Training Report

1. 1. 2013 Training Report onMejia Thermal Power Station Pintu Khan Asansol Engineering
College 1/22/2013
2. 2. Copyright NoticeCopyright 2012 by AECAll rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, distributed, ortransmitted in any form or by any means,
including photocopying, recording, or otherelectronic or mechanical methods, without the
prior written permission of thepublisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied
in critical reviews and certainother non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law. Page
|1
3. 3. PrefaceThis Project Report has been prepared in fulfilment of Industrial Training to be
carriedout in third year of our four year B.TECH course. For preparing the Project Report,
wehave visited Mejia Thermal Power Station under Damodar Valley Corporation
duringthe suggested duration for the period of 21 days, to avail the necessary
information.The blend of learning and knowledge acquired during our practical studies at
thecompany is presented in this Project Report.The rationale behind visiting the power
plant and preparing the Project Report is tostudy the mechanical overview, electrical
overview, various cycles and processes (viz.Steam Generation, Turbo Generation and
Balance of Plant) of power generation anddetails of control and instrumentation required
in thermal power plant.We have carried out this training under well experienced and
highly qualified engineersof MTPS, DVC of various departments viz. Mechanical,
Electrical, Chemical and Control& Instrumentation depts. We have taken the opportunity
to explore the ElectricalDepartment, its use, necessity in power plant and maintenance of
various instrumentsused for monitoring and controlling the numerous processes of power
generation. Wehave tried our best to cover all the aspects of the power plant and their
brief detailing inthis project report.All the above mentioned topics will be presented in the
following pages of this report.The main aim to carry out this training is to familiarize
ourselves with the real industrialscenario, so that we can relate with our engineering
studies. Page | 2
4. 4. AcknowledgementI take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep
regards to Mr. P.K.Dubey for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragementthroughout the course of this thesis. The blessing, help and guidance
given by him timeto time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am
about to embark.I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Mejia
ThermalPower Station, DVC, for their cordial support, valuable information and guidance,
whichhelped me in completing this task through various stages.I am also thankful to the
Director (HRD), the Chief Engineer and Project Head, Mr. G.Nandesu (Asstt. Manager
HR) for providing me opportunity to carry out my vocationaltraining in MTPS. I am obliged
to staff members of Mejia Thermal Power Station, DVC for the valuableinformation
provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for theircooperation during the
period of my assignment.Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother, sisters and friends
for their constantencouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.
Signature of the Trainee Page | 3
5. 5. Table of Contents Page No. Introduction 5 Damodar Valley Corporation 5 Basic
needs and overview of a power plant 7 Mejia Thermal power station 9 MTPS Unit

Overview 11 Coal Handling Plant 12 Coal Mill 15 Furnace and Boiler 17 Steam
Turbine 20 Introduction to Water Treatment 23 Pre Treatment of Water 24 DM Plant
Treatment 25 Waste Water Treatment 26 Steam/Water Circuit of MTPS 27
Components of Steam/Water Cycle 29 Cooling Towers 32 Air and Flue Gas Path 33
Electrostatic Precipitators 35 Ash Handling Plant 40 Electrical System Overview 43
Generator 43 Excitation System 44 Transformers 45 Control and Instrumentation 50
Automatic Voltage Regulator 53 AC and DC Power Flow in MTPS 55 Switchyard 56
Frequency Control 60 Voltage Control 61 National Grid 62 Central Load Dispatch
63 DVC: Transmission and Distribution Network 65 Conclusion 67 Bibliography 68
Page | 4
6. 6. INTRODUCTION Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power
from sources ofenergy. Electricity is most often generated at a power station
byelectromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fuelled bychemical
combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kineticenergy of
flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that can be andare used to
generate electricity such as solar photovoltaic and geothermal power. In Indian
subcontinent the abundance of coal leads to establishment of thermalpower stations and
governing bodies namely DVC, NTPC, TATA power acts as pioneersin the generation of
electricity.Damodar Valley Corporation Damodar Valley Corporation was established on
7th July 1947.It is themost reputed company in the eastern zone of India. DVC is
established on theDamodar River.Vision: To foster integrated development of Damodar
Valley Command Area and achievepar excellence in its multifaceted activities of control of
floods, provision of irrigation,generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy
and also soil conservation,unified tourism, fisheries, socio-economic & health
development of villages within aradius of 10 KM of its projects. To establish DVC as one
of the largest power majors of Eastern India whiledischarging the responsibilities of its
other projects adequately. In order to achieve this goal against the backdrop of the
competitive marketscenario in the power sector, the objective of the Corporation has
been redefined.Generation: Entrusted with the responsibilities of providing the vital input
power for industrialgrowth in the resource rich Damodar Valley region, DVC has been
practically operatingas a pioneer, using latest available technologies to supply bulk power
at reasonablerates to the major industries. DVC has maintained its lead role in the
eastern region by adopting itself to thechallenges of time and technology during the
course of last 64 years. DVC has beengenerating and transmitting power since 1953 and
has succeeded not only in meetingthe needs of consumers but has also helped to
increase the demand of power whichitself is an index of development. Therefore, DVC, a
legacy to the people of India, emerged as a culmination ofattempts made over a whole
century to control the wild and erratic Damodar river. The Page | 5
7. 7. river spans over an area of 25,000 km2 covering the states of Bihar (now Jharkhand)
&West Bengal.Infrastructure: With the time DVC developed and expanded its
infrastructure, seven thermalpower stations with a capacity of 8910MW, three
hydroelectric power stations with acapacity of 147 MW. Presently DVC has more than 60
substations and receiving stationsmore than 5500-circuit km of transmission and
distribution lines.DVC has also fourdams, a barrage and a network of canals that play
effective role in water management.The construction of check dams, development of
forests and farms and upland andwasteland treatment developed by DVC play a vital role

in eco conservation.Thermal Power Stations: Sr.No. Plant State Installed Capacity in MW

1 Bokaro Thermal Power Station B Jharkhand 630 2 Chandrapura Jharkhand 1140 3
Durgapur Thermal Power Station West Bengal 350 4 Mejia Thermal Power Station West
Bengal 2340 5 Koderma Stage-1 Jharkhand 1000 6 Durgapur Steel Thermal Power West
Bengal 1000 Station 7 Raghunathpur phase-1 Thermal West Bengal 1200 Power Station
Total : 8,910Hydel Power Station: Sl. No. Plant State Installed Capacity in MW 1 Maithon
Dam Jharkhand 63.2 2 Panchet Dam Jharkhand 80 Total : 147.2Joint Venture Stations:
Sl. No. Sl. No. State Installed Capacity in MW 1 Bokaro Power Supply Corporation
Jharkhand 302 Limited(BPSCL) 2 Maithon Power Limited Jharkhand 1050 Total: 1352
Page | 6
8. 8. Basic Needs and Overview of a Thermal Power Pl antThe idea that STEAM has
potential energy and can be converted into kinetic energy wasgiven by famous scientist,
Sir. James Watt. This idea became the governing principal ofmany mechanical processes
and finally led to the success of Thermal Power Energy. Theneed of establishing a
Thermal Power Plant came to engineers by the realization of thefact that Hydel Power
could be utilized only for certain period of time in a year. Thissection will give the basic
requirements for Thermal Power Plant. SITE REQUIREMENT: - The basic requirements
of thermal power plant is determined by the type, size and other specifications of the
plant. It is required to know the immediate capacity of the power plant after construction
and the extension of capacity in the future, to determine the area required for construction
of the plant. The basic things that are taken into consideration are <1>Station Building
<2> Coal Store <3>Cooling Towers <4>Switch yard compound <5>Surrounding areas
and approaching. GEOLOGY: - The geology of the site should be cost effective and the
subsoil must be able to with stand huge load of foundation. WATER REQUIREMENT: Water is required in power plant for two basic needs, first is for steam generation and
second is for cooling purpose. Thermal Power Plant requires huge volume of water,
nearly of about 3 to 4 Tons/hr/MW only for steam generation. So site of plant must also
have reliable and huge water sources located near to it. COAL: - Coal is the prime
requirement of any thermal power plant, it is the main source of fuel as it is most
economic and residue of coal after combustion is also used by many industries like
cement industries, so the plant must have reliable sources of coal and regular supply in
huge amount like 20,000 Tons per week. TRANSPORT: - It is one of the another vital
factor of the plant as huge burden lies on transportation in daily basis because of huge
need of coal, furnace oil, hydrochloric acid and other chemical products along with
mechanical products. DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENTS: - Due to heavy rate of coal
combustion residual volume is also high. The main residual product is ash. The plant
must have facilities like ash pond to dispose them safely without harming the
environment. TRANSMISSION: -The plant area must have route available for
transmission over head cables to the nearest grid lines or load points which will be
capable of accepting the generated power output of the power station. CLIMATIC
CONDITION : - The tropical climate is best for erection of thermal power plant, because
areas having high humidity and fluctuating temperature lead to dew point and
condensation which as a result damages the electrical machines and corrodes the
insulation and over head cables. Page | 7
9. 9. PROXIMITY OF AIRFIELDS:- The airfields must be studied properly to avoid
mishaps as the chimney height ranges from 500 to 600 fts and boiler housing is of 200 fts

in general. PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS: - To run a plant smoothly requirement of

skilled and unskilled personnel is very important. So recruitment of workers and skilled
personnel should be made carefully and in adequate amount. AMENITIES: -Some
considerations like availability of hospital, educational institutes and other facilities must
be taken into account. Page | 8
10. 10. Mejia Thermal Power StationMejia Thermal Power Station also known as MTPS is
located in theoutskirts of Raniganj in Bankura District. It is one of the 5 ThermalPower
Stations of Damodar Valley Corporation in the state ofWest Bengal. The total power plant
campus area is surrounded byboundary walls and is basically divided into two major
parts,first the Power Plant area itself and the second is the Colony areafor the residence
and other facilities for MTPS employees.Technical Specification of MTPS long with
SpecialitiesInstalled capacities:1) Total number of Units: - 4*210 MW with Static
Generators 2*250 MW with Brush less Type Generators 2*500 MW with Brush less Type
Generators2) Total Energy Generation: -2340 MW3) Source of Water: - Damodar River4)
Sources of Coal: -B.C.C.L and E.C.L, also imported from Indonesia5) Required Water
Consumption: -6) Approximate coal requirement: - 73, 00,000Tons/annum at 75% PLF
(Plant Load Factor)7) Ash Deposited per annum: - 1.30 million Tons
/annumSPECIALITIES OF MEJIA THERMAL POWER PLANT: The plant is designed
and engineered by both Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) and Damodar Valley
Corporation. Pipelines of 17km long and 1473mm in diameter spiral welded MS pipes
laid to transport river water from upstream of Durgapur barrage by pump sets of 500KV
pump motor set. Rail cum Road Bridge across Damodar River near Raniganj Station.
2KM Merry Go Round Railway System. 20mtr high RCC multiple flue stack. Direct
ignition of pulverized coal introduced for reduction in consumption of fuel oil. Ball and
Tube type Mills for more mill rejects and less maintenance cost. Boiler of 200ft height
and four corner firing system for better combustion. Page | 9
11. 11. All major and hazardous systems like Steam Generation and Turbo Generation
section are incorporated with FSSS (Furnace Safety Supervisory System) for better
safety. Other logic systems like EAST and ATRS are also incorporated. Water
treatment Plants along with two artificial water reservoirs and Two Demineralization
Plants loaded with PLC system. Chimney height up to 600fts for less pollution. The
plant is loaded with latest technology sensor, transducers and transmitters for more
accurate analyzing of various processes. All the units are loaded with intelligent smart
microprocessor based systems known to be DCS systems provided by KELTRON,
SIEMENS and MAX-DNA for process control. Station Service Transformers of 6.6KV
step-down type are also available for better distribution of power inside the plant for
various requirements. Switchyard with individual step-up generator transformers of
ONAN/ANOF/AFOF cooling Transformers of 220KV for supply to national grid, along with
other safety instruments. Details of MTPS Generating UnitsGen. Name of Original
Present Year of Special FeaturesUnit Manufacturers capacity capacity commissioning
Boiler TG (MW) (MW) 1 BHEL BHEL 210 210 March , 1996 DIPC Boilers with zero 2
BHEL BHEL 210 210 March, 1998 reject tube mills. 3 BHEL BHEL 210 210 September,
1999 4 BHEL BHEL 210 210 February, 2005 5 BHEL BHEL 250 250 February, 2008 6
BHEL BHEL 250 250 2009 7 BHEL BHEL 500 500 2010 8 BHEL BHEL 500 500 2010
Page | 10
12. 12. TPS Unit Overview Page | 11

13. 13. Coal Handling PlantCoal: The Black DiamondCoal is the basic and the oldest raw
material used on large scale throughout the world.Throughout history, coal has been a
useful resource. It is primarily burned for theproduction of electricity and/or heat, and is
also used for industrial purposes, such asrefining metals. A fossil fuel, coal forms when
dead plant matter is converted into peat,which in turn is converted into lignite, then subbituminous coal, after that bituminouscoal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological
and geological processes that takeplace over a long period.Coal Handling PlantIn a coal
based thermal power plant, the initial process in the power generation is CoalHandling.
Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground byshaft mining, or
at ground level by open pit mining extraction. The huge amount of coalis usually supplied
through railways. A railway siding line is taken into the power stationand the coal is
delivered in the storage yard. The coal is unloaded from the point ofdelivery by means of
wagon tippler. It is rack and pinion type. The coal is taken from theunloading site to dead
storage by belt conveyors. The belt delivers the coal to 0m levelto the pent house and
further moves to transfer point 8.The transfer points are used to transfer coal tothe next
belt. The belt elevates the coal tobreaker house. It consists of a rotary machine,which
rotates the coal and separates the lightdust from it through the action of gravity
andtransfer this dust to reject bin house throughbelt.The belt further elevates the coal to
the transferpoint 7 and it reaches the crusher through belt.In the crusher a high-speed 3phase inductionmotor is used to crush the coal to a size of 50mmso as to be suitable for
milling system. Coal risesfrom crusher house and reaches the deadstorage by passing
through transfer point 8. Stages in Coal Handling plant Page | 12
14. 14. Ultimate Analysis of CoalCarbon : 49.63%Hydrogen : 3.66%Sulphur :
0.47%Nitrogen : 0.91%Oxygen : 6.4%Moisture : 5.0%Ash : 34.0%Total : 100%Operation
of a Coal Handling Plant The purpose of the Coal handling plant in a thermal power
plant is to process raw coal & insure against their regular supply of coal which is
dependent on many players in the supply chain. The function of a CHP is to receive
process, store, and feed the Coal bunkers consistently over the entire life of the Power
plant. Coal is received from mines in the form of lumps, the sizes varying from 100mm
to 350mm, in two types of wagons through Rail; BOBR meaning Bogie Open Bottom
Rapid discharge & BOXN meaning Bogie Open High Sided Side discharge Wagon
BOBR wagons are unloaded in Track Hoppers & BOXN Wagons are unloaded by Wagon
tipplers. Coal is then supplied to the crusher house through Roller screens or Vibrating
feeders to sieve the coal before feeding to the crusher; 20% of the coal that is received is
already <20mm size so this is separated & only larger lumps are fed to the Crusher. The
crusher breaks the lumps to sizes <20mm which is the input size to the coal Pulverisers.
The crushed coal is fed to the conveyors in the crusher house through Belt feeders; Coal
is either directly fed to the coal bunkers or to the Stacker/Reclaimers for stocking when
the bunkers are full. The stacking is done to insulate the plant against the erratic supply
of coal; CERC allows stocking of1months stock of coal for Pithead plants. In case of
non-receipt of wagons the coal from the stockpile is reclaimed through the
Stacker/Reclaimers & fed to the coal Bunkers. Page | 13
15. 15. To increase redundancy certain Plants also have Emergency reclaim Hoppers near
the Crushed coal Stock pile where the dozers are used to feed coal to the bunkers when
the Reclaimers breakdown. Coal is conveyed by means of conveyor Belts in the coal
handling plant.Components of a Coal Handling Plant1. Stockpile: Stockpiles provide

surge capacity to various parts of the CHP. Coal is delivered with large variations in
production rate of tonnes per hour (tph). A stockpile is used to allow the washplant to be
fed coal at lower, constant rate. A simple stockpile is formed by machinery dumping coal
into a pile, either from dump trucks, pushed into heaps with bulldozers or from conveyor
booms. Taller and wider stockpiles reduce the land area required to store a set tonnage
of coal. Larger coal stockpiles have a reduced rate of heat loss, leading to a higher risk of
spontaneous combustion.2. Stack: Travelling, luffing boom stackers that straddle a feed
conveyor are commonly used to create coal stockpiles.3. Reclaimer: High-capacity
stockpiles are commonly reclaimed using bucket-wheel reclaimers. These can achieve
very high rates. Tunnel conveyors can be fed by a continuous slot hopper or bunker
beneath the stockpile to reclaim material. Front-end loaders and bulldozers can be used
to push the coal into feeders. Sometimes front-end loaders are the only means of
reclaiming coal from the stockpile. This has a low up-front capital cost, but much higher
operating costs, measured in dollars per tonne handled. Reclaimer pouring coal into
stack4. Crush House: After hand picking foreign material, coal is transported to the Crush
house by conveyor belts where it is crushed to small pieces of about 20 mm diameter.
The crushed coal is then transported to the store yard. Coal is transported to bowl mills
by coal feeders.5. Tipplers: Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded in the coal handling
plant. This unloading is done by the Tipplers. This coal is transported up to the raw coal
bunkers with the help of conveyor belts. Crusher Page | 14
16. 16. 6. Pull chord switch: A series of such switches are arranged in series at a 1m
distance on the side of conveyor belt. The power supply to rotor of the conveyor belt is
established only if all switches in series are connected.7. Vibrating feeder: The coal
stored in a huge hub is collected on the belt through vibrations created by the vibrating
feeder.8. Flap gates: These are used to channelize the route of coal through another belt
in case the former is broken or unhealthy. The flap gates open let the coal pass and if
closed stop its movement.9. Magnetic separator: These are used to separate the ferrous
impurities from the coal.10. Metal detector: This are detect the presence of any ferrous
and non-ferrous metal in the coal and sends a signal to a relay which closes to seize the
movement of belt until the metal is removed. It basically consists of a transmitter and a
receiver. The transmitter consists of a high frequency oscillator, which produces
oscillations of 1500 Hz at 15V. The receiver receives this frequency signal. If there is any
presence of metal in the coal then this frequency is disturbed and a tripping signal is send
to relay to stop the conveyor belt.11. Belt weightier: It is used to keep an account of the
tension on the belt carrying coal and is moves accordingly to release tension on the
belt.12. Reclaim hopper: Reclaimation is a process of taking coal from the dead storage
for preparation or further feeding to reclaim hoppers. This is accomplished by belt
conveyors.Coal MillA pulveriser or grinder is a mechanical device for the grinding of many
different types ofmaterials. For example, they are used to pulverize coal for combustion in
the steam-generating furnaces of thermal power plants.The MILL consists of FEEDER,
MILL forpulverization of coal (BALL & TUBE TYPE MILL) andCLASSIFIER. The stacked
coal in the bunker isdropped to the feeder automatically; the feeder ishoused with a
conveyor belt system with motorsand pulleys. The feeder actually governs theamount of
coal to be transferred to the ball & tubemill for pulverizing. The flow of coal is
maintainedby the speed/rpm of the conveyor belt of the Page | 15

17. 17. feeder. The coal from the bunker drops to the feeder s conveyor belt at a constantrate
determined by the bunker level, in this condition higher the rpm of the conveyorbelt
greater will be the rate of volume of the coal transferred to the mill. In the sameway if the
rpm is lower then lesser will be the volume of coal transferred to the mill.Thus the coal
from the feeder is transported to the mill where the pulverization takesplace. Here the ball
& tube method is utilized for pulverizing of coal to 20microndiameter size. This type of mill
consists ofarrangement of iron alloy balls inside a MTPS Unit 3: Coal Milltube like
structure that is rotated by its Specificationauxiliaries. The coal is fed to the tube atits two
ends where it is crushed to the Ball Tube Mill: (3Nos.-CM # 2AB, 3AB, 3EF) Type:
BBD4760above mentioned size, these pulverized Capacity: 77 Tonne/Hourcoal is taken
back from the mill to the Power Rating: 2.25MWclassifier. In case of ball and tube type
Primary Air Fan: (3Nos.-PA FAN # 2AB,mills, there are 3 mill units; out of which 2 3AB,
3EF)must be running and 1 for standby while Type: NDV20H 3the unit is running on load.
The classifier Capacity: 65.9 m /sec Total Head Developed: 806 mmWCconsists of
strainers; the primary air brings Power Rating: 850KWthe coal from the mill to the
classifierwhere the pulverized coal is passedthrough strainers. The strainers allow 80%
(approx.) of the coal to pass from 200 mesh and rest is fed back to the mill for
furtherpulverization. Here the primary air is utilized to maintain the temperature of the
coal upto 80 C-90 C for better combustion. The classifier has 4 outlets and each ball
andtube type mills have 6 such classifier (2for each mill unit). The coal from each outlets
ofa classifier goes to each of the 4 corners of the furnace; therefore coal from eachoutlets
of all the 6 classifier goes to all the 24 elevations (A-B-C-D-E-F of each corner) offurnace
in all. All transport of coal from mill to the furnace is done by the primary airproduced by
PA fans. Page | 16
18. 18. Furnace and Boiler What is Boiler?A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or
other fluid is heated. The heated orvaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various
processes or heatingapplications, including boiler-based power generation, cooking, and
sanitation.Here in MTPS, the boiler is a rectangular furnace about 50 feet (15 m) on a
side and 130feet (40 m) tall. Its walls are made of a web of high pressure steel tubes
about 2.3inches (58 mm) in diameter.Types of Boiler:Fire Tube Boiler:In fire tube boiler,
hot gases pass through the tubesand boiler feed water in the shell side is convertedinto
steam. Fire tube boilers are generally used forrelatively small steam capacities and low to
mediumsteam pressures. As a guideline, fire tube boilers arecompetitive for steam rates
up to 12,000 kg/hourand pressures up to 18 kg/cm2. Fire tube boilers are Fire tube
Boileravailable for operation with oil, gas or solid fuels. Foreconomic reasons, most fire
tube boilers are nowadays of packaged construction (i.e.manufacturers shop erected)
for all fuels.Water Tube Boiler:In water tube boiler, boiler feed water flows through
thetubes and enters the boiler drum. The circulated water isheated by the combustion
gases and converted into steam atthe vapour space in the drum. These boilers are
selectedwhen the steam demand as well as steam pressurerequirements are high as in
the case of process cum powerboiler / power boilers.Most modern water boiler tube
designs are within thecapacity range 4,500 120,000 kg/hour of steam, at very
highpressures. Many water tube boilers nowadays are ofpackaged construction if oil
and /or gas are to be used asfuel. Solid fuel fired water tube designs are available
butpackaged designs are less common. Water tube BoilerThe features of water tube
boilers are: Page | 17

19. 19. Forced, induced and balanced draft provisions help to improve combustion
efficiency. Less tolerance for water quality calls for water treatment plant. Higher
thermal efficiency shifts are possibleNote: In MTPS Water tube Boilers are
incorporated.Furnace:A furnace is a device used for heating. The name derivesfrom Latin
fornax, oven.The boiler furnace auxiliary equipment includes coal feednozzles and igniter
guns, soot blowers, water lancing andobservation ports (in the furnace walls) for
observation ofthe furnace interior. Furnace explosions due to anyaccumulation of
combustible gases after a trip-out are avoided by flushing out suchgases from the
combustion zone before igniting the coal.The coal is ground (pulverized) to a fine powder,
so that less than 2% is +300 micrometer (m) and 70-75% is below 75 microns, for a
bituminous coal. It should be notedthat too fine a powder is wasteful of grinding mill
power. On the other hand, too coarsea powder does not burn completely in the
combustion chamber and results in higherun-burnt losses.The pulverized coal is blown
with part of the combustion air into the boiler plantthrough a series of burner nozzles.
Secondary and tertiary air may also be added.Combustion takes place at temperatures
from 1300-1700C, depending largely on coalgrade. Particle residence time in the boiler
is typically 2 to 5 seconds, and the particlesmust be small enough for complete
combustion to have taken place during this time.This system has many advantages such
as ability to fire varying quality of coal, quickresponses to changes in load, use of high
pre-heat air temperatures etc.One of the most popular systems for firing pulverized coal
is the tangential firing usingfour burners corner to corner to create a fireball at the center
of the furnace.Boiler Operation:The water enters the boiler through a section in the
convection pass calledthe economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam
drum. Once the waterenters the steam drum it goes down to the downside the steam
drum. The steamseparators and dryers remove water droplets from the steam and the
cycle through thewater walls is repeated. This process is known as natural
circulation.Pulverized coal is air-blown into the furnace from fuel nozzles at the four
corners and itrapidly burns, forming a large fireball at the center. The thermal radiation of
the fireballheats the water that circulates through the boiler tubes near the boiler
perimeter. The Page | 18
20. 20. water circulation rate in the boiler is three to four times the throughput and is
typicallydriven by pumps. As the water in the boiler circulates it absorbs heat and
changes intosteam at 700 F (370 C) and 3,200 psi (22,000 kPa). It is separated from
the waterinside a drum at the top of the furnace. The saturated steam is introducedinto
superheat pendant tubes that hang in the hottest part of the combustion gases asthey
exit the furnace. Here the steam is superheated to 1,000 F (540 C) to prepare itfor the
turbine.Boiler is the main section where the steam is produced by coal combustion.
Boilerconsists of boiler drum, water walls, wind box, heaters. The boilerhas 13 elevations
named as AA-A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DE-E-EF-F-FF. Coalis inserted into the boiler from AB-C-D-E-F elevations. BC is used forinsertion of Heavy Oil and Light Oil after atomization
with steam andair respectively. DF is used for insertion of oil i.e. only heavy oil. Boththe
elevations have Oil Gun mounted for insertion of oil in properratio into the boiler. Liquid
fuel (viz. Heavy Oil and Light Oil) is usedfor initial light up process. Other elevations are
used to insertsecondary air from wind box. The furnace is divided into twosections
named as first pass and second pass separated by GooseNeck. The combustion takes
place in the first pass and the heating ofsteam through super heaters takes place inthe

second pass.Boiler Drum: -Boiler Drum is the part of boiler where thedematerialized
water is stored and isinserted into the boiler. It is also houses thesteam that is formed in
the boiler. Waterstored in the drum comes down to the topof the boiler and forms a Water
Ring whichis then inserted into the boiler through thewater walls. Water Walls are
basically tubesalong the walls of the furnace, it is herewhere the water is converted into
steam at1300C and then the produced steam is takenback to the boiler drum. The drum
has a propeller that rotates at high speed and makesthe steam and water separated due
to centrifugal force. The pressure of boiler drum is150kg/sq.cm and must be always
maintained. Water in the drum comes from feedcontrol station via economizer. Page | 19
21. 21. Steam Turbine Mechanical Construction of Turbine AssemblyThe 200/210 MW
turbine installed in MTPS is of condensing-tandem-compound, threecylinder, horizontal,
disc and diaphragm, reheat type with nozzle governing andregenerative system of
feedwater heating andis directly coupled with the A.C generator.TURBINE CASING: The turbine assemblycomprises of three types of casing. 1) High Pressure Casing 2)
Intermediate Pressure Casing 3) Low Pressure CasingOTHER TURBINE
COMPONENTS: - ROTOR: - The rotor is basically the main rotating part of the turbine
which is also called the shaft and is attached with the rotor of the A.C generator via
coupling. Rotor is basically divided into 3 categories and they are as follows: - Cross
section of a turbine a) HIGH PRESSURE ROTOR: - This is basically made of single CrMo-V steel forged with internal disc attached to T-shoot fastening designed especially for
stabilizing the HPT and preventing the axial shift. b) INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE
ROTOR: - This is made from high creep resisting Cr- Mo-V steel forging and the shrunk fit
disc are machined from nickel-steel forging. This basically adjusts the frequency of the
blades. Page | 20
22. 22. c) LOW PRESSURE ROTOR: - This is made from the above mention alloy used in IP
Rotors; blades are secured to the respective disc by riveted fork root fastening. Wires are
provided in all stages of this to adjust the frequency of the blades. BLADES: - Blades
are single most costly element fitted in the turbine. Blades fitted in the stationary part are
called guide blades and those fitted in the rotor are called moving or working blades.
Blades are of basically three types, they are as follows: - a) Cylindrical ( constant profile)
blade b) Tapered cylindrical blade c) Twisted and varying profile blade. SEALING
GLANDS: - To eliminate the possibility of steam leakage to the atmosphere from the inlet
and the exhaust end of the cylinder, labyrinth glands of the radial clearance type are
provided which provide a trouble free frictionless sealing . EMERGENCY STOP
VALVES AND CONTROL VALVES: - Turbine is equipped with emergency stop valves to
cut off steam supply and with control valve regulate steam supply. Emergency stop valves
are provided in main stream line and control valves are provided in the hot reheat line.
COUPLING: - Since the rotor is made in small parts due to forging limitations and other
technological and economic reasons, the couplings are required between any two rotors.
The coupling permits angular misalignment, transmits axial thrust and ensures axial
location. BEARING: - Journal bearing are manufactured in two halves and usually
consist of bearing body faced with anti-friction tin based habiting to decrease coefficient
of friction. Bearings are usually force lubricated and have provision for admission of
jacking oil. Thrust bearing is normally Mitchell type and is usually combined with a journal
bearing, housed in spherically machined steel shell. The bearing between HP and IP
rotor is of this type. The rest is of journal type. BARRING GEAR: - The barring gear is

mounted on the L.P rear bearing cover to mesh with spur gear L.P rotor rear coupling.
The primary function of the barring gear is to rotate the rotor of the turbo generator slowly
and continuously during the start-up and shut sown process when the temperature of the
rotor changes. TURBINE LUBRICATION OIL SYSTEM: - The LUB-OIL system of
turbine comprises of following category. a) MAIN OIL PUMP: - It is mounted on the front
bearing pedestal and coupled through gear coupling to the rotor. When the turbine is
running at its normal Page | 21
23. 23. speed of 3000rpmthen the oil to the governing system (at 20 kg/sq.cm) and to the
lubrication system (at 1 kg/sq.cm) is supplied by this pump. b) STARTING OIL PUMP: - It
is a multi-staged centrifugal oil pump driven by A.C powered electric motor. It provides
the oil requirement for starting up and stopping of the turbine. It provides oil to the
governing system and to the lubrication system until the turbine is running at speed lower
than 2800rpm. c) STANDBY OIL PUMP: - This is a centrifugal pump driven by A.C motor.
It runs for initial10 minutes at the starting to remove air from the governing system and fill
up oil to it. d) EMERGENCY OIL PUMP: - This is a centrifugal pump driven by D.C motor.
This pump is foreseen as a backup oil pump to A.C oil pumps. This pump automatically
cuts in when the A.C power fails in the power station. e) JACKING OIL PUMP: - This
pump enables the complete rotor assembly to be raised upor to be floated in the bearing
assembly during the start-up and shut down process of the process. Thus this prevents
the damage to the bearings when the shaft is too low for hydrodynamic lubrication to take
place. JOP sucks and delivers oil to the journal bearings at 120kg/sq.cm for lifting of the
rotor. f) OIL COOLERS: - The oil of governing and lubrication system is cooled in the oil
coolers by the circulating water. There are five such coolers, 4 are for continuous
operation and 1for standby. Specification of Turbine (LPT)U #1 to U #4Mega Watt :
210R.P.M. : 3000Steam Pressure : 150 Kg/cm2 (Abs)Steam Temperature : 535 CReheat
Steam : 535 CMake : BHELU #5 & U #6Mega Watt : 250R.P.M. : 3000Steam Pressure :
150 Kg/cm2 (Abs)Steam Temperature : 537 CReheat Steam : 537 CMake : BHEL Page
| 22
24. 24. Introduction of Water Treatment in ThermalPower PlantsIn Thermal power plants,
plenty of water is needed for generation of electricity.Now question is for what purpose
we need water here?There are two purposes:1. As a Working Fluid2. As Cooling
waterWater which is used as a working fluid needs some treatment.Reasons to choose
Water as a Working Fluid: It is only common substance available & exists in 3 states
(Ice, water, steam)at normal temperature. Having high specific heat mean heat carrying
capacity is high. Having low specific volume than air. Low Cost High Availability
Non-reactiveBut water is universal solvent; it dissolves many gases, salts, metals etc. so
no source ofwater is pure.Water contamination depends upon source of water.There are
3 sources of water mainly;1. Surface Water2. Ground Water3. Recycled WaterImpurities
in WaterImpurities present in water are grouped into 4 categories: 1) Suspended Matter
Mean any matter floating or suspended nature in water Microorganisms Grits2)
Dissolved Salts Ca, Mg, K, Chlorates, Sulphates, Silicates etc.3) Dissolved Gases
Oxygen, Carbon di oxide, Ammonia etc. Page | 23
25. 25. 4) SilicaA 210 MW unit typically requires 30,000 to 33,000 m3/h of water. A large part
of thiswater is used for condenser cooling and a small quantity is used for boiler feed
makeupand other uses.Total Water Management in Mejia Thermal Power station consists
of:1. Pre Treatment of Water2. Treatment of water for boiler feed3. Treatment of water for

condenser cooling4. Treatment of wastewater for disposal or recovery of water for

reuse.1. Pre Treatment of Water: Aerator: Aerators are various devices used for
aeration, or mixing air with another substance, like water. It also converts turbulent water
flow into laminar water flow. Coagulation & Flocculation Basin: One of the first steps in a
conventional water purification process is the addition of chemicals to assist in the
removal of particles suspended in water. Particles can be inorganic such as clay and silt
or organic such as algae, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and natural organic matter.
Inorganic and organic particles contribute to the turbidity and colour of water. The
addition of inorganic coagulants such as aluminium sulphate (or alum) or iron (III) salts
such as iron(III) chloride cause several simultaneous chemical and physical interactions
on and among the particles. Within seconds, negative charges on the particles are
neutralized by inorganic coagulants. Also within seconds, metal hydroxide precipitates of
the aluminium and iron (III) ions begin to form. These precipitates combine into larger
particles under natural processes such as Brownian motion and through induced mixing
which is sometimes referred to as flocculation. The term most often used for the
amorphous metal hydroxides is floc. Large, amorphous aluminium and iron (III)
hydroxides adsorb and enmesh particles in suspension and facilitate the removal of
particles by subsequent processes of sedimentation and filtration. Clarifiers: Waters
exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or
settling basin. It is a large tank with low water velocities, allowing floc to settle to the
bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the
transit between the two processes does not permit settlement or floc break up.
Sedimentation basins may be rectangular, where water flows from end to end or circular
where flow is from the centre outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a
weir so only a thin top layer of waterthat furthest from the sludgeexits. Gravitation
Filter: The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter(gravity filter). Water moves
vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite coal
above the sand. The top layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and
odour. The space between sand particles is larger than the smallest suspended particles,
so simple filtration is not Page | 24
26. 26. enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces or
adhere to sand particles. To clean the filter, water is passed quickly upward through the
filter, opposite the normal direction (called back flushing or backwashing) to remove
embedded particles.2. Treatment of water for boiler feed: Boiler feed water treatment for
high pressure boilers are almost standard. Rawwater is clarified and filtered for removal
of un-dissolved impurities and demineralisedfor removal of dissolved salts. Dissolved
oxygen is removed in a thermal de-aerator.Residual dissolved oxygen is removed by
hydrazine. DM Plant: A DM plant generally consists of cation, anion, and mixed bed
exchangers. Any ions in the final water from this process consist essentially of hydrogen
ions and hydroxide ions, which recombine to form pure water. Very pure DM water
becomes highly corrosive once it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere because of its
very high affinity for oxygen. The capacity of the DM plant is dictated by the type and
quantity of salts in the raw water input. However, some storage is essential as the DM
plant may be down for maintenance. For this purpose, a storage tank is installed from
which DM water is continuously withdrawn for boiler make-up. The storage tank for DM
water is made from materials not affected by corrosive water, such as PVC. The piping

and valves are generally of stainless steel. Sometimes, a steam blanketing arrangement
or stainless steel doughnut float is provided on top of the water in the tank to avoid
contact with air. DM water make-up is generally added at the steam space of the surface
condenser (i.e., the vacuum side). This arrangement not only sprays the water but also
DM water gets de-aerated, with the dissolved gases being removed by a de-aerator
through an ejector attached to the condenser. Normal Water Treatm ent Page | 25
27. 27. Presence of silica in boiler feed water is harmful as silica tends to volatilize along
with steam and get deposited as glassy and hard deposits on the turbine blades. It has
been established that concentrations of silica in excess of 0.03 mg/l invariably causes
problems in turbine operation. Suitable lower silica level should be maintained boiler
water to maintain silica less than 0.02 mg/l in steam leaving the drum. Silica in water is
present mostly as reactive or dissolved silica. In surface waters, a small quantity of nonreactive silica (in colloidal dimensions) may also be present during parts of the year
especially during the monsoon. A DM plant removes reactive silica almost completely, to
less than 0.005 mg/l. However, non-reactive silica is not removed and finds its way into
the boiler drum where it gets converted into reactive silica under the operating conditions
of high pressure and temperature. The station chemists usually overcome this problem by
having increased blow-downs during these periods. 3. Treatment off wastewater and its
disposal or recovery and reuse off water: Water is a scarce resource and Thermal Power
stations are today being compelled tominimise consumption of water to the extent
possible. It is possible to recover andreuse water from most of the waste streams
generated in a thermal power station. Themain waste streams are: Gravity filter
backwash water Wastewater generated from the DM plant Ash pond overflows water
Boiler blow down and turbine drains. Recovery of water from treated sewage Page | 26
28. 28. Steam/Water Circuit of Power Plant (MTPS):A thermal power station is a power plant
in which the prime mover is steam driven.Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a
steam turbine which drives an electricalgenerator. After it passes through the turbine, the
steam is condensed in a condenserand recycled to where it was heated; this is known as
a Rankin cycle.This section deals with supplying of steam generated from the boiler to
the turbines andto handle the outgoing steam from the turbine by cooling it to form water
in thecondenser so that it can be reused in the boiler plus making good any losses due
toevaporation etc.WATER PATH: -Water comes from the water reservoir to the
demineralization plant (DM Plant) forremoval of all minerals present in normal water for
making it non-conductive andincreasing the efficiency of the overall system. After DM
plant water goes to the boilerdrum via condenser and the feed control station. STEAM
GENERATION PROCESS: -Water from the boiler drum comes down to the top of the
boiler and forms a ring headand finally goes to the boiler through the water walls. The
boiler/furnace is lit up by fourcorner firing technique; this produces a ball of fire and
reaches a temperature of 1200C. This as a result converts the water in the water walls
into steam at high pressure. Thissteam is sent back to the boiler drum where it is
separated from the water with the helpof high speed propeller. The steam is taken to the
super heaters via water pipes whereit is converted to superheated steam for total
moisture removal. After super-heatersthe steam divides into two ducts called Main Steam
Left (L) and Main Steam Right(R)and finally reaches the turbines. Page | 27
29. 29. TURBINES are form of engine and hence it requires suitable fluid for working,
asource of high grade energy and a sink of low grade energy, the fluid when flowsthrough

the turbine the energy content of it is continuously extracted and convertedinto its useful
mechanical work. The turbines used in thermal power plants are ofSTEAM GAS type
which uses the heat energy of the steam for its working. Turbine Cycleis the most vital
part of the overall process; this is where the mechanical energy of thesteam is converted
to electrical energy via turbine assembly. The turbine assemblycomprises of three
turbines named as High Pressure Turbine (HPT), IntermediatePressure Turbine (IPT) and
the Low Pressure turbine (LPT). The steam that is generated in the SG section comes to
the HPT through mainsteam lines via control valves. The steam when strikes the HPT
have 540 C at150kg/sq.cm pressure. This high pressure superheated steam rotates the
turbine, thespeed of the turbines is controlled by the controlling the amount of steam
throughcontrol valves. Generally only 3%-4% steam is enough to rotate the turbine
at3000rpmat no load but at full load condition 100% steam is required to rotate the
turbine at3000rpm, because to produce power at 50Hz frequency the rpm required is
3000. TheHPT is a single head chamber type of turbine. Page | 28
30. 30. One part of the exhaust steam from HPT is taken to re-heaters through coldreheat
line (CRH line) which are again of mechanical type; for restoring the
superheatedproperties of the steam for further use. The reheated steam is brought back
to the IPTvia HRH (hot reheat steam) line. And the other part of the exhaust steam is
taken to theHP heaters (i.e. to HPH-6) The reheated steam is mechanical energy is
utilized by the IPT which is a doublehead chamber type turbine, where steam enters from
the top-mid section of theturbine and leaves the turbine from the front and back section.
The exhaust of IPT isdivided into 3 parts, one goes for the HP heaters (HPH-5), another
goes to the de-aerator and the last part goes to the LPT. The exhaust steam of the LPT Is
divided into 4 parts, 3 of them goes for the LowPressure Heaters (LPH-1, LPH-2, LPH-3)
for heating the condensate, and the last partgoes to the condenser for the steam
condensation process and regeneration of water.The condensation is done to minimize
the production of DM water to make the processcost effective. The steam is converted to
water and extracted by CEP from thecondenser and transported to Gland Sealing
Coolers (GSC) via Ejectors (EJE). The GSCcools the sealing of the ducts; the
condensate is taken to the LPH from the GSC forheating at lower pressure to increase
the enthalpy of the water for better efficiency.Water after LPH reaches the de-aerator
where the oxygen is removed from it and istaken to the BFPs, the BFPs increases the
pressure of the water up to 160kg/sq.cm andsends it the high pressure heaters (HPH-5 &
HPH-6). HPH increases the temperature ofthe water once more and transfers it to the
Economizer, in economizer the temperatureof water is again increased by the flue gas
and is finally is transported to the steamgeneration process via the Feed Control
StationSOME IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF STEAM/WATER CYCLE:A fossil fuel
steam generator includes an economizer, a steam drum, and the furnacewith its steam
generating tubes and super-heater coils. Necessary safety valves arelocated at suitable
points to avoid excessive boiler pressure. De-aerator: Typically, the condensate plus the
makeup water then flows through a de-aerator that removes dissolved air from the water,
further purifying and reducing its corrosiveness. The water may be dosed following this
point with hydrazine, a chemical that removes the remaining oxygen in the water to below
5 parts per billion (ppb) Page | 29
31. 31. CONDENSATE SYSTEM Courtesy SIEMENS OS220EA, C&I, MTPS, DVC
Condenser: The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into

liquid to allow it to be pumped. If the condenser can be made cooler, the pressure of the
exhaust steam is reduced and efficiency of the cycle increases. The surface condenser is
a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes.
The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it is cooled and
converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent
diagram. For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as
practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the condensing steam. Page |
30
32. 32. Typically the cooling water causes the steam to condense at a temperature of about
35 C (95 F) and that creates an absolute pressure in the condenser of about 27 kPa
(0.592.1 in Hg), i.e. a vacuum of about 95 kPa (28.1 in Hg) relative to atmospheric
pressure. The large decrease in volume that occurs when water vapour condenses to
liquid creates the low vacuum that helps pull steam through and increase the efficiency of
the turbines. The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from a cooling
tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through water from a river, lake or
ocean. The cooling water used to condense the steam in the condenser returns to its
source without having been changed other than having been warmed. The lower portion
of condenser where the condensed water stored known as Hotwell. Economizers: These
are heat exchange devices that heat fluids, usually water, up to but not normally beyond
the boiling point of that fluid. Economizers are so named because they can make use of
the enthalpy in fluid streams that are hot, but not hot enough to be used in a boiler,
thereby recovering more useful enthalpy and improving the boilers efficiency. They are a
device fitted to a boiler which saves energy by using the exhaust gases from the boiler to
preheat the feed. GSC: Gland steam condenser is meant for condensing the steam
which was used for sealing the LABYRINTH GLAND and reusing it in cycle. Low
Pressure Heater: A Heater is located between the condensate pomp and either of the
boiler feed pump. It normally extracts steam from low pressure turbine. High Pressure
Heater: A heater located downstream of boiler feed pump. Typically, the tube side design
pressure is at least 100Kg/cm2, and the steam source is the high pressure turbine. [The
heating process by means of extraction of steam is referred to as being regenerative.
Page | 31
33. 33. Cooling Towers :The condensate (water) formed in the condenser after condensation
is initially at hightemperature. This hot water is passed to cooling towers. It is a tower- or
building-likedevice in which atmospheric air (the heat receiver) circulates in direct or
indirectcontact with warmer water (the heat source) and the water is thereby cooled
(seeillustration). A cooling tower may serve as the heat sink in a
conventionalthermodynamic process, such as refrigeration or steam power generation,
and when itis convenient or desirable to make final heat rejection to atmospheric air.
Water, actingas the heat-transfer fluid, gives up heat to atmospheric air, and thus cooled,
isrecirculate through the system, affording economical operation of the process.With
respect to drawing air through the tower, there are three types of cooling towers:Natural
draft Utilizes buoyancy via a tall chimney. Warm, moist air naturally rises dueto the
density differential compared tothe dry, cooler outside air. Warm moistair is less dense
than drier air at thesame pressure. This moist air buoyancyproduces an upwards current
of airthrough the tower.Induced draft A mechanical drafttower with a fan at the
discharge (atthe top) which pulls air up through thetower. The fan induces hot moist airout

the discharge. This produces lowentering and high exiting air velocities, reducing the
possibility of recirculation in whichdischarged air flows back into the air intake. This fan/fin
arrangement is also known asdraw-through.Forced draft A mechanical draft tower with
a blower type fan at the intake. The fanforces air into the tower, creating high entering
and low exiting air velocities. The lowexiting velocity is much more susceptible to
recirculation. With the fan on the air intake,the fan is more susceptible to complications
due to freezing conditions. Anotherdisadvantage is that a forced draft design typically
requires more motor horsepowerthan an equivalent induced draft design. The benefit of
the forced draft design is itsability to work with high static pressure. Such setups can be
installed in more-confinedspaces and even in some indoor situations. This fan/fill
geometry is also known as blow-through. Page | 32
34. 34. Air and Flue Gas PathIn fossil-fuelled power plants, water is taken to the boiler or
steam generator wherecoal is burnt. The boiler transfers heat energy to the water in form
of latent heat ofvaporization or enthalpy by the chemical reaction of burning coal. External
fans, such asPA fans and FD fans, are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The
air and fluegas path equipment include: forced draft (FD) fan, air preheater (APH), boiler
furnace,induced draft (ID) fan, fly ash collectors (ESP or electrostatic precipitator), flue
gas stack,etc. External fans re provided to give sufficient air for combustion.INDUCED
DRAFT (ID) FAN: - FD & ID FanThis fan is used to create negative pressure in the 3
Phase Asynchronous Motorfurnace, i.e. furnace pressure is lower than the Make : BHEL
Connection : Yatmospheric pressure, as a result of which the fire Type : S. Cageball
inside the furnace cannot come out of the Insul. Class : F Frequency : 50Hzfurnace. ID
fan also drives the flue gas throughoutits path and above processes and finally ejects
itout of the chimney. It sucks air from inside the furnace and ejects it to the
atmosphere.Mechanically ID fan consists of one 3-phase asynchronous type motor, a
hydro couplingunit for coupling rotor shaft of the motor and the rotor shaft of the fan,
scoop unit, apair of journal bearings and lubrication oil system. It is the only fan which
have hydrocoupling because this gives more accurate control to its speed for maintaining
thenegative pressure more precisely since controlling of negative pressure is the most
vitalfactor in any thermal power unit. The lube-oil system has two motors out of which
oneremains standby; for maintaining perfect pressure of lubrication throughout the ID
fanassembly. The second motor automatically starts up when the oil pressure drops
belowa certain level; this motor increases the oil pressure in the system. Water cools
downthe oil flowing in the tubes inside the coolers. There are three ID Fans in each unit
ofthermal power plant, named as ID-A, ID-B, ID-C.FORCE DRAFT (FD) FAN : Forced
Draft (FD) fans purpose is to provide a positivepressure to a system. This basic concept
is used in a wide variety of industries but theterm FD Fans is most often found in the
boiler industry. Fans for boilers force ambientair into the boiler, typically through a
preheater toincrease overall boiler efficiency. Inlet or outlet dampersare used to control
and maintain the system pressure.The outlet of the FD fan divides into 5 ways; 2 goes
tothe air-preheater, and remaining 3 goes to the PA fansupplying cold air. Mechanically
FD fans consist of one 3- Page | 33
35. 35. phase asynchronous type motor, a pair of journal bearings and lube-oil system.
UnlikeID fan these fans have direct coupling of rotor shaft of the motor and rotor shaft of
thefan. The lube-oil system is designed same as ID fans. There are 2 FD fans in a single
unit.***NOTE: -THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF ID-FAN AND FD-FAN IS VERY

IMPORTANT AS THESE TWO FANS COMBINELYBALANCE THE PLANT. WHEN

WORKING TOGETHER IT IS CALLED BALACED DRAFT.PRIMARY AIR FAN/PA FAN:Primary air fan is used for mixing of cold air of FD fan outlet and hot air of airpreheateroutlet. The main function of this is to transport the pulverized coal from the mill
to thefurnace via classifier. Mixing of hot andcold air is necessary because it is neededto
maintain the temperature of thepulverized coal from 80C-90C for bettertransport of coal
and better combustionin the furnace. Mechanically theconstruction of PA fan is same as
FD fansalong with the lube-oil system. There are3 PA fans in a single mill of ball and
tubetype.SCANNER AIR FAN / SC FAN/SA FAN:-The scanner air fans are relatively
smaller in size and consume low power as comparedto the above mentioned fans. These
are simple motor operated fans that suck air fromatmosphere and utilize it to cool the
flame scanners (explained in C&I section later)inside the furnace.AIR-PREHEATER: -The
flue gas produced as a result of combustion of fossil fuel in the furnace is taken tothe airpreheater. The air-preheater is used to heat up the atmospheric air to make hotair used
for combustion and transport of coal dust from mill to furnace; which is calledsecondary
air. This heater has a unique process of heating, it has a shaft attached to arotating
wheel type structure (like turbine but arrangement of blades are different).Atmospheric air
sucked by FD fans passes through one side of the rotating shaft and thehot flue gas
passes through another side. This way heat of the flue gas gets transferredto the
atmospheric air and it gets heated. There are two air-preheaters named as AH-Aand AHB. These heaters can be found beside the boiler in the burner floor.CHIMNEY:-A chimney
is a structure which provides ventilation for hot flue gases or smoke from aboiler, stove,
furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typicallyvertical, or as near
as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly,drawing air into the
combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney, effect. Page | 34
36. 36. Electrostatic PrecipitatorsAn electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air
cleaner is a particulate collectiondevice that removes particles from a flowing gas (such
as air) using the force of aninduced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are
highly efficient filtrationdevices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the
device, and can easilyremove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air
stream. In contrastto wet scrubbers which apply energy directly to the flowing fluid
medium, an ESPapplies energy only to the particulate matter being collected and
therefore is veryefficient in its consumption of energy (in the form of
electricity).PRINCIPLE OF ESP:In the electrostatic precipitator theparticles are removed
from the gasstream by utilizing electrical force .Acharged particle in the electrical
fieldexperiences a force proportional tothe size of the charge and to thestrength.The
precipitation process thereforerequires. A method of charging the particles electrically.
A means of establishing an electrical field and A method of removing the collected
particles. An industrial ESP includes a large number of discharge electrodes. Pirated
wires androws of collecting electrodes plates forming passage through which the gas
flows withvelocity.High voltage is applied to the discharge electrodes resulting in the high
electric fieldnear the wire and an associated corona producing gas ions .The ions collide
with andheld by, the dust particles and this in turn become electrically charged the
particlesmoved towards the grounded collecting electrode plates from which the
accumulateddust is dislodged by rapping the dust falls to the bottom of the precipitator
casing fromwhich it is removed by different methods.PARTS OF THE

PRECIPITATORS:The various parts of the precipitators are divided to two groups.

Mechanical systemcomprising of casing, hoppers, gas distribution system, collecting and
emitting system,rapping mechanisms, stair ways and galleries. Page | 35
37. 37. Electrical system comprising of transformer-rectifier units, electronic
controllersauxiliary control panels, safety interlocks and field devices. 1. MECHANICAL
SYSTEM:A. Precipitator casing: The precipitatorcasing is an all weldedconstruction,
consistingof prefabricated wall andthe roof panels. Thecasing is provided withinspection
doors forentry into the chamber.The doors are of heavyconstruction withmachined
surfaces toensure a gas tight seal.The roof carries theprecipitator internals,insulator
housing,transformers etc. The casing rests on supports, which allow for free thermal
expansionof the casing during operation. Galleries and stairways are provided on the
sides of thecasing for easy access to rapping motors, inspection doors, transformers.B.
Hoppers: The hoppers are adequately sized to hold the ash, Baffle plates are provided
ineach hopper to avoid gas sneak age. An inspection door is provided on each
hopper.Thermostatically controlled heating elements are arranged at the bottom portion
to thehopper to ensure free flow of ash. The precipitator casing is an all welded
construction,consisting of prefabricatedC. Gas distribution systems: The performance of
the precipitator depends on even distribution of gas over theentire cross section of the
field. Guide vanes, splitters and screens and screens areprovided in the inlet funnel to
direct the flue gas evenly over the entire cross section ofthe ESP.D. Collecting Electrode
System: The collecting plates are made of 1.5mm cold rolled milled steel plate and
shapedin one piece by roll forming .The collecting electrode has unique profile designed
to giverigidity and to contain the dust in a quiescent zone free from re-entrainment
.The400mm collecting plates are provided with hooks to their top edge for suspension
.Thehooks engage the slots of the supporting angles 750mm collecting plates in a row
areheld in position by a shock bar at the bottom. The shock bars are spaced by guides.
Page | 36
38. 38. E. Emitting Electrode System: The most essential part of the precipitator is emitting
electrode system.4insulators support this. The frames for holding the emitting electrodes
are locatedcentrally between collecting electrode curtains. The entire discharge frames
are weldedto form rigid barsF) Rapping Systems: Rapping systems are provided for
collecting and emitting electrodes. Gearedmotors drive these rappers. The rapping
system employs tumbling hammers, which aremounted on the horizontal shaft. As the
shaft rotates slowly the hammers tumble onthe shaft will clean the entire field. The rapper
programmer decides the rappingfrequency. The tumbling hammers disposition and the
periodicity of rapping areselected in such a way that less than 2% of the collecting area is
rapped at any instant.This avoids re-entrainment of dust and puffing at the stack. The
rapping shaft from thegear motor drive by a shaft insulator. The space around the shaft
insulator iscontinuously heated to avoid condensation.G) Insulator Housing: The support
insulators, supporting the emitting electrodes housed in insulatorhousings. The HVDC
connection is taken through a bushing insulator mounted on theinsulator housing wall.In
order to avoid the condensation on the support insulators, each insulator is providedwith
one electrical heating element. Heating elements of one pass are controlled byone
thermostat.2) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:A) High Voltage Transformer Rectifier (H.V.R) with
electronic controller (E.C)The transformer rectifiersupplies the power forparticulate
charging andcollection. The basicfunction of the E.C is tofeed precipitator withmaximum

power inputunder constant currentregulation. So, therebyany flash over betweencollecting

and emittingelectrodes, the E.C willsense the flash over andquickly react by bringingthe
input voltage tonzero and blocking it for a Page | 37
39. 39. specific period. After the ionized gases are cleared and the dielectric strength
restored,the control will quickly bring back the power to the present value and raise it to
theoriginal non-sparking level. Thus the E.C ensures adequate power input to
theprecipitator while reckoning the electrical disturbances within the
precipitator.Regulated ac power from E.C is fed to the primary of the transformer, which is
steppedup and rectified to give a full wave power output. The transformer rectifier is
mountedon the roof of the precipitator while the E.C is located in an air-conditioned
controlroom.B) Auxiliary control panel (A.C.P) The A.C.P controls the power supply to the
EP auxiliary i.e. rapping motors andheating element dampers etc. The complete A.C.P. is
of modular type with individualmodules for each feeder. Each module houses the power
and control circuits withmeters, push buttons, switches and indicating lamps.Following
are the modules for the outgoing feeders Hopper heaters for each field Support
insulator heaters Shaft insulator heaters Collecting electrode rapping motor for each
fieldThe program control circuit for the sequence and timing of operation for
rappingmotors is included in the A.C.P. For continuous operation of the rapping motors,
the programmer can be bypassedthrough a switch. Thermal overload relay is provided for
overload protection to therapping motors. Local push buttons are available for tripping the
motors to meet theexigencies and for maintenance purposes. Ammeters with selector
switches to indicate line currents of motors and heatingelement feeders are provided.
Indicating lamps are provided main supply on,overload trip, local push button
activated, space meter on, and control supplyon. Potential free contacts are provided
for remote indication for rapping motor trip due tooverload.C) Safety Interlock: A safety
interlock system is incorporated to prevent accidental contact with liveparts of the
precipitator and enable energisation only when the ESP is boxed up. Theinterlock system
covers all the inspection doors of casing, insulator housing anddisconnecting switches.
Warning: familiarity with this system may felon the operating personnel bypass
theinterlock. As this would defend the very purpose of the interlocking system, such
atemptation should be resisted and the sequence of operation at every stage should
besystematically followed. Page | 38
40. 40. D) Disconnecting switch: Each field is provided with one disconnecting switch for
isolation of emitting system from the associated transformer .In the on position the
emitting system is connected to the transformer and in the OFF position it is grounded.
ESP in MTPS: ESPs continue to be excellent devices for control of many industrial
particulate emissions, including smoke from electricity-generating utilities (coal and oil
fired), salt cake collection from black liquor boilers in pulp mills, and catalyst collection
from fluidized bed catalytic cracker units in oil refineries to name a few. These devices
treat gas volumes from several hundred thousand ACFM to 2.5 million ACFM (1,180
m/s) in the largest coal-fired boiler applications. For a coal-fired boiler the collection is
usually performed downstream of the air preheater at about 160 C (320 deg.F) which
provides optimal resistivity of the coal-ash particles. For some difficult applications with
low- sulphur fuel hot-end units have been built operating above 371 C (700 deg.F). The
flue gas after passing through the air-preheaters comes down to lower temperature that is
feasible for releasing into the atmosphere, but one vital job remains still left out, i.e. to

remove the carbon content of the gas so that it does not harm the atmosphere. This job is
done by ESP, the flue gas after air-preheater comes to the ESP unit. ESP actually works
on the principal of CORONA DISCHARGE EFFECT ; the ESP unit houses two electrode
plates called emitting plate and collecting plate. The emitting plate is supplied with a very
high DC negative potential (in order of**), this results into ionizing of air molecules
surrounding the emitting plate which is called corona effect. The collecting plate is
grounded and a positive potential develops on it, as a result when the flue gas pass
through between them the carbon particles are attracted to the collecting plates. The
collecting Inside ESP, MTPS plates are attached to hopper where the ashes get
deposited by hammering action on the collecting plate. For a 210MW unit 24 such
hoppers are present in each ESP; these hoppers have mechanical transport system for
proper disposal of ash. For better corona effect the emitting plate is made corrugated
because this way more air molecules get ionized as corona discharge points are more in
number in corrugated plate.Exciter Transformer of ESP, MTPS Page | 39
41. 41. Ash Handling Plant What is Ash? Ash is the residue remaining after the coal is
incinerated. What is Ash Handling? Ash handling refers to the method of collection,
conveying, interim storage andload out of various types of ash residue left over from solid
fuel combustion processes. Why Ash Handling System is required? In Thermal Power
Plants coal is generally used as fuel and hence the ash is produced as the by-product of
Combustion. Ash generated in power plant is about 30-40% of total coal consumption
and hence the system is required to handle Ash for its proper utilization or disposal.
CHALLENGES OF ASH HANDLING:- Indian coal presents high ash content generally
which tends to be inconsistent. Design of the system has to adequately cover anticipated
variations and be capable of handling the worst scenario. System has to be
environmentally friendly. System has to be reliable with least maintenance problem.
System has to be energy efficient. Ash terminology in power plants:- Fly Ash ( Around
80% is the value of fly ash generated) Bottom ash (Bottom ash is 20% of the ash
generated in coal based power stations.) What is fly ash? Ash generated in the ESP
which got carried out with the flue gas is generally called Fly ash. It also consists of Air
pre heater ash & Economiser ash (it is about 2 % of the total ash content). What is
bottom ash? Ash generated below furnace of the steam generator is called the bottom
ash. Page | 40
42. 42. Volume of ash and propertiesThe ash handling system handles the ash by bottom
ash handling system, coarse ashhandling system, fly ash handling system, ash disposal
system up to the ash disposalarea and water recovery system from ash pond and Bottom
ash overflow. Description isas follows:A. Bottom Ash Handling SystemBottom ash
resulting from the combustion of coal in the boiler shall fall into the overground, refractory
lined, water impounded, maintained level, double V-Section type/ Wtype steel- fabricated
bottom ash hopper having a hold up volume to store bottom ashand economizer ash of
maximum allowable condition with the rate specified. The slurryformed shall be
transported to slurry sump through pipes.C. Air Pre Heater ash handling systemAsh
generated from APH hoppers shall be evacuated once in a shift by vacuumconveying
system connected with the ESP hopper vacuum conveying system.D. Fly Ash Handling
SystemFly ash is considered to be collected in ESP Hoppers. Fly ashes from ESP
hoppers,extracted by Vacuum Pumps, fly up to Intermediate Surge Hopper cum Bag
Filter forfurther Dry Conveying to fly ash silo.Under each surge hopper ash vessels shall

be connected with Oil free screw compressorfor conveying the fly ash from Intermediate
Surge Hopper to silo. Total fly ashgenerated from each unit will be conveyed through
streams operating simultaneouslyand in parallel.E. Ash Slurry Disposal SystemBottom
Ash slurry, Fly ash slurry and the Coarse Ash slurry shall be pumped from thecommon
ash slurry sump up to the dyke area which is located at a distance from Slurrypump
house. ADVANTAGES:- i) Commercial utilization of ash in: iii)Energy Efficient Cement
additives. iv)High reliability Brick plants. v)Long Plant Life Road making, etc. vi)Least
maintenance ii) Saving of water - vii)Environment concern a precious commodity. Page |
41
43. 43. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OVERVIEWELECTRICAL SYSTEM OF A THERMAL
POWER PLANT BASICALLY CONSISTS OF THEFOLLOWING PARTS:- GENERATOR
SWITCHYARD POWER DISTRIDUTION SYSTEM GENERATOR The transformation
of mechanical energy into electrical energy is carried out by generator. The A.C generator
or alternator is based on the principal of electromagnetic induction and generally consists
of a stationary part called stator and a rotating part called rotor. The stator houses the
armature windings and the rotor houses the field windings. A D.C voltage is applied to the
field winding in the rotor through slip rings, when the rotor is rotated, the lines of magnetic
flux is cut through the stator windings. This as a result produces an induced e.m.f
(electromotive force) in the stator winding which is tapped out as output. The magnitude
of this output is determined by the following equation:- E = 4.44/O f N voltsWhere E =
e.m.f. induced; O =Strength of magnetic field in Weber; f= Frequency in cycles per
second or in hertz; N = Number of turns in the winding of the stator;Again, f = P
n/120;Where P = Number of poles; n = revolutions per second of the rotor.From the
above expression it is clear that for the same frequency number of polesincreases with
decrease in speed and vice versa. Therefore low speed hydro turbinedrives generators
have 14to 20poles where as for high speed steam turbine drivengenerators have 2
poles.Generator Components Rotor: Rotor is the most difficult part to construct; it
revolves at a speed of 3000rpm. The massive non-uniform shaft subjected to a
multiplicity of differential stresses must operate in oil lubricated sleeve bearings
supported by a structure mounted on foundations all of which poses complex dynamic
behaviour peculiar to them. It is also an electromagnet and to give it the necessary
magnetic strength the Page | 42
44. 44. windings must carry a fairly high current. The rotor is a cast steel ingot and it is further
forged and machined. Very often a hole bored through the centre of the rotor axially from
one end to the other for inspection. Slots are then machined for windings and
ventilation.Rotor winding: Silver bearing copper is used for the winding with mica as
insulationbetween conductors. A mechanically strong insulator such as micanite is used
for liningthe slots. For cooling purpose slots and holes are provided for circulation of
cooling gas.The wedges the windings when the centrifugal force developed due to high
speedrotation tries to lift the windings. The two ends of the winding are connected to
sliprings made of forged steel and mounted on insulated sleeves.Stator: The major part of
the stator frame is the stator core, it comprises of innerand outer frame. The stator core is
built up of a large number of punching or section ofthin steel plates. The use of cold
rolled grain-oriented steel can contribute to reductionof stator core.Stator windings: Each
stator conductor must be capable of carrying the ratedcurrent without overheating. The
insulation must be sufficient to prevent leakagecurrent flowing between the phases to

earth. Windings for the stator are made up fromcopper strips wound with insulated tape
switch is impregnated with varnish, driedunder vacuum and hot pressed to form a solid
insulation bar. In 210MW generators thewindings are made up of copper tubes through
which water is circulated for coolingpurpose.Generator Cooling and Sealing System1)
HYDROGEN COOLING SYSTEM: Hydrogen is used as cooling medium in large capacity
generators in view of its high heat carrying capacity and low density. But in view of its
explosive mixture with oxygen, proper arrangement for filling, purging and maintaining its
purity inside the generator have to be made. Also in order to prevent escape of hydrogen
from the generator casing, shaft sealing system is used to provide oil sealing. The system
is capable of performing the following functions:-a) Filling in and purging of hydrogen
safely.b) Maintaining the gas pressure inside the machine at the desired value all the
time.c) Provide indication of pressure, temperature and purity of hydrogen.d) Indication of
liquid level inside the generator.2) Generator Sealing System: Seals are employed to
prevent leakage ofhydrogen from the stator at the point of rotor exit. A continuous film
between the Page | 43
45. 45. rotor collar and the seal liner is maintained by means of oil at the pressure which
isabout above the casing hydrogen gas pressure. The thrust pad is held against the
collarof rotor by means of thrust oil pressure, which is regulated in relation to the
hydrogenpressure and provides the positive maintenance of the oil film thickness. The
shaftsealing system contains the following components.a) A.C oil pump.b) D.C oil
pump.c) Oil injector.d) Differential Pressure Regulatore) Damper tank.Excitation System1)
STATIC EXCITATION: Alternator terminal voltage is used here. SCR- based controlled
rectifier is supplied is supplied from alternator output through step down transformer.
SCR gate signal are derived from alternator output through CT & PT. Rectifier output
voltage is fed to the alternator field winding. To generate the alternator output, it is run
at rated speed with its field supplied from a separate D.C supply bank. This scheme is
less expensive & requires little maintenance. Excitation energy depends on alternator
speed.2) BRUSHLESS EXCITATION: Main shaft of prime movers drives pilot exciter,
main exciter & the main alternator. Pilot exciter is a permanent magnet alternator. Pilot
exciter feeds 3-phase power to main exciter. Main exciter supplies A.C power to silicon
diode bridge rectifier through hollow shaft which feeds the D.C to the field of main
alternator. SCR gate signals are derived from alternator output through CT & PT. This
scheme is mainly employed in turbo alternators. Page | 44
46. 46. Specification of GeneratorsPARAMETERS UNIT-1 UNIT-2 UNIT-3 UNIT-4 UNIT-5
UNIT-6Maker BHEL BHEL BHEL BHEL BHEL BHELKw 210000 210000 210000 210000
250000 250000P.F 0.85 Lag 0.85 Lag 0.85 Lag 0.85 Lag 0.85 Lag 0.85 LagKVA 247000
247000 247000 247000 294100 294100Stator Volts- Volts- Volts- Volts- Volts- Volts15750 15750 15750 15750 15750 16500 Amps- Amps- Amps- Amps- Amps- Amps9050 9050 9050 9054 10781 10291Rotor Volts- 310 Volts- Volts- Volts- Volts- VoltsAmps- 310 310 256 292 292 2600 Amps- Amps- Amps- Amps- Amps- 2600 2600 2088
2395 2395R.P.M. 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000Hz 50 50 50 50 50 50Phase 3 3 3 3 3
3Connection YY YY YY YY YY YYCoolant Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
Hydrogen Hydrogen & water & water & waterGas pressure 3.5 BAR(G) 3.5 3.5 2 BAR(G)
3 BAR(G) 3 BAR(G) BAR(G) BAR(G)Insulation B B B F F FclassYear of 1994 1994 19922004 2006 2006manufacture 1993TRANSFORMERS It is a static device which
transfers electric powers from one circuit to the other without any change in frequency,

but with a change in voltage and corresponding current levels also. Here the
transformers used are to transfer electric power from 15.75KV to 220KV or 400KVthat are
provided to the national grid. The step-up generator transformers are of
ONAN/ANOF/AFOF cooling type. Page | 45
47. 47. Neutral Grounding Transformer(NGT): The NGT is used to prevent the generator
from earth faults. It comprises of primary winding and secondary winding, the
secondary winding is connected with a high value resistance. Whenever earth fault arises
heavy current flows to the primary winding and as a result an e.m.f is induced in the
secondary. The voltage drop across the resistance is sensed by the NGT relay and it
actuates to actuate the Generator Circuit Breaker (GCB) and thus the generator is
tripped. Limited Earth-Fault Earthling System: Generators and other apparatus installed
at higher voltage levels are exposed to much greater fault energy in the order of
thousands of MVA. Earth-fault currents could damage iron structures in generators,
motors, and transformers, so that they cant be repaired, but instead must be replaced
at great cost! Hence, some method of current limiting, like NGT (Neutral Grounding
Transformer) or NGR (Neutral Grounding Resistor) is beneficial.Power Transformer:
Power Transformers enhances the productivity as well as maximizes the capacity level of
the high power supply equipments. These are ultimate for the regular power without any
cut off. They are used for control high voltage and frequency for the different systems.
Power transformers having the following standards: They can assist three phases. There
ratings are up to 2000 KVA. Copper and aluminium winding material is used in this.
Applicable Standards are IS, IEC, ANSI, JIS, etc. It is sufficient for primary as well as
secondary voltage.Auto Transformer: High voltage auto-transformers represent an
important component of bulk transmission systems and are used to transform voltage
from one level to another. These auto-transformers are critical for regional load supply,
inter-regional load transfers and for certain generator/load connections. Major or
catastrophic failures to this equipment can have severe consequences to electric utilities
in terms of increased operating costs and customer load losses. To minimize the impact
of this type of failures, utilities may carry some spare units to guard against such events.
These spare units are going to cost utilities money (utility cost) to purchase, to store and
to maintain and utilities should try to strike the right balance between the utility cost and
the risk cost (if spare units are not there). Page | 46
48. 48. Advantages of Autotransformers: 1. Its efficiency is more when compared with the
conventional one. 2. Its size is relatively very smaller. 3. Voltage regulation of
autotransformer is much better. 4. Lower cost. 5. Low requirements of excitation current.
6. Less copper is used in its design and construction. 7. In conventional transformer the
voltage step up or step down value is fixed while in autotransformer, we can vary the
output voltage as per out requirements and can smoothly increase or decrease its value
as per our requirement.Applications: 1. Used in both Synchronous Motor and Induction
Motor. 2. Used in electrical apparatus testing labs since the voltage can be smoothly and
continuously varied. 3. They find application as boosters in AC feeders to increase the
voltage levels.Generating Transformer (GT): This is a type of Power Transformer where
the LV winding is connected to the generator through the bus duct and HV winding to the
transmission system. In addition to the features of Power Transformer, our Generator
Transformer is designed to withstand over voltage caused by sudden load throw off from
the generator. It is built as a single or three phase unit and located in power stations.

Normally generating voltage is 15.75KV from generator. If we want to transmit that power
to 220 KV busbar. This voltage must be stepped up, otherwise if we transmit at same
voltage level as generation voltages that is associated with high transmission loss so the
transformer which is used at generator terminal for stepping up the voltage is called
Generating transformer. Specification of GT MAKER BHEL MVA HV- 150/200/250 LV150/200/250 VOLTS HV- 245 KV LV- 15.75 KV RATED CURRENT HV- 151/482/602 LV3505/7340/9175 PHASE 3 FREQUENCY 50 TYPE OF COOLING OFAF/ONAF Page |
47