IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 10 | April 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Performance Analysis of Dysplasia Diagnosis for

Cervical Cancer
Banu Priya.C
PG Scholar
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Christian college of Engineering and Technology,
Oddanchathram, India

Sathis Kumar.R
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Christian college of Engineering and Technology,
Oddanchathram, India

Abstract
Cancer cervix is the second most common cancer in women in the world, while it is the leading cancer in women in the
developing countries. Globally, 15% of all cancers in females are cervical cancers, while in Southeast Asia, cancer cervix
accounts for 20%-30% of all cancers. Cancer of cervix is a major cause of death in women living in developing countries.
Unlike most other malignancies, cancer of cervix is readily preventable when effective programs are conducted to detect and
treat its precursor lesions. Since the introduction of Pap test, a dramatic reduction has been observed in the incidence and
mortality of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. Conventional methods used Multimodal Entity Co-reference for combining
various tests to perform disease classification and diagnosis. Its performance is degraded due to its low sensitivity and
specificity. In this project, we propose watershed segmentation algorithm to segment the abnormal region and this abnormal
regions are classified into normal or cancer using feed forward neural network classifier. The performance of the proposed
system is analyzed in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.
Keywords: Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network, Water shed Segmentation, Local Binary Pattern, Gray level Cooccurrence matrix, Wavelet Transform
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I.

INTRODUCTION

CANCER CERVIX death rate is reduced by combination of several screening and diagnostic procedures in western countries.
And also due to the lack in screening methods and diagnostic procedures there is a need, for automated screening methods are
increased. In Digital cervicography, the photographs of cervix is taken by cerviscope as a diagnostic device. The cervix is
visualized with a vaginal speculum and 5% acetic acid is applied to the cervix. The image of the acetic-acid treated cervix is
processed onto film and projected on a white screen for analysis. Due to the poor correlation in digital cervicography, computerassisted diagnoses are used to detect cervical cancer in early stage. In that computer algorithms are used to detect cervical region.
Accuracy in detection is improved by using images of cervigram, the normal clinical Pap test and HPV test images are combined
with automated Pap and HPV test images. The effectiveness of the combination of several screening methods is poor in terms of
sensitivity and accuracy, so that we further improves, the accuracy by cervigram images taken by scanning. The cervix is
visualized with a vaginal speculum and optical rays are passed over that and the treated cervix is projected on a white screen for
analysis. In cervix region, the region of interest is detected by Local Binary Pattern and Gray scale Co-occurrence matrix, after
that image is classified. The image classification is done by color features and also Local Binary Pattern and Gray scale Cooccurrence matrix are used to classify different cervix regions. After that region classification texture features are used to classify
vascular patterns in cervix region. Totally classifier is used to classify the abnormal cervix regions from normal cervix region. In
that Feed Forward Neural Network classifier that classifies the cervigram images. To classify the vascular tissues and neural
networks in cervix image this classifier is efficient. The classified cervix image, is further segmented by segmentation algorithm.
Water Shed Segmentation algorithm is efficient for Neural networks. This algorithm segments the cancer regions in the cervical
image. The image analysis result is combined with physician marked image to evaluate the performance of disease classification.
International Federation of Gynecology Obstetrics is the system that staging the cervical cancer. The stages are Normal, Early,
Late and Final stage. We develop a computerized program that taken these factors in to consideration for the treatment that
should be much easier.
II. PREVIOUS WORK
We investigate and exploit various methods used to detect and diagnosis cervical cancer, and also the methodologies used in that
also discussed, and also additional features included to overcome the limits in that effectiveness.

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Automatic Detection of Anatomical Landmarks

We present a multistage scheme for segmenting and labeling regions of anatomical interest within the cervigram. In particular,
we focus on the extraction of the cervix region and fine detection of the cervix boundary. Specular reflection is eliminated as an
important preprocessing in addition, the entrance to the endocervical canal is detected [10]. In this method prior shape model is
used for curve evolution. The effectiveness of this method is poor because of its low accuracy.
Automatic and Interactive Lesion Detection and Segmentation
The automatic extraction and segmentation method is used to extract and segment region by boundaries of the region. After that
the watershed segmentation map of the input image is modeled using a Markov random field (MRF) in which watershed regions
correspond to binary random variables indicating whether the region is part of the lesion tissue or not [11]. Arcs are there in
watershed map, that indicating whether the arc is part of the region boundary. These arcs are formed by local pair wise factors,
and the factors are based on supervised learning. The loopy belief propagation segment the final lesion region by applied that to
the watershed arc-level Markov random field. The total time required for detection is more, that is the disadvantage in that
method.
Domain Specific Image Analysis
A domain-specific automated image analysis is detecting the pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. In that
the diagnostic features are taken in a probabilistic manner using conditional random fields. A novel window-based performance
assessment scheme is used. Different tissue types in the regions are identified for the extraction of anatomical features. The
unique optical properties of each tissue and the diagnostic relationships between neighboring regions are used in the proposed
method called conditional random field model [15]. The effectiveness of this method is concededly poor because of its
sensitivity and specificity.
Soft Computing
A hybrid decision support system is used the different stages of cervical cancer. Hybridization includes the evolution of
knowledge-based sub network modules with genetic algorithms using rough set theory and the Interactive Dichotomize 3 (ID3)
algorithm [16]. The network weight and structure are used for analyzing the performance. But the accuracy of this genetic
algorithm is not in the considerable rate.
Multimodal Entity Coreference
In this we develop a comprehensive algorithmic frame work based on Multimodal Entity Coreference for combining various
tests to perform disease classification and diagnosis [7]. The computerized program is developed for Multimodal Entity that
gives better accuracy. But the effectiveness of this method is poor in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. To overcome
this limitation we develop the proposed method with abdominal scanning, that cervigram images are used to analysis the stages
of cervical cancer and also detect that in early stage.
III. PROPOSED WORK
The main objective is to evaluate whether the cervigram images from abdominal scanning can be used as a good screening
method to detect cancer lesions in early stage, and also performance can be obtained by comparing that disease classification
images with physician marked images. The stages of cervical lesion are given Fig. 1.

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Fig. 1: Stages of cervical cancer

The cervigram image is preprocessed to reduce the complexity of high bit rate. It is the process of resizing and also the RGB
image is converted in to Gray scale image. The features in the preprocessed image are then extracted by feature extraction and
then the image is segmented by watershed segmentation. The segmented image is classified by means of the classifier. The block
diagram of analysis of cervical cancer is given in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: Analysis of Cervical Cancer

Preprocessing
Pre-processing is a common name for operations with images at the lowest level of abstraction both input and output are in low
intensity. The aim of the method pre-processing is an improvement of the image data images. That suppresses the unwanted
distortions or enhances some image features that are important for further processing. Four categories of image pre-processing
methods according to the size of pixel neighborhood that is used for the calculation of a new geometric pixel brightness
transformations. In that pre-processing method that can be use local neighborhood transformations, image restoration that
requires knowledge of the processed pixel and other classifications of image pre-processing is about the entire image. Image preprocessing method uses the considerable redundancy in neighboring pixels that corresponding to the one object in real images.

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Thus, the distorted pixel has essentially the same or similar brightness value. Pixel can often be restored as an average value of
neighboring pixels.
Feature Extraction
The features are extracted from the pre-processed cervical image. The features are used to differentiate the normal and abnormal
cervical images for cervical cancer detection. In this project, local binary pattern (LBP), GLCM (Gray level co-occurrence
matrix) are extracted. Feature extraction involves reducing the amount of resources required to describe a large set of data.
Local Binary Pattern
The Local Binary Pattern process is an efficient texture based operator. In that integer value of the pixels are taken in to account,
and also each and every pixels are considered during operation. We considered any one of the pixel in the image, and then the
integer value of the pixel is compared with its neighboring pixels. If the value is equal or greater than the center pixel value we
assigned the value of LBP is 1, otherwise the value is 0. This process is repeated for each and every pixel.
Gray Scale Co-occurrence Matrixes
The Co-occurrence features are extracted in Co-occurrence. The Co-occurrence features are Energy, Correlation, Intensity and
Homogeneity. In that also the process used in LBP is used to find the Co-occurrence Matrix.
Wavelet Features
The Discrete Wavelet Transform is mainly based on wavelets. It is used to view both spatial domain and frequency domain
image features simultaneously that gives the multi resolution image. It splits the output image in to four different sub-bands. The
sub-bands are LL, LH, HL and HH. In that LL is approximate input image represented as A. LH is horizontal detail of the input
image and represented as H. HL is vertical detail of the input image and represented as V. HH is Diagonal detail of the input
image and represented as D. The LL is the low frequency band and LH, HL and HH are high frequency band.
Watershed Segmentation
Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments. The main goal of segmentation is to
simplify the image into more meaningful and easier to analyze. The process image segmentation is typically used to locate
objects and boundaries in images. The cervical image is first segmented using marker controlled watershed segmentation. This
segmentation process uses the Sobel operator to find the gradient image. Using the gradient image, the watershed transform is
estimated. Therefore, the final segmentation map is get. That segments the cancer lesions from normal region. Then, the cell
nuclei region is detected from the final segmentation map using morphological operation.
Feed Forward Neural Network Classifier
The neural network (NN) classifier is defined as an information-processing system that is inspired by the structure of the human
brain. The NNs consist of a number of interconnected neurons. A neuron is an information-processing unit that receives several
signals from its input links, each of which has a weight assigned to it. These weights correspond to synaptic efficiency in
biological neurons. Weights are the basic means of the long term memory in neurons. The back propagation algorithm is used in
layered feed-forward ANNs. The network receives inputs by neurons in the input layer, and the output of the network is given by
the neurons on an output layer. There may be one or more intermediate hidden layers. The training begins with random weights,
and the goal is to adjust them so that the error will be minimal NNs. The neural network has two modes, they are training mode
and classification mode. In that the images are trained in training mode and they are classified in classification mode.

Fig. 3: Neural Network Mode

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Morphological Based Operations

The purpose of the morphological operators is to separate the tumor part from the cervical image. The morphological operations
are applied to separate the tumor cell on the segmented cervical cell image. Erosion and dilation is the two elementary operations
in the Mathematical Morphology. In that those two morphological operations are used to separate the tumor cell. Erosion is the
process of addition and also dilation is the process of subtraction. These two operations are used to separate the tumor part from
the normal cervical image.
IV. RESULTS
The cervigram images both normal and abnormal images are taken as input images and those images are analyzed. In the
abnormal cervical image the caner lesion is marked.

Fig. 4: Input Image

The RGB image converted in to gray scale image that is preprocessed. Then the features in the image are then extracted. That
extracting LBP and GLCM features.

Fig. 5: ROI Image

Fig. 6: LBP Feature

The values of the Co-occurrence features are given in Fig. 7.

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Performance Analysis of Dysplasia Diagnosis for Cervical Cancer

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Fig. 7: Glcm output

Fig. 8: Tumor Tissue

After the image extraction, the segmentation process is performed. The watershed Segmentation is used to segment the abnormal
regions. Then the disease classification is done by feed forward neural network classifier. The disease affected cell nuclei is
separated by morphological based operations.

Fig. 9:Ground Truth Image

The ground Truth image marked by physician is compared with the segmented image.

Fig. 10: Output Image

The performance analysis is done by comparing the computerized output to the image marked by the physician. The
performance comparison between existing and proposed method.
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Table. 2. Performance Analysis

Method
Sensitivity Specificity
Proposed Method
89
92.02
Existing Method
83.21
91.79

Accuracy
91.5
89

Graph. 1. Performance Graph

The performance of the proposed cervical cancer system is evaluated in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The rate of
sensitivity, accuracy and specificity of this method is higher than the previous method. In this method cervical cancer is simply
detected by abdominal scanning.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The proposed cervical tumor detection system is evaluated for its performance appraisal. To keep the objectiveness of the
evaluation, the results obtained are compared with the ground truth images. In that the segmented image is compared with the
ground truth image obtained by expert physician. In future work the Genetic segmentation algorithm and Anti fish classifier is
applied on the malignant cervical images. The segmentation algorithm that segments the carcinoma tissues and then the Anti fish
classifier is used to classifying normal cervix images from abnormal cervix images. And also the classifier classifies the tumor in
to three stages mild, severe, moderate.
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