CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
As stability of electricity in this modern world is one of the most
human basic want as it provides a comfortable living standard for
we humans and

due

to

the

epileptic power

supply

and

fluctuations in our country from the electricity power supply

popular (N.E.P.A) company, stabilizer system is been introduced
as an alternative power source to take over when power
fluctuation arises from (EEDC) to satisfy human want by stopping
fluctuations.
A voltage regulator is an electronics system which was designed
to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage
regulator may be a simple "feed- forward" design or may include
negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical
mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design,
it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
This is the design and implementation of an automatic voltage
stabilizer which is use to maintain a constant AC voltage level
when there is a rise and fall of an AC supplied mains voltage
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ranging from 110volts to 270volts AC with a power rating of

2000VA.

1 Background study
In the whole today electricity is paying an ever increasing role
in human life. More and more electrical and electric gadgets
such as refrigerators, washing machine, mixers, radio and
television

receiver,

audio

and

video

recorders/players,

computer and many others are now used in homes and offices.
All these devices are designed to give that best performance at
the correct line voltage for a single phase supply, the standard
line voltage value can result in degrade performance and
sometimes a total failure equipment.

Normally, it is the

responsibility of the electric supply company to maintain a

steady voltage at the consumer end. Unfortunately the
situation in many cities, towns and localities in Nigeria is as far
from it. What cause it is long transmission lines which have
considerable inductance and capacitance which have the
effect of varying the voltage on the lines as the current varies.
Thus the supply voltage varies with the load by dropping a

much had and arising at fewer loads. A variation of supply

voltage by + 5% will not harm most gadgets. And some can
even tolerated large most gadgets. Some can even tolerate
large variation up to 10% of the line voltage. However
variation larger than this way causes adverse effect ranging
from unsatisfactory performance to a total failure. These
situations have forced the user to look for devices that can
take care of the line voltage fluctuations and provide a steady
voltage to the appliances. This process of holding voltage
constant between selected parameters is called voltage
regulation. And use of circuit to hold an output within given
limits is called voltage stabilizer. One of such devices used for
voltage stabilizer. One of such device used for voltage
stabilization is an automatic voltage regulator (AVR).

Many problems in electronics system is caused as a result of

power instability which is as a result of mechanical problems from
the transmitting station, so for this reason home and industrial
based electronics devices surfer the consequence of power supply
which shortens the life hold for this devices to operate.
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Voltage stabilizer which is an electronic device was designed to

maintain and control these fluctuations from power supply and
give a constant output voltage to the load unit. This system
makes use of an electromechanical devices (relay) which was
used to create contact between the load voltage and the
autotransformer split voltage or level voltage during stabilization
process.
The microcontroller controls the switching of this relays when it
receives signals from the voltage comparators.
2 Statement of problem
Electronic machines or devices has encounter different fails
during operation due to power disturbance either instability or
power fast boot or no sign failure, so for this reason many
electronic protecting system where designed to avoid and protect
electrical devices from such incident.
Power electronics devices is one of the protective devices which is
found in many places for different purposes, this is due to its
applications which has delivered a lot of electronic devices form
damage.
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Voltage stabilizer being one of this devices helps to protect other

electronics plug to it from over voltage supply or under voltage
supply when in use; the carrying power which depends on the
design type helps to give enough power carrying ability to the
devices making it possible for it to carry different power units in
summation worth up to 2000va load.

3 Aim and objectives

The objective of this work is to:

Achieve a range of voltage variation within which utilized will function

satisfactorily.

Achieve a complete cut-off if the voltage variations reaches the

unsatisfactorily ranges.

Achieve some seconds delay to as to give protection against hazardous

switching on transient voltage which are present when power appear
suddenly after a long failure and also allow entities using compressed gas
pressure to attain equilibrium at instantaneous start and restart of the
regulator.

4 Scope of the project

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With the careful consideration of the normal variation of

voltage in Nigeria, the range of stabilization has been chosen
from 110 volt to 270 volt AC main supply. The range of output
from the stabilizer is 220 volts, since most utilities function
well at this range. The rating of the stabilizer shall be 2000VA.
And the useful power will be about 1600w at 0.8 power factor.
5 Project limitations
The problem to be solved to a range that of bringing the
voltage fluctuation to a range that will ensure the stable
performance of appliances.
The major problem we encountered is during the coiling of the
transformer, it was not easy at all. The most is that it is so
painful at the tip of hand.
6 Definition of important terms
a) Auto-transformer: An auto-transformer is used to obtain
different voltage taps for stepping down voltages. Various taps
are selected by means connected to electronic comparator
circuit. The relays switch with relays switch with respect to the
input voltage form the main supply.
b) Relay witch: This is an electromechanical device that is used
to switch compared or regulated voltage to the output.

c) Comparator circuit: This is the main circuit that control the

whole circuit, it compare the voltages that is produced by the
transformer, if the voltage is high, comparator cct will compare
it and reduce it to the normal voltage before it switch to the
output, and also if the voltage is low, it will compare it and
increase the voltage to the normal voltage the switch it to the
output.
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1.7 Project report organizations

The organization of the project report is well detailed and vast
in its coverage. It covers all the activities encountered during
the research work. The first chapter is the introductory
chapter, which covers the background, project objectives,
project justification, scope of the project, limitations and block
diagram overview of the states. Chapter two presents the
literature reviews. Chapter three covers the system analysis
and design in details. Chapter four presents the system
implementation which entails the component layout, the wiring
schedule, the wiring diagram and also the complete schematic
diagram and testing with integration of the project design.
Chapter five is the summary and conclusion which includes the
summary of achievements, problems encountered during
project design, recommendation and suggestion for further
improvement.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIWE
1 Origin of the project
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voltage fluctuation occur due to voltage drop resulting from current variation in
system in order to eliminate or reduce the damaging effect of this variation there is
need to devise a system capable of handling this problem so as to stop the
damaging effect on household appliances even industrial equipment.
This brought about need for this research work on the design and
construction of a 2KVA Automatic Voltage regulator with a digital display. In
various home and industries appliances malfunction when they are not connected
to a voltage regulator due to the poor supply we got from the public power supply
which is either over voltage or under voltage and if not protect could cause
equipment collapse.
The production of stabilizer or Automatic regulator has passed through many
forms of developmental changes form the manual type, motorized, servo, magnetic
up to the present day digital type. Just to improve on the sophistication in order to
meet the present day challenges on the performance.
The types of AVR that my work is all about is an auto transformer AVR with
micro-control circuit for a fast switching.
The first type of AVR that was developed was step of regulator and this was
invented from the Auto Booster conception in Britain by Torres Chad in the early
1930s. After the step type regulator tap changer. This type is achieved by a
combination of the transformer and the step types regulator. The load tap type is
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often used to provide both regulation and transformation from one voltage level to
another.
In 1969, the LM105 positive voltage regulator was introduced. It provides an
adjustable output voltage form 4.50 to 45V and between 12MA and 45A of load
current. Presently, there are numerous kinds of stabilizers (regulators) which are
used by various electric power consumers for various appliances still the
distribution level resulting in unacceptable low voltage or very high voltage which
is dangerous to the equipment in use. Therefore, it is risky to operate
electrical/electronic equipment in this part of the world without a voltage stabilizer.
2 Historical review
Classifications of Stabilizers
There are basically two classes of stabilizers, which are identities by the types of
output voltage that is produced (generated).
They are:

Alternating current stabilizer

Direct current DC stabilizer

In the alternating current voltage stabilizers, the input voltage may vary but
gives constant and stable alternating voltage at the output. In present day
society the AC stabilizer is mostly used by consumer of electric power.
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Some Classes of AC Voltage of Operation are:

1. Electronic regulator
2. The relay switched regular
3. The motor driven auto transformer
4. Ferro-resonant type
The direct current voltage regulator involves a stabilizer of a varying Dc
voltage at the input end. Presently, there are several classes of dc regulator at
different voltage rating. The Dc regulation is mostly used in the power supply unit
of most electronic related device or appliances.
Below is some DC regulator
i.

Zener diode regulator

ii.

Series voltage regulator

iii.

Specially integrated circuits i.e IC regulators

Types of Stabilizers
The Various type of stabilizer is:
1.

Manual voltage stabilizers

2.

Automatic voltage

3.

Servo controlled stabilizers

4.

Magnetic voltage stabilizers

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A. Manual Voltage Stabilizer

A simple, manually operated voltage stabilizer using a multi-tap auto
transformer and multi-position rotary is shown below. When the switch S1 is put in
position 1 or 2 the auto transformer works as a step-down transformer, in position 3
of S1, the line voltage is passed on directly to the output. In position, 4,5,6 and 7
the auto-transformer gets connected as a step-up transformer. The step-up ratio
increases as the knob of s1 turned clockwise for position 1 through 7. An AC voltmeter capable of reading 0 to 300v can be connected either to input or to output by
a goggle switch s2. To use the stabilizer put s2 in the meter reads the desire
voltage. This type of stabilized usually gives a 22v output with about 9% changes
in voltage.
B. Automatic Voltage Stabilizer
In general, the automatic voltage stabilize works the same way as the manual
one except that switching is done by electromagnetic relay. Fig 1.3 is a block
diagram showing the principle working of an automatic voltage stabilizer.
In additional to a taped transformer, automatic stabilizer have additional
electronic circuit to sense the change of input voltage by comparing then with a
fixed voltage and the energizes the appropriate relay to switch the auto
transformers tap. The number of tab on the auto transformer depends on the
number of relays used for switching.
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C. Servo Controlled Stabilizer

Servo controlled voltage stabilizers are used in application where
uninterrupted highly sable power supply is a requirement. This type of stabilizer
uses a variac driven by a servo motor for voltage control. A servo motor is a
small motor capable of rotating in either direction. Its direction of rotation is a
small motor capable of rotating in either torque, such motor very often come fitted
with a set of speed reduction gears. The blocks diagram in fig. 2.5 explains the
basic working of a servo controlled stabilizer. A variance with a tap is connected to
a back-boost transformer. The output voltage is continually monitored by
electronic circuit to see if it is correct and within limits. This is done by comparing
the sensor voltage with a reference voltage if there is a difference. The difference
in voltage is amplified by an amplifier circuit. The amplifier output turns the servo
motor in appropriate direction so as to correct the output can be varied within
certain limits (say 21v to 241V0 by varying the references voltage.
D.Magnetic Voltage Stabilizer
Magnetic voltage stabilizers are sold magnetic devices. They are designed to
give constant output voltage which is unaffected by changes in the input voltage or
changes in the load. This magnetic voltage stabilizer offers many distinct
advantages over other types of stabilizers.
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Constant AC input voltage is essential for effective operation of many

industrial types of electric devices. This type of stabilizer has found widespread
usage in large variety of non-critical application because they are comparatively
cheap, light in weigh and easy to maintain.
Magnetic stabilizer does not have any moving part and therefore provides
instantaneous correction to line voltage and load changes. Their main drawback is
that they produce wave form distortion while stabilizers sing relays and varies do
not produce any wave form. They are sensitive to instance, a unit designed is rich
in 3rd harmonic.
Harmonic content is at maximum when he input voltage is highest and there
for a typical magnetic stabilizer is given below:
Input voltage

180 to 250vac

Input frequency

50Hz only

Output voltage

220v + 1%

3 Comparison with the already existing on

In comparison with the already existing system, in my design I
included a system which will be able to protect the stabilizer
from overvoltage to avoid damaging the coils of the stabilizer.
2.4 How it works

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When the devices is powered it automatically monitors the

voltage levels through the voltage comparator then it will now
send signals to the microcontroller telling it that this are the
values which the microcontroller will take action to switch the
selected one and then enters delay for about 5sec which after
that it will now trigger on load relay giving out voltage from the
output terminal.
Then monitoring of the voltage still continues and regulation is
maintained till you off the stabilizer.

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