Ayurvedic Herbs:

Ashwagandha (Withania somniferum): Ashwagandha, which belongs to the pepper family, is found in
India and Africa. The roots of ashwagandha are used medicinally. The health applications for
ashwagandha in traditional Indian and Ayurvedic medicine are extensive. Of particular note is its use
against tumors, inflammation (including arthritis), and a wide range of infectious diseases. The shoots and
seeds are also used as food and to thicken milk in India. Traditional uses of ashwagandha among tribal
peoples in Africa include fevers and inflammatory conditions. Ashwagandha is frequently a constituent of
Ayurvedic formulas, including a relatively common one known as shilajit.
Boswellia (Salai guggal)(Boswellia serrata): Boswellia is a moderate to large branching tree found in the
dry hilly areas of India. When the tree trunk is tapped, a gummy oleoresin is exuded. A purified extract of
this resin is used in modern herbal preparations. In the ancient Ayurvedic medical texts of India, the
gummy exudate from boswellia is grouped with other gum resins and referred to collectively as guggals.
Historically, the guggals were recommended by Ayurvedic physicians for a variety of conditions, including
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhea, dysentery, pulmonary disease, and ringworm.
Coleus (Makandi)(Coleus forskohlii): This attractive, perennial member of the mint (Lamiaceae) family
originated in the lower elevations of India. It is now grown around the world as an ornamental plant. The
root is used medicinally. As recorded in ancient Sanskrit texts, coleus was used in Ayurvedic medicine to
treat heart and lung diseases, intestinal spasms, insomnia, and convulsions.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): Although originally from southeastern Europe and western
Asia, fenugreek grows today in many parts of the world, including India, northern Africa, and the United
States. The seeds of fenugreek are used medicinally. A wide range of uses were found for fenugreek in
ancient times. Medicinally it was used for the treatment of wounds, abscesses, arthritis, bronchitis, and
digestive problems. Traditional Chinese herbalists used it for kidney problems and conditions affecting the
male reproductive tract. Fenugreek was, and remains, a food and a spice commonly eaten in many parts
of the world.
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Ginger (Zingiber officinale): Ginger is a perennial plant that grows in India, China, Mexico, and several
other countries. The rhizome (underground stem) is used as both a spice and in herbal medicine. It is
used for abdominal bloating, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, and rheumatism. Ginger is commonly used in
the Ayurvedic and Tibb systems of medicine for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, such as
arthritis and rheumatism.
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): This plant grows in a widespread distribution in tropical, swampy areas,
including parts of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and South Africa. It also grows in Eastern
Europe. The roots and leaves are used medicinally. In Sri Lanka, it was purported to prolong life, as the
leaves are commonly eaten by elephants. Numerous skin diseases, ranging from poorly healing wounds
to leprosy, have been treated with gotu kola. Gotu kola also has a historical reputation for boosting mental
activity and for helping a variety of illnesses, such as high blood pressure, rheumatism, fever, and
nervous disorders. Some of its common applications in Ayurvedic medicine include heart disease, water
retention, hoarseness, bronchitis, and coughs in children, and as a poultice for many skin conditions.
Guggul (Gugulipid)(Commiphora mukul): The mukul myrrh tree is a small, thorny plant distributed

throughout India. Guggul and gum guggulu are the names given to a yellowish resin produced by the
stem of the plant. This resin has been used historically and is also the source of modern extracts of
guggul. The classical treatise on Ayurvedic medicine, Sushrita Samhita, describes the use of guggul for a
wide variety of conditions, including rheumatism and obesity. One of its primary indications was a
condition known as medoroga. This ancient diagnosis is similar to the modern description of
atherosclerosis. Standardized guggul extracts are approved in India for lowering elevated serum
cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Gymnema (Gurmarbooti, Gudmar)(Gymnema sylvestre): Gudmar is a woody climbing plant that grows in
the tropical forests of central and southern India. The leaves are used in herbal medicine preparations. G.
sylvestre is known as "periploca of the woods" in English and meshasringi (meaning rams horn) in
Sanskrit. The leaves, when chewed, interfere with the ability to taste sweetness, which explains the Hindi
name gurmardestroyer of sugar. Gymnema has been used in India for the treatment of type 1 and
type 2 diabetes for over 2,000 years. The leaves were also used for stomach ailments, constipation, water
retention, and liver disease.
Neem (margosa tree)(Azadirachta indica): The neem tree, a member of the Meliaceae family, appears to
have originated in India and Southeast Asia and been spread throughout drier lowland tropical and
subtropical regions of Africa, the Middle East, the Americas, Australia, and South Pacific islands. The
leaves, used as medicine, are generally available year-round as the tree is evergreen except during
severe droughts or if exposed to frost. Neem has a long history of use in the traditional medical systems
of India (Ayurvedic, Unani-Tibb). Neem leaf and bark extracts are most consistently recommended in
ancient medical texts and by herbal practitioners for gastrointestinal upsets, diarrhea and intestinal
infections, skin ulcers and infections, and malaria. Neem twigs are the most regularly used toothbrush for
a large portion of the population of India and other countries where the tree is common. The effectiveness
of many of these uses has been confirmed in modern research studies, showing, for example, that neem
bark extracts are effective for people with stomach ulcers, that leaf gel can effectively fight periodontal
disease, and that leaf extracts can combat scabies infections. The claimed contraceptive effects of neem
have been confirmed in some animal studies showing that seed extracts of neem are spermicidal.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa): The vast majority of turmeric comes from India. Turmeric is one of the key
ingredients in many curries, giving them color and flavor. The root and rhizome (underground stem) are
used medicinally. In Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric was prescribed for treatment of many conditions,
including poor vision, rheumatic pains, and coughs, and to increase milk production. Native peoples of the
Pacific sprinkled the dust on their shoulders during ceremonial dances and used it for numerous medical
problems ranging from constipation to skin diseases. Turmeric was used for numerous intestinal
infections and ailments in Southeast Asia.
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Common Herbs:
Aloe Vera (Aloe ferox, A. barbadensis): Internally, concentrate Aloe ferox resin is used as a strong
laxative. Externally, the clear gel from the A. barbadensis leaf, is used to treat burns, abrasions, skin
injuries, and in cosmetic products. A juice made from the gel is used as a drink by many consumers.
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceous): Used in traditional Chinese and East Indian medicine for its
immune-enhancing and tonic properties. Research has indicated its usefulness as a supportive tool for a
variety of chronic immune problems.

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus): A European version of blueberry. Bilberry extract is rich in purple/blue
pigments having numerous benefits for the eyes and cardiovascular system. In Europe, bilberry extract is
used as an antioxidant. Also used to help increase microcirculation by stimulating new capillary formation,
strengthening capillary walls and increasing overall health of the circulatory system.
Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana): The bark is used as a stimulant laxative, especially in cases of
chronic constipation. The name "sagrada" refers to "sacred bark"a name given to it by early Spanish
explorers in the Pacific Northwest. As an approved, safe and effective laxative, cascara and cascara
extracts are found in numerous over-the counter laxative preparations in the U.S.
Capsicum (Cayenne, hot pepper Capsicum species): Internally, cayenne acts as a circulatory stimulant,
induces preparation, and is used to stimulate digestion. Several over-the-counter products for external
use in arthritic and rheumatoid conditions contain capsaicin, the hot principle in the oil of capsicum, as the
active pain relieving ingredient. Topical capsaicin preparations are also used for the relief of pain
associated with herpes zoster ("shingles").
Chamomile (German - Matricaria recutita): Used internally, chamomile flowers are antispasmodic and
used to relieve digextive upset. A popular remedy for indigestion, flatulence, gastrointestinal spasms, and
inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Often used as a bedtime beverage, its mild sedative effects
have not been adequately scientifically proven. Externally, chamomile extracts are useful for inflammation
of skin and mucous membranes.
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon): Recent research suggests that cranberry helps to prevent urinary
tract infections caused by E. coli bacteria, particularly in people with a history of recurrent infections.
Cranberry is an excellent example of how common foods can have health benefits beyond their nutritional
qualities.
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Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale): The young leaves are widely used as salad greens and in tea as a
natural diuretic. The roots are a mild laxative and promote bile flow and liver function.
Dong Quai (also spelled Tang kwei or Danggui) (Angelica sinensis): One of the most widely used herbs
in traditional Chinese medicine, it is primarily used in herbal formulas as a "female tonic" to treat muscle
cramps and pain associated with difficult menstrual periods. Dong quai should not be used during
pregnancy.
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea and related species): Also called Purple Coneflower and native to the
U.S., this plant was the most widely used medicinal plant of the Central Plains Indians, being used for a
variety of conditions. The leaf and root are mildly antibacterial, antiviral, and used for wound healing.
German research has confirmed, in numerous clinical studies, the usefulness of Echinacea purpurea in
strengthening the body's immune system as well as prevention and natural treatment of colds and flu.
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng) (Eleutherococcus senticosus): This distant relative of true ginsengs grows
in Siberia, Manchuria, China and Northern Japan. It has been used by Russian cosmonauts and olympic
team members as a general tonic and to reduce physical and mental stress. In Germany, Siberian
Ginseng is approved as a tonic to invigorate and fortify the body during fatigue or weakness and to
increase work and concentration as well as an aid in patient rehabilitation.

Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis): Evening primrose oil (EPO) is a relatively recent entrant in the
herbal remedy world, having been marketed for only about 20 years. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as
gamma linolenic acid (GLA) found in EPO are vital components of cellular structure; a deficinecy of EFAs
may be responsible for a host of conditions and diseases, including cardiovascular ailments, menstrual
irregularities, arthritic inflammation and hyperactivity in children. The oil, usually available in capsule form,
and taken orally, has been demonstrated to be effective in the symptoms of PMS.
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium): Feverfew has analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. It has been used
as a folk medicine for menstrual cramps since Greco-Roman times. At least three published clinical
studies in England in the 1980s confirm the efficacy of feverfew leaves for prevention and moderation of
the severity of migraine headaches.
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Garlic (Allium sativum): Garlic mildly displays a host of benefits: it is antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral,
hypotensive (lowers high blood pressure), and lowers cholesterol and fat in the bloodstream. Garlic is
used in Europe as an approved remedy for cardiovascular conditions, especially high cholesterol and
triglyceride levels associated with risk of atherosclerosis. It is also generally regarded as a preventive
measure for colds, flu and other infectious diseases.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale): Ginger is another great example of how a plant can be used as a food, spice
or medicine. It has been used to treat nausea, motion sickness and vomiting. Ginger has a long history of
use for all types of digestive upset and can be helpful to increase appetite.
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba): Standardized extract of ginkgo leaf increases circulation and has shown
antioxidant activity. Hundreds of European studies have confirmed the use of standardized ginkgo leaf
extract for a wide variety of conditions associated with aging, including memory loss and poor-circulation.
Ginkgo extract is also used clinically in Europe for tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo, and cold
extremities.
Ginseng Asian (Panax ginseng): One of the world's most famous herbs. Ginseng is classed as an
"adaptogen," a relatively recent term coined by Russian researchers to describe ginseng's general tonic
properties. Adaptogens are herbs that increase the overall resistance to all types of stress. Other herbal
adaptogens include Astragalus, Siberian Ginseng and Schizandra. Asian Ginseng (Chinese and Korean)
is renowned for its ability to increase energy and endurance.
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis): Goldenseal root has a long history as a native American herb used
by Indians and early settlers for its antiseptic wound-healing properties. It is also used for its soothing
action on inflamed mucous membranes. A popular remedy for colds and flu.
Hawthorn (Cratagus oxyacantha): Hawthorn has a long reputation in both folk medicine and clinical
medicine as a heart tonic. In Europe, hawthorn berry preparations are widely used by physicians in heart
conditions, such as mild forms of angina. Hawthorn is safe to use for extended periods of time, according
to European studies.
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. uralensis): Licorice is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in
the world, commonly used in European, Arabian and Asian traditional medicine systems. It is soothing to
inflamed mucous membranes; often recommended in treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and cough

and asthma rememdies. Licorice extract displays a stimulating action on adrenal glands and is thus useful
in fatigue due to adrenal exhaustion. Licorice and its extracts are safe for normal use in moderate
amounts. However, long-term use or ingestion of excessive amounts can produce headache, lethargy,
sodium and water retention, excessive loss of potassium, and high blood pressure.
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum): Milk Thistle has a long history of use in European folk medicine as a
liver tonic. Silymarin from milk thistle has shown a protective effect against many types of chemical toxins,
as well as alcohol. An extract of milk thistle is used to improve liver function, protect against liver damage
and enhance regeneration of damaged liver cells. clinical studies have confirmed the usefulness of
standardized milk thistle extracts in cases of cirrhosis, toxic liver and other chronic liver conditions.
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Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata): Contrary to the implications of its name, passion flower is not a
stimulant, nor does it incite passion; instead, it has mild sedative and calmative properties. Taken
internally, passion flower is usually combined with other sedative herbs for various types of nervous
conditions, including insomnia and related disorders.
Peppermint (Mentha piperita): Internally, peppermint has an antispasmodic action, with a calming effect
on the stomach and intestinal tract. As a tea, extract, or in a capsule, peppermint is useful for indigestion,
cramp-like discomfort of the upper gastrointestinal and bile duct, irritable bowel syndrome and
inflammation or irritation of the gums.
Psyllium (Plantago ovata and P. Major): Psyllium is a major source of fiber. The primary use of psyllium
seed and/or psyllium seed husks is as a bulk laxative, especially for cases of chronic constipation. The
tiny seeds contain a coating of gelatinous material, which swells upon contact with moisture. This
increases the movement (motility) within the colon thus producing a bowel movement. Psyllium husk is an
approved over-the-counter laxative.
Saw Palmetto (Sabal) (Serenoa repens; Sabal serrulata): Saw palmetto extract is a popular remedy for
enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophyBPH), a condition common in men over 50 years of
age. This should be used only after proper diagnosis by a physician. Clinical studies indicate that the
extract can increase urine flow and reduce frequency of nighttime urination.
Senna (Cassia senna): Both senna leaves and pods (fruits) were used in ancient Arab medine as safe
and effective laxatives. Today, senna is recognized as one of the most popular and reliable stimulant
laxatives. Use of senna is generally regarded as safe. However, as with all stimulant laxatives, long-term
dependence may develop. Short-term use only is recommended.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis): Valerian is an effective and reliable sedative and sleep aid. It is effective in
conditions of anxiety, insomnia and nervous irritability. Unlike prescription or OTC sleep and anxiety
medication, it is not habit-forming, nor does it produce a hang-over-like side effect.
Vitex (Chaste Tree) (Vitex agnus-castus): The small fruits of this Mediterranean tree have been used for
menstrual disorders by women since Greco-Roman times. Extract of vitex is a plant preparation which
adjusts the monthly menstruation cycle on a natural basis and causes premenstrual discomforts to
subside or completely disappear. An extract of vitex is approved in Germany for menstrual disorders,
PMS and painful breasts.

Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana): The astringency of the leaves and bark makes witch hazel a popular
ingredient for various skin conditions as well as for bruises and varicose veins. It is approved for use in
hemorrhoid products.
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Conditions Which May be Treatable with Herbs:
The following is a list of conditions and/or diseases that often can be prevented or treated by the actions
of herbs. Frequently, herbs are used in combination within various formulas. We do not list the formulas,
but include names of major herbs that provide benefits for the conditions noted. Also, some of the herbs
listed below are not explained above.
Alcohol Abuse: Milk Thistle (Silymarin), Kudzu
Anxiety: Valerian, Passion Flower
Arthritis: Devil's Claw, Boswellia, Evening Primrose Oil
Blood Pressure: Garlic, Hawthorn
Cholesterol (High): Garlic, Gugulipid
Circulation (Poor): Ginkgo biloba, Garlic, Cayenne, Hawthorn
Colds/Flu: Echinacea, Astragalus, Garlic, Goldenseal Root
Constipation: Aloe, Cascara sagrada, Senna, Psyllium
Coughs: Licorice, Wild Cherry Bark, Thyme
Depression (Mild): St. John's Wort, Valerian
Detoxification: Milk Thistle (Silymarin)
Digestion (Poor): Chamomile, Peppermint, Ginger
Fatigue: Panax Ginseng, Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Hemorrhoids: Horse Chestnut, Witch Hazel (topical)
Insomnia: Valerian, Passion Flower, Hops, Lemon Balm
Liver Dysfunction: Milk Thistle (Silymarin)
Memory Loss: Ginkgo biloba
Migraine Headache: Feverfew

Menstrual Irregularities/PMS: Dong Quai, Vitex agnus-castus, Evening Primrose Oil

Nausea: Ginger, Chamomile, Peppermint
Prostate Enlargement (Benign): Saw Palmetto, Pygeum africanum, Stinging Nettle Root
Skin Conditions: Calendula, Chamomile (topical), Tea Tree Oil (topical)
Stress/Tension: Valerian, Passion Flower, Kava Kava, Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Ulcers: Licorice, Aloe juice
Urinary Tract Problems: Cranberry, Uva Ursi
Varicose Veins: Horse Chestnut, Bilbery, Witch Hazel (topical)
Water Retention: Uva Ursi, Dandelion Leaf