
10. Touchaphong Srisuwan. Radon: The Hidden Hazard in Buildings. Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University; 2006. 4(2). 23-37.

17

* .., ..
** ..
*
**

(Health risk assessment)

.. 2543 (-60)

2.1 (Health risk assessment)

(Health risk assessment; HRA)

(Risk analysis) 3
(Risk assessment) (Risk management) (Risk
communication)

2.1 Risk analysis WHO, 2009

19

20

2.1.1 4

1) (Hazard identification)

2) (Exposure assessment)
(dose)
(duration) (routes of exposure)

3) (Dose-response relationship)

4) (Risk characterization)
3

(Scope)

1) (Hazard identification)


1.1


(Radionuclides)
Source term

(Environmental monitoring)
Atmospheric dispersion model



(half-life)

-


1) 2
+2 4
3-5 cm

2) -1

100 1 mm 5 mm



3)

8 mm


-


1) 131I -131
8 (Groundshine)
(Cloudshine)

2) 134Cs 137Cs
2.1 30

1.2



(sensitivity)
(dose) (dose rate)
2


- (cell killing)

Deterministic effects

- (non-lethal
changes) DNA Molecule
(random process)
Stochastic effects
stochastic
effects

21

22

- (Leukaemia)
4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), Chroniclymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)

2-5

- (Thyroid cancer) 2-3



4-5

- (Breast cancer)


(Latency period) 12

- Solid cancers Solid cancers
5

- : (Thyroid nodules)

- :


- :


-


Acute radiation
syndrome 2.1

Gastrointestinal (GI)

Syndrome
Hematopoietic
(Bone marrow)

> 10 Gy
(> 1000 rads) (some
symptoms may occur
as low as 6 Gy or 600
rads)

Dose*
> 0.7 Gy (> 70 rads)
(mild symptoms may
occur as low as 0.3 Gy
or 30 rads)

Symptoms are anorexia,

severe nausea, vomiting,
cramps, and diarrhea.
Onset occurs within a few
hours after exposure.
Stage lasts about 2 days.

Prodromal Stage
Symptoms are anorexia,
nausea and vomiting.
Onset occurs 1 hour to
2 days after exposure.
Stage lasts for minutes
to days.

2.1

Stem cells in bone

marrow and cells
lining GI tract are dying,
although patient may
appear and feel well.
Stage lasts less than
1 week.

Latent Stage
Stem cells in bone
marrow are dying,
although patient may
appear and feel well.
Stage lasts 1 to 6
weeks.

Recovery
In most cases, bone marrow
cells will begin to repopulate
the marrow.
There should be full recovery
for a large percentage of
individuals from a few weeks up
to two years after exposure
Death may occur in some
individuals at 1.2 Gy (120 rads).
The LD50/60is about 2.5 to
5 Gy (250 to 500 rads).

Symptoms are malaise, anorexia, The LD100 is about 10 Gy

severe diarrhea, fever, dehydration, and (1000 rads).
electrolyte imbalance.
Death is due to infection, dehydration,
and electrolyte imbalance.
Death occurs within 2 weeks of
exposure.

Manifest Illness Stage

Symptoms are anorexia, fever, and
malaise.
Drop in all blood cell counts occurs
for several weeks.
Primary cause of death is infection and
hemorrhage.
Survival decreases with increasing
dose.
Most deaths occur within a few months
after exposure.

23

Prodromal Stage
Latent Stage
Symptoms are extreme Patient may return to
nervousness and
partial functionality.
confusion; severe nausea,
vomiting, and watery
diarrhea; loss of
consciousness;
and burning sensations of
the skin.
Onset occurs within
minutes of exposure.
Stage lasts for minutes
to hours.

Manifest Illness Stage

Recovery
Symptoms are return of watery No recovery is expected.
diarrhea, convulsions, and coma.
Onset occurs 5 to 6 hours after
exposure.
Death occurs within 3 days of
exposure.

* The absorbed doses quoted here are gamma equivalent values. Neutrons or protons generally produce the same effects as gamma, beta, or X-rays but at lower doses.
If the patient has been exposed to neutrons or protons, consult radiation experts on how to interpret the dose.
The LD50/60 is the dose necessary to kill 50% of the exposed population in 60 days.
The LD100 is the dose necessary to kill 100% of the exposed population.
: CDC. Radiation emergency: fact sheet. March 18, 2005, Page 3.

Syndrome
Dose*
Cardiovascular
> 50 Gy (5000 rads)
(CV)/ Central Nervous (some symptoms may
System (CNS)
occur as low as 20 Gy
or 2000 rads)

24

2) (Exposure assessment)





(Environmental exposure)
(Occupational exposure) (Doses)

2.1






2

- External exposure: (groundshine)
(radioactive cloud cloudshine)

- Internal exposure:

Dosimetric quantities International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)

- Absorbed dose:
(International unit) absorbed dose gray (Gy)
1 1 gray 100 rads

- Equivalent dose: Absorbed dose
Radiation weighting factor
ionization equivalent dose sievert (Sv)

- Effective dose weighted equivalent doses
absorbed dose
Radiation weighting factor tissue weighting factor
effective dose sievert (Sv)m

25

26

- (Radioactivity) (radioactive
decay process) becquerels (Bq) ICRP

Sv/Bq

(assumption) (dose model)


(scenario)


2.2



(occupational exposure)
(Occupational radiation)

- Internal exposure: Bioassay monitoring
whole-body counting, Thyroid monitoring

- External exposure: (Personal
dosimeters) Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)




- Internal exposure:

- External exposure:

3) (Dose-response relationship)


Dose-response relationship stochastic and
deterministic effects

3.1 Non-threshold dose-response models for stochastic effects




Liner No Threshold (LNT) Model

(dose rates)

(baseline
cancer incidence rate)


3.2 Multiplicative and additive risk models


Multiplicative risk models Relative risk model
relative risk (RR) Excessive risk model (ERR) RR
ERR RR 1
(ERR = RR-1) (Baseline risk)


Absolute risk (AR) model
1 Excess absolute
risk (EAR)

(additive) EAR

3.3 Lifetime risk concepts


Lifetime baseline risk Baseline probability

: a (attained age)


g the (sex)


m(a,g) (baseline cancer incidence rate)

Saj(a,g) cancer-free survival function (adjusted survival function)

Lifetime attributable risk
(Probability of a premature incidence)
LAR
(Additional cumulated probability) 89


Risk of exposure-induced death (REID)

3.4 Cancer risk models


Cancer risk models variation
(Excess risk) (Magnitude)
Tissue-specific absorbed dose Dose-response relationship

27

28

3.5 Threshold dose-response models for deterministic effects


Threshold dose-response models for deterministic effects
Threshold ICRP
2.2
2.2 Threshold dose-response


models for deterministic effects
Effect

Organ/
tissue

Threshold
Time to
Observations
tissue develop the
effect
Temporay sterility
Testes
0.1
39
Permanent sterility
Testes
6
3
Ovaries
3
< 1
Depression of
Bone
0.5
3 7
In case of chronic
haematopoiesis
marrow
exposure the threshold
(blood-forming process)
is 0.4 Gy/year
Cardiovascular disease
Heart
0.5

Recently estimated by

ICRP based on
epidemiological findings
Stroke
Circulatory
0.5

system

Pneumonitis
Lung
6.5
36
In case of highly
fractionated exposures
(e.g. radiotherapy) the
threshold is 18 Gy
Renal failure
Kidneys
7
In case of highly
fractionated exposures
(e.g. radiotherapy) the
threshold is 18 Gy
Skin reddening (erythema) Skin
36
1-4
Skin burns
Skin
5 10 23
Temporary hair loss
Skin
4
23
Visual impairment (cataract) Lens of the eye
0.5

A previous threshold of

1.5 Gy was later lowered to

0.5 Gy.
* Thresholds are expressed as organ-absorbed doses and are therefore expressed as Gy units.
For comparison purposes, and taking into account that the radiation weighting factor for gamma rays is 1,
these threshold values are numerically equal to the organ-equivalent dose expressed in Sv.

: WHO. Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
and Tsunami based on a preliminary dose estimation. 2011. Page 34.

4) (Risk characterization)


Risk characterization HRA
(Magnitude) (Nature of risks)
Excess lifetime cancer risk

LAR, LBR AR (Cumulative attributable risk)


LAR LBR


1) Age- and sex-specific all-cause mortality


2) Age- and sex-specific all cancer mortality


3) Age- and sex-specific all cancer incidence


4) Age- and sex-specific incidence



Non-cancer risk characterization ICRP
deterministic effects

2.1.2





(HRA Expert Group)

(Health risk
assessment) 4 1) Hazard identification 2) Exposure assessment
3) Dose-response relationship 4) Risk characterization Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) 5
(Steps of Risk Assessment) 1) Problem Formulation
(
)
2) Hazard Identification 3) Dose Response
4) Exposure Assessment 5) Risk Characterization

29

30

2.2





(Risk manager)

2.2.1

1)


1) 5


2)


3) /

2) 5

1

2

3

4

5



( , 2556)


1
..2557

2.2.2 5


5
(Sealed sources) (Unsealed
sources)
5 (1)
/ (2) A/D ( A
D )


1 (Extremely dangerous)


(Extremely dangerous to the person)



2.3 (Extremely dangerous)

(Irradiators)

-60

-137

/
(Blood/ tissue Irradiators)

(Teletherapy)

(Radioisotope thermoelectric
generators, RTGs)

190-560,000 TBq
5,000-15,000,000 Ci
190-190,000 TBq
5,000-5,000,000 Ci
-137
37-440 TBq
1,000-12,000 Ci
-60
56-110 TBq
1,500-3,000 Ci
-60
37-560 TBq
1,000-15,000 Ci
-137
19-56 TBq
500-1,500 Ci
-90 330-25,000 TBq
9,000-680,000 Ci
-238 1-10 TBq
28-280 Ci

: *
1) - Becquerels (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration ( )
2) - Curies (Ci) 1 Curie = 37 Becquerels

..2549

31

32

2 (Very dangerous)

(Very dangerous to the person)

()

2.4 (Very dangerous)

(Industrial
gamma radiography)

*
-60 Co-60 0.41-7.4 TBq,
11-200 Ci
-75 Se-75 3 TBq,
80 Ci
-192 Ir-192 0.19-7.4 TBq,
5-200 Ci

-60 Co-60 0.19-0.74 TBq,
Applicators
5-20 Ci
(High/
-137 Cs-137 0.11-0.3 TBq,
medium dose rate brachytherapy)

3-8 Ci
-192 Ir-192 0.11-0.44 TBq,
3-12 Ci

: *

1) - Becquerels (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration ( )

2) - Curies (Ci) 1 Curie = 37 Becquerels

3 (dangerous)

(dangerousto the person)

2.5 (dangerous)

(Fixed
industrial gauges)

-60 Co-60

*
0.0037-0.37 TBq
0.1-10 Ci
-137 Cs-137
0.00011-1.5 TBq
0.003-40 Ci
-252 Cf-252 0.0014 TBq, 0.037 Ci

-137 Cs-137
0.037-0.074 TBq,

1-2 Ci
(Well logging gauges)
-252 Cf-252 0.001-0.0041 TBq
0.027-0.11 Ci
-241/ 0.019-0.85 TBq
Am-241/Be
0.5-2.3 Ci

: *

1) - Becquerels (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration ( )

2) - Curies (Ci) 1 Curie = 37 Becquerels

4 (Unlikely to be dangerous)

(Unlikely to be dangerous the person)

2.6 (Unlikely to be dangerous)

(Low dose
rate brachytherapy)

/
(Thickness/fill-level
gauges)

-125 I-125

*
0.0015 TBq
0.04 Ci
-137 Cs-137
0.00037-0.026 TBq
0.01-0.7 Ci
-103 Pd-103 0.001-0.0015 Ci
-60 Co-60
-90 Sr-90
-137 Cs-137

0.00019-0.019 TBq
0.005-0.5 Ci
0.01-0.2 TBq
0.00037-0.0074 Ci
0.0019-0.0024 TBq
0.05-0.065 Ci

: *
1) - Becquerels (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration ( )
2) - Curies (Ci) 1 Curie = 37 Becquerels

33

34

5 (Not dangerous)

(Not dangerous to the person)

2.7 (Not dangerous)

-55 Fe-55
0.00011-0.005 TBq
(X ray

0.003-0.14 Ci
fluorescence devices, XRF)
-63 Ni-63
0.00019-0.00074 TBq

0.005-0.02 Ci
(Volatile Organic
(Analytical device)
Electron capture Detector
Compounds)
Sources in Gas Chromatogryphy
(Lightening Preven- -241 Am- 0.000048-0.00048 TBq
ters)

241
0.0013-0.013 Ci

: *

1) - Becquerels (Bq) 1 Bq = 1 disintegration ( )

2) - Curies (Ci) 1 Curie = 37 Becquerels

2.2.3



4
65


1) ()
5 25


2) ()
5 25


3) ()
10


4) 5


10

2.8 ( )

2.8

(65
)

(25 )
1

49
15
2

22
8
3

17
5
4

17
6
5

15
6
6

13
6
7

13
6
8

12
5
9

12
5
10

12
5
11
11
2
12

10
3
13

9
3
14

9
4
15

8
4
16

7
2
17

7
1
18

7
3
19

7
1
20

7
2
21

(10 )

(25 )
24
10
8
6
8
4
5
1
6
3
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
5
2
6
3
5
2
4
2
4
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
3
1
4
2
4
1
3

(5 )

5
-

2.2.4



( , 2556)
4
2.9

35

36

< 7
7-10
11-20
> 21

2.9

.
1
3
3
3
1
6
10
5
1
12
1
2
10
4
6
4
2
4
9
11
7
1-12

- .

.

- .

- .

-
-

1. . .

, 2557. .
2. . .
. .
3. . (Radiation). 2554;1(2):
208-214.
4. . . ( 2556)
5. . .
,
2557. .
6. . . []. 2554 [ 22
.. 2557]. :
http://www.summacheeva.org/index_article_risk_assessment.htm
7. Bouville A, Linet MS, Hatch M, Mabuchi K, Simon SL. Guidelines for exposure assessment in health risk studies following a nuclear reactor accident. Environ Health
Perspect, 2014;122(1):1-5.
8. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY.Categorization of Radioactive Sources IAEA
Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.9, IAEA, Vienna 2005.
9. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches
Used by the U.S. EPA,Scienceand Decisions Advancing Risk Assessment. The National
Academies Press, United States of America [internet]. 2009. [cited 2014 Aug 2]. Available from:http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12209&page=R2.
10. World Health Organization (WHO). Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident
after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami, based on a preliminary
dose estimation. [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Mar 22]. Available from: http://apps.
who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/78218/1/9789241505130_eng.pdf.
11. World Health Organization (WHO). Preliminary dose estimation from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2014 Mar 22]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre
am/10665/44877/1/9789241503662_eng.pdf.

37

* Ph.D.
** ., Ph.D.
** ..
*
**

(Environmental radiation monitoring)

(Personnel monitoring)

Intake estimate (1)

(2)

3.1 (Environmental radiation monitoring)

3.1.1




/ (External beta/gamma exposure rate)


background level
calibrated (National Bureau of Standard)
( 3.1
)

39

40

3.1

/
Beta-Gamma Surface Monitors1
- Portable Count Rate
Meter (Thin Walled
or Thin Window
G-M Counter)

0-1,000; 0-10,000; 0-100,000

count/min

- Portable Air
Proportional Counter
with Probe

0-100,000 count/min over

100 cm2

- Portable Gas Flow

Counter with Probe

0-100,000 count/min over

100 cm2

Alpha Surface Monitors

- Portable Scintillation 0-100,000 count/min over

Counter with Probe
100 cm2
Air Monitors
Particle Samplers
- Filter Paper
(High-volume)
- Filter Paper
(Low-volume)

40 ft3/min (1.1 m3/min)

0.1 to 10 ft3/min (0.003-0.3 room

m3/min)
air breathing zone

3
3
Electrostatic Precipitator 3 ft /min (0.09 m /min)

Impinger
Tritium Monitors

20 to 40 ft3/min (0.6-1.1 Alpha

m3/min)
0.1 pCi/m3/min

: 1 Tritium
Source: NCRP Report No.57 (NCRP 1978)

cylindrical shell

3.1.2





3


1) sample matrix ( organic material)
alpha- and beta-particle self-absorption


2)
(resolution) (sensitivity)


3) (form)
(radioactive tracer)
( 3.2
)
3.2

Gas Proportional
Counters

10-7 to 10-3
Film disc mount, gas

Liquid-Scintillation 10-7 to 10-3

Counters
NaI (T1) Cylindrical 10-6 to 10-3
or Well Crystals

Ionization
Chambers

10-2 to 103

Solid-state
Detectors

10-2 to 10

Ratemeter or scaler

Up to 20 ml of liquid gel Accessories for background

subtraction, quence
correction, internal standard,
sample comparison
Liquid, solid, or contained Ratemeter, Discriminators
gas, < 4 ml
for measuring various energy
regions, Multichannel analyzer,
or computer plus analog-todigital converter, Computational
accessories for full-energy-peak
identification, quantification,
and spectrum stripping
Liquid, solid, or contained Ioniation-current measurement;
gas, (can be large in size) digital (mCi) readout, as in dose
calibrators
Various
Multichannel analyzer or
computer with various readout
options

Source: NCRP Report No. 58 (NCRP 1985a)

41

42

3.1.3


1)


Geiger-Muller (G-M) probe, sodium iodide (NaI(TI)
crystals, solid-state germanium diodes (Ge(Li) ratemeters, scalers, multichannel
analyzers (MCAs) (overall exposure rates)
counts per minute microRoentgens microrem per hour
NaI Ge(Li) detectors with MCAs (energy spectra)
(identity)

2)


Thin window G-M detectors Pancake
(ionization) probes


3)


(Alpha-particle surface monitors) portable air proportional,
gas proportional, zinc sulfide (ZnS) scintillation detectors

3.1.4



(environmental media i.e. Air, ground water, surface water, soil, and
biota), (area of concern), (route)
()


-
(site scoping meeting)
(conceptual model of facility)



- external
radiation field external
radiation field


-
(sediment), (aquatic plants)

3.1.5


(sample
location), (size), (type) (frequency)
1) (Resolution and sensitivity

of radioanalytical techniques)
, 2)
(continuous monitoring of site environment) real time continuous record of radiation
exposure level continuous radon monitors high pressure ionization chambers
external gramma radiation (temporal variation)
, 3)
(half-lives) decay products
(short half-lives) Fe-59 (half-life = 44.5 )
decay products
decay products (parent nuclides of interest)

3.1.6

1) (Radioactive fallout
surveillance)



(1) (2)
(3)

(water tray) (gummed film)

2) (Monitoring of radioactivity in
the foodstuffs and drinking water)


(Chernobyl accident)


(European Economic Community; EEC)

134Cs 137Cs 370 Bq/kg.
134Cs 137Cs
(Fission products) 137Cs 30



300
(-ray spectrometry) 10

43

44

3) (Surveillance of natural radiation)


(1) (in-situ measurement)
(2) (soil sampling) (3) (rock sampling)

1
Germanium (Ge) detector

4) (The environmental
radiation monitoring around the nuclear facilities)

..1989 ..1992
( The Radiation
Monitoring Center; TRMC)




1)


2)


3)

4)

5)


2 Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) High
pressure ionization chamber (HPIC) Gross-beta counting
(analyses of tritium activity) (analyses of gamma ray spectrometry)
(radiochemical analyses of specific radionuclides)
Germanium (Ge) detectors
(radioactivity of gamma emitters) 54Mn, 58Co, 60Co, 131I 137Cs

3.2 (Personnel monitoring)

3.3


(Electronic dosimeter)

Optical Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter (OSL)

(TLD Card)

(Film
Badge)

3.3

: http://www.indiamart.com/
radcare/radiation-safety.html.
(8 2557)

3.2
: http://www.npc-se.co.th/
npc_date/npc_previews.asp?id_
head=11&id_sub=36&id=696

3.1
: http://www.djb.co.uk/ppr_film_
badge.html. (8 2557)

3.3

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Badge

(TLD Badge)

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Badge (TLD Badge)

OSL

-
(G-M)
(Semi-conductor)

(Set zero)
-

**

-
-

-
-

-

-

-
-

-
-

-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-

45

46

3.3

3.3.1





SGOT SGPT









Hulka biomarkers







Schulte biomarker 3 1


1) Biomarker of exposure

(external
dose) (internal dose)
(biological effective dose)

2) Biomarker of effect
(early physiologic change)
ALAD
(clinical health effect)



3) Biomarker of susceptibility
(susceptibility)
DNA
ALAD

3.4

3.4
3.4
Biomarker of Exposure
Biomarker of Effect
- - lymphocyte
- - amylase
- lymphocyte
- enamel
- -H2AX, C-reactive protein,
Flt-3 ligand Citrulline

47

48

3.3.2


1)







- 24


-


-



-


-

2)





Lymphocyte



2-3
3.5
3.5 lymphocyte

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

*
*

* Lymphocyte 1.4-3.5 x 109/

3)


(amylase)


(Hyperamylasmia)
18-30 2-3


(activity)
3.3 21-101 unit
3.6
3.6 Amylase activity

4) lymphocyte (Cytogenetic
biological dosimetry)


lymphocyte

49

50

(Chromosome aberration) metaphase

(Cytogenetic)

cytogenetic metaphase
1,000 dicentric
50 metaphase
dicentric 50 1,000
metaphase 3.7
3.7
Dicentrics

Dicentric Cytogenetic
3.5

3.5 Dicentric / Cytogenetic

: .

5)


(Biomarker)
(Enamel) Electron
Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
-H2AX, C-reactive protein,
Flt-3 ligand Citrulline

3.4 /




/
3.8 /
/
DNA aberration
(
DNA)

-
DNA lymphocyte
-
metaphase
(Cytogenetic)

-
-
DNA damage
(/ DNA
DNA)
-

1)
2)

1)
2)

51

52

/
Dose reconstruction
Electron
Paramagnetic Resonance
(EPR)

- (enamel) (.)

- EPR
100

2 (0.002 )

( 3.3)

X-ray
-

1)

1)

2)
12

1.
.. 2550.
2. . [].
2555. [ 13 .. 2557], :
http://www.oaep.go.th/dt_news4.php?id=1141.
3. . []. 2557. [ 10 .. 2557],
: http://www.npc-se.co.th/npc_date/npc_previews.asp?id_head=11&id_
sub=36&id=696
4. ().
[]. 2556. [ 8 .. 2557], : http://www.tint.or.th/
index.php/th/services/2013-07-31-07-36-19
5. . []. 2553. [ 31 .. 2557],
: http://www0.tint.or.th/nkc/nkc53/content/nstkc53-011.html
6. .
[]. 2554. [ 10 .. 2557], : http://www.oaep.go.th/
dt_news1.php?id=802
7. . . 2555. 33.
8. Ching-Chung Huang, Environmental Radiation Monitoring in Taiwan, Radiation
Monitoring Center, Atomic Energy Council, p.1-17, cited July 28, 2014, [online] from;
http://www.trmc.aec.gov.tw/upload/research/ab84684e181e0cf6a250e6486
3dc3b16__taiwan-report.pdf.
9. Hironobu Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi Sakamaki and Kaoru Masui, Environmental Radiation
Measuring Equipment, Fuji electric review. Vol.50, No.4, p.114-117, cited July 28,
2014, [online] from; https://www.fujielectric.com/company/tech/pdf/r50-4/04.pdf.
10. Hulka BS. Overview of biological markers. In: Biological markers in epidemiology
(Hulka BS, Griffith JD, Wilcosky TC, eds), pp 315. New York: Oxford University Press,
1990.

53

54

11. International Atomic Energy Agency, Environmental and Source Monitoring for
Purposes of Radiation Protection, Safety guide, Vienna, 2005.
12. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Instrumentation and
Monitoring Methods for Radiation Protection. Bethesda, MD. NCRP Report No.57,
1985.
13. Naylor S. Biomarkers: current perspectives and future prospects. Expert Rev Mol
Diagn 3:525529, 2003.
14. Schulte, P. 1995. The role of biomarkers in the prevention of occupational disease.
In Biomarkers and occupational health: Progress and perspectives, ed. M. E. A. Mendelsohn, pp. 16. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Radiation Protection, cited July 28, 2014,
[online] from; http://www.epa.gov/radiation.

* ., Ph.D.
* ..
** ..
*
** 1

SRRT

56

(..2534) -60
(..2543) (..2556)
(..2557)


(SRRT)

4.1

(disaster)



1
1

4 ..2550

2



1
.
..25353




4




(.)

(SRRT)
/
/ / /
/

5
WHO/DCD 201
SRRT/PHER Env-Occ 22-23 2552
4
4 ..2535
5
(SRRT) 1 2548
2
3

57

58

4.2 SRRT

SRRT
3


4.2.1
4

63

(
)

/ ..

-
-
-
-

/ .

- CAMEO, ALOHA, MARPLOT,

ARCVIEW
- Google Earth

/ .

/ .

/ .

/ . /

1.



(.)

(EP) EMS





2. 2 1)
2)

3.

1

4.

59

60

4.2.2
4

1669
/ SRRT

()

1669
/ SRRT

/ .

SRRT

-
-
-
(safety officer)
-

.././
/

SRRT

15

SRRT

Medical commander
/ SRRT
/

1)
2) Major Incident Medical
Management and Support :
The Practical Approach at
the Scene
(5th Impression 2006)

64

1669 / SRRT // .
/

1.


1669 / SRRT


( GPS )






15

2. (safety officer)

/ 1 safety officer
zoning

3. .././



SRRT
(cold zone)


15

61

62

4.2.3

/ .

/
SRRT

SRRT

(After Action Review AAR)

SRRT

/ .

/
SRRT

SRRT

SRRT

65

/ . / SRRT

1. /



o

o SRRT

o

o



o CBC UA

o CBC 6
2

o

2.



o

o



o

o



3. (After Action Review AAR)


/

( SRRT, EMS, )





4.

5. ()

63

64

1.
2.
3.
4.

..2550
..2535
. . 2556.
.

. . 2556.

* .., ..
** ..
*** .
** ..
** ..
*
**
***

66

5.1

5.1.1 (Zoning)



- (Hot zone)
- (Warm zone)

- (Clean zone)

( > 100 Sv/hr)


(
< 100 Sv/hr)

( = background level)

5.1.2


5.1

5.1

()
30
100
300
> 400

100

5.1.3


5.2
5.2

OIL*
100 Sv/hr

100 Sv/hr

()

()

1 Sv/hr

1 Sv/hr
()

: , 2555.
* Operational Intervention Level (OILs)

67

68

5.2

Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM)


1) (specific tasks)

2)

- (External contamination)

- (Internal contamination)


-

3)

- (Lead aprons)

4) (personal
radiation dosimeter)

- (Direct-reading personal radiation dosimeters)
(Dose limits for emergency workers)

(effective dose)
5.3
5.3

(mSv)
-
500
-
100
-
-
-
50
-

-
20
-
: , 2555.

5) (respiratory protection)
(full-face piece air purifying respirator) P-100 High Efficiency
Particulate Air (HEPA) filter

- simple surgical
facemask, N-95 respirators

- (Fit test)

- (Environmental
testing and hazard assessment) (risk levels)

(International Atomic Energy
Agency: IAEA) Practical Radiation
Technical Manual: Personal Protective Equipment

5.2.1 (Restriction of Exposure)

(Ionizing radiation)
( 1 )

(Engineering controls)

(Administrative methods)



(source)


High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters

69

70

5.2.2

1) (The Nature of the exposure)


2) (Performance data for PPE)


3) (The acceptable level of exposure)

5.2.3

1) (Protective suit)

4
5.4

5.4

()

()

A. (non-woven)
(permeable)
+R
(non-pressurized)
(non-ventilated)
B. (impermeable)

(non-pressurized) +R
+R +R
+R
(non-ventilated)
C. (impermeable)

(ventilated)
D. (impermeable)

(ventilated)
(pressurized)


+R

()

(
)

+R

+R

+R

5.1 *

*:

(Lead aprons)

100 ()
100

2)

(polythene gloves)
(
)


(PVC gloves) (Natural
rubber latex)


()

71

72

3)


( )


( )


4)

(Type
of contaminants) (Toxicity) (Concentration in air)
2
4.1) (Air-purifying respirators)
5.5
5.5 (Air-purifying respirators)

(filtering face piece respirators)

5.2

N = Nose clip
P = Filter material
V = Exhalation valve

(half mask respirators)

5.3

P = Face piece
I = Inhalation valve
V = Exhalation valve
F = Filters

(full face mask

respirators)
5.4

E = Exhalation valve

(powered air purifying

respirator)
5.5

4.2) (Atmosphere-supplying respirators)
5.6
5.6 (Atmosphere-supplying respirators)

(Fresh air hose equipment)

5.6

(constant flow compressed

air equipment)
5.7

(breathing apparatus which

includes full face masks and
full suits)
5.8

F = Filter

4.3)
(Safety helmet) (Safety goggles) (aluminized fire
resistant materials)

73

74

5.3


2 /

5.3.1




(United States Environmental
Protection Agency: US EPA)

(a) (mission of radiation)

1 5 millisieverts
1 milliseivert



(b)

(radioactive substance)
50

(radioactive substance)
15

radiation apparatus sealed radioactive
source 10

intervention radiation apparatus
sealed radioactive source 10
1 1 millisievert

radiation apparatus

1)


3

1.1)

1.2)

1.3)

2)





4

- 1

- 2


- 3

- 4

5.3.2


(Disease Investigation)


2
- Case Investigation

- Epidemiological disease investigation

75

76

1)

5.7
1

- 0.25
(25 )
1.50 (150 )

3.75 (375 )
-
1

2 24

- 0.05 (5 )

0.30 (30 )
0.75 (75 )
-
1
24

:

24
02-596-7699 089 200 6243 24 ..

2)

5.8
5.8

1. /


2.

(pancake)


3. TLD

4.

1.

2. TLD

3.

77

78

3)




1




()


2

3





-

-

-

4

Index case


- 5

1

2 /

3

4 (

1 2


(radioactive decontamination)

3






6

4 5
4
5

-


1)
100 (R/h)
1 (R/h)
2

2-3

2)

79

80

3

-

-

8






9







-







-






-

81

82

- 1 2


1 2

5.9
5.9

-
/

1.
-



-

2.
-

3.

-

83

84

10 2

1)

2)







2

5.4



2

1)

2)


-60 ..2546

5.4.1

(Whole-body Absorbed dose)

(Gray: Gy)

1) (Radiation Exposure Assessment)

(Physical reconstruction of events)

(Cytogenetics)







1.1)
5.2 Acute Radiation Syndrome
5.10

5.2

85

86

5.10 Acute Radiation Syndrome : Radiation

Emergency Medicine Manual Preparation Guide (Ver.1.08.3) : Radiation Emergency Medicine
information Network

1-2 Gy

2-4 Gy

4-6 Gy

6-8 Gy

2 .
10-50%

1-2 .
70-90

<1 .
100%

3-8 .
<10%

4-24 .
50%

<30
100%

1-3 .
>10%

3-4 .
80%

<1 .
10-80%

1-2 .
80-100%

<1 .
100%

>8 Gy
<10
100%

1 .
100%

1-2 .
80-90%

100%(>50Gy)

<1 .
100%

< 1 Gy

1.2)

Complete Blood Count:CBC 6 48

Classical Andrews lymphocyte depletion curves 5.3



- 1 3.1 Gy

- 2 4.4 Gy

- 3 5.6 Gy

- 4 7.1 Gy

5.3 Classical Andrews lymphocyte depletion curves

From Goans, Ronald E., Holloway, Elizabeth C., Berger, Mary Ellen, and Ricks, Robert C. "Early Dose Assessment Following Severe Radiation Accidents," Health Physics 72(4): 1997

1.3) (Lymphocyte Depletion
Kinetics) 50% 24

5.11

: * 1.4 -3.5 x 109/

87

88

1.4) (Cytogenetics)


Dicentric Assay (
6 )
< 1.0 Gy, 1.0 3.5 Gy, 3.5 5.0 Gy, > 5.0
Gy

(1) 2

(2) 50% 12

(3) 3 Gy ()

(4) acute radiation syndrome
5.12
Dicentrics

2)

0.2 Gy
( Ozasa )
10%
(1) (2)
(CBC), (Creatinine), AST ALT,
(UA), (CXR), (EKG), (FBS),
(Lipid profile) 1

Multiple myeloma
(Solid organ cancer) 5-30



- Mammogram Ultrasound
40 49 2
Ultrasound 1 40


-

0.2 Gy
0.2 Gy
5.4.2

89

90

5.5

5.5.1




1)

2)

3)

4)

- 1

- 100

- 10

5)


-

-

-


6)

7)

8) 100
30

9) 1,000

10)



5.5.2




1) (Ionizing radiation)















1)

2)

-

3)
Complete Blood Count

91

92

2) (Non-ionizing radiation)

Incubator UV





1)

2) UV
IR

3)


4)

5.5.3


1

1)

2)

3)



4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

1. .
. : ; 2555.
2. . []. .
[ 5 .. 2557], : http://www.rmutphysics.com/physics/oldfront/65/
nuclear1/nss.html
3. .
2557
. 8-10 2557 ..
4. .
( ..2554).
; 2554. 11-14.
5. . .
2547: 44-48.
6. . .
; 2552.
7. .
, 2555
8. . .
2555.
9. . . 4. 2555.
10. . . . ; 2555.
11. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Radiation accidents [Internet]. [n.d.]. [cited 10 March 2014]. Available feom: http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/
radiation/accidents.htm.
12. Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM). PPE in Radiation Emergency
[Internet]. [n.d.]. [cited 2014 March 22] Available from: http://www.remm.nlm.gov/
radiation_ppe.htm#emergencie

93

94

13. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Practical Radiation Technical Manual:
Personal Protective Equipment [Internet]. 2004. [cited 2014 March 22] Available
from: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/PRTM-5_web.pdf
14. Department of Health, Australian Government. Radiation Dose Assessment [internet].
2012. [cited 2014 May 22]. Available from: http://http://www.health.gov.au/internet/
publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-radiological-toc~ohp-radiological-14-raddose
15. American Cancer Society. X-rays, Gamma Rays, and Cancer Risk [internet]. 2014.
[cited 2014 May 22]. Available from: http://http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/
documents/webcontent/acspc-038756-pdf.pdf
16. American Cancer Society. Cancer Compensation Programs for People Exposed to
Radiation as Part of Nuclear Weapons Testing [internet]. 2014. [cited 2014 May 22].
Available from: http://http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/OtherCarcinogens/IntheWorkplace/cancer-among-military-personnel-exposed-to-nuclear-weapons
17. Kotaro Ozasa, Yukiko Shimizu, Akihiko Suyama, Fumiyoshi Kasagi, Midori Soda, Eric J.
Grant, et al. Studies of the Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors, Report 14, 19502003:
An Overview of Cancer and Noncancer Diseases. Radiation Research 2012; 177:
229243.

100

1. 5
1 (Extremely dangerous)
1


()
1-5
6-10
11-20
21-50
50

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

, ,
, ,
, , ,

()
92
8
7
6
5
3
2
1

5
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

101

2 (Very dangerous)
3


()
1-50
51-100
101-200
201-500
500

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

()
1716
225
213
205
185
147
136
125
111
108
104
102
93
93
87
82
80
71
69
66

5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

102

3 (dangerous)
5


()
1-99
100-199
200-299
300-399
400

1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

()

530

153

139

120

117

88

51

44

43

34

24

15

13

9

7

6

4

3

2

1

5
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

103

4 (Unlikely to be dangerous)
7


()
1-99
100-199
200-299
300-399
400

1
2
3
4
5

()
1

5 (Not dangerous)

-

104

2. 5
1 (Extremely dangerous)
9


()
1-200
201-400
401-600
601-800
801

1
2
3
4
5

10

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

()
2963
2092
557
308
236
125
48
21
18
15
14
11
6
5
4
3
2

5
5
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

105

2 (Very dangerous)
11


()
1-200
201-400
401-600
601-800
801

1
2
3
4
5

12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

()
1586
434
38
35
32
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
4
1

5
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

106

3 (dangerous)
13


()
1-200
201-400
401-600
601-800
801

1
2
3
4
5

14

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

()
1766
270
118
69
47
29
24
22
19
15
13
12
11
8
6
5
4
2
1

5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

107

4 (Unlikely to be dangerous)
15


()
1-200
201-400
401-600
601-800
801

1
2
3
4
5

16

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

()
738
118
59
56
43
41
39
38
33
29
24
23
17
16
15
14
13
10
9
8

4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

108

5 (Not dangerous)
17


()
1-500
501-1,000
1,001-1,500
1,501-2,000
2,001

1
2
3
4
5

18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

()
2796
318
283
204
199
122
121
112
109
104
94
91
89
87
85
80
70
51
43
30

5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

109

3.
1. 192 (Ir-192)
19
()
1-200
201-400
401-600
601-800
801

1
2
3
4
5

20 192 (Ir-192)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

()
1350
494
32
27
16
15
13
12
11
10
9
8
1

5
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

110

2. -60 (Co-60)
21
()
1-200
201-400
401-600
601-800
801

1
2
3
4
5

22 -60 (Co-60)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

()
2961
1342
565
274
141
76
39
26
20
18
17
16
15
13
12
11
10
7
6
5

5
5
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

111

4.
23

()
/

2
-192 5
( 2552)
-60 ( 2543)

: . . ( 2556)

112

1.
24

113

2.

1) 4
25

<7
7-10
11-20
> 21

2)
26

1
3
3
3
1
6
10
5
1
12
1
2
10
4
6
4
2
4
9
11
7
1-12

- .

.

- .

- .

-
-

115

115 /








.
.

.
.
.

.

...

116

.
.
.

.

17

..

( )

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