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ModernIndianSculpture
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ModernIndianSculpture

1.IndianArchitecture
IndusCivilization
BuddhistArchitecture
TempleArchitecture
IndoIslamicArchitecture
ModernArchitecture

2.IndianSculpture
IndusCivilization

BuddhistSculpture
GuptaSculpture
MedievalSchoolofSculpture
ModernIndianSculpture

3.IndianPainting
WallPainting
MiniaturePainting
ModernPainting

The basic characteristics and problems of contemporary Indian Sculpture are very similar to those of contemporary
painting.Ifanything,itisevenmorealienatedfromthegreatIndiantradition,thoughandevenmorestronglyhinged
tothemodern,eclectic,internationalconcept.
It began in the academic style, based on midVictorian ideas of naturalism and smugness, and was a legacy of the
British.Thismannerismwasperpetratedinthegovernmentartschoolsandcollegesestablishedaroundthecenturyin
Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and elsewhere. The inane achievement of this so called realist or naturalist school never
evenattainedtheheightofrealacademicexcellenceandhasremainedafarcryfromtheiconographic,symbolicaland
religiousidealsofIndiansculpturethroughtheages.
And then, when our sculpture was freed of this yoke, towards the 'forties' it looked again as in painting, to the
westernworldforinspiration,resultinginsimilarprocessesofexperimentationandeclecticexercise.Fromthenonthe
storyofcontemporaryIndiansculptureisthestoryofatransitionfromacademismtowelldefinednonobjectivism.
We have been introduced to new and unconventional materials, most certainly in the manner of employing them,
such as, sheet metal, welded bricabrac wire, plastic, hardware and junk. Here and there, our sculptors may have
achievedworthwhileresultsintunewiththemilieu,butthisachievementisnotcomparablewiththeresultsattained
inthefieldintheshapeofarenewedinterestinfolkandtribalart.But,largely,thepreoccupationisstillwithshape
and form, polish and texture and midway abstraction. Contemporary Indian sculpture has not shown either the
speedorvarietyofpaintingandhasnotarrivedatthelogical'culdesac'whichinthecaseofpaintinghasprovided
thenecessaryheightandperspectivetoameaningfulintrospection,whichiscalledthe'Journey'sEnd'isasymbolical
paintingthatreachesbeyondtheexplicitpictorialelementsofthework.Thecrouching,gaspingcamelsetagainstan
ariddesertinthetwilighthourshasarelevancetolifeingeneral.

Nandalal Bose is regarded as the most distinguished pupil of Abanindranath Tagore and his influence was
considerableonmorethanonegenerationofartists.Inthepaintingofawomanintheactofdoing'Pranam'one
seesbothsimplicityanddirectnessofhispictorialismasalsothesignificantimpactonhisworkofthevitalityoffolk
art.
Kshitindranath Majumdar was also a renowned pupil of Abanindranath. The beautiful picture of Spring owes its
inspirationtotheIndianminiatures.Kshitindranathwasknownforhissoftpaletteandthegraceandlyricalqualityof
hisdrawing.Heisalmostuniqueinthisrespect.

Painting:'Womanpluckingflowers'
byGagendranathTagore

JaminiRoywasacontemporaryoftheartistsmentionedabove,buthe,morethananyoneelse,soughtanentirelydifferent
pathofexpression,whichhadatremendousimpactonsubsequentpainters,deeplyinspiredbytheBengalfolktradition.His
imagesandideasasinthispaintingof'Pujarinis'aredirect,singularlystylised,andconceivedinemphaticflatspacesandstrong
lines.

GanganendranathTagoresharedverymuchwiththepaintersoftheIndianRenaissancebut,he,likethedistinguishedpoet
painterRabindranath,wasanindividualistofanextraordinaryorder.Hispaintingshavesomethingconsiderablycommonwith
cubisticapproachasinthisfantasticstudyofthemagician.Hispaintingsaredistinguishedforhisindividualistic,highlydramatic
conceptoflightandshadow.
Painting:'Pujarins'by
JaminiRoy

AbdurRahmanChughtaiwasgreatlyinspiredbytheBengalSchool.ButhewasequallyinfluencedbyPersianthoughtandart,andwiththesetwohe
developedastyleofhisownromanticandpoeticwithflowinglinesandapalettetomatchhisnostalgicmood.
ThestudyofaHeadinanexampleoftheworkofRabindranathTagorewhotooktopaintinginhislateyearsunderanirrepressibleurge.Hisimagescome
forthfromthesubconsciousregions,fromdreamandfantasyandhaveanarchetypalquality.
K.SreenivasululikeJaminiRoy,wasgreatlymovedbyfolkartandrurallife.Byvirtueofthedirectness,decorativeeffectsandstylisation,hisworkshould
beunderstoodalongwithJaminiRoy's.SreenivasuludrewmuchinspirationfromtheartheritageofSouthIndia,particularlyfromthemuraltraditionof
TanjavurandLepakshi.
With A.A. Almelkar we enter a different phase of contemporary Indian painting. It is still largely inspired, both in technique and figurative, by Indian
miniatureandmuraltradition.Butonecanseetheveryindividualisticapproachtothecompositionalproblemswhichhadmarkedadepartureideologically.

WhatissaidaboveisexemplifiedremarkablyinthissimplepaintingbyK.K.Hebbar.Theraphicsymbolismofthebrideandbridegroom,thelargeuseof
white,thepanelofmusiciansatthebottom,pointaltogetherstronglyatthenewconceptofstructuralorganisation.
We see the full realisation of this concept and a glimpse of its enormous possibilities in Laxman Pai's 'Autumn'. In Pai's vision, man and nature are
inseparable,twoaspectsofmanandnatureintoafantasticamalgamadmirably.Theimageiselementarybuthighlysuggestive.

Paintings from the sixties by J. Swaminathan belongs to a phase of contemporary Indian painting wherein one sees an attempt, again, to rediscover
sourcesofindigenousinspiration.TheTulsiplantthatsproutsfromtheVrindavanagainstasymmetricalpairofconicalrocksisonekindofsucharesultant
imageonwhichSwaminathanhasachievedverysubstantialandindividualisticimagery.

The radiating, iridiscent concept of light by Biren De is another such effort. What Biran De achieves is a vision of
spirituallight,aprimeval,selfemanatingconceptoflight.Thedarkcentre,andtheconcentriceffulgenceemphasises
thisvisionadmirably.
The concept. of the human figure and of landscape has undergone a veritable transformation in the hands of the
contemporaryartist.ApaintingbySailozMookherjee,ofamotherandchildren,isanearlywork.Theemphasisison
thecompositionandtheconcernwiththebasicformalconceptofthefiguresasawholeratherthanonthedetails.
ThepictureofKathakalidancersdoingtheirmakeupbyS.D.Chavdaexemplifieshismeticulousdraughtsmanship.The
strongsinewybodiesofthedancers,theirpostures,areveryablyachieved.Therenderingofthefigureisunerringand
thevariouselementsofthepicturearesoundlydistributed.

Painting:'June70'byBirenDe

K.G. Subramanyan's cockseller carries abstraction of the figure further, and in a way acquires much expressive
power. The prancing cocks, the attenuated man and the cart which carries cocks and the vertical complex of
houses,allthisisdeliberatelysoconceived.

In "Two Figures' Husain reduces the figures to a purely orchestrated concept of colour, in mutual contrast. The
physiognomyisfurtherabstractedwiththebarestofdetails.HusainhaseverbeendeeplymovedbyIndianlifeand
people,particularlybytherusticandpicturesquerurallife.Husainhasbuiltuparemarkablypersonaliconography
overthecourseofyears.
In an early picture of the '50s, Satish Gujral expresses the idea of desolation beautifully by a semisurrealistic
imagery. The gaping emptiness in the background, the suggestion of a man in a state of utter collapse and the
noose,areallpartofthisweirdimagery.
Ganesh Pyne's 'Mother and Child' is not as simple. as it seems. It has an air of fantasy and this is true of his
paintingsingeneral.Thewaythemotherandchildconfronttheviewerandtheintentstareoftheeyesemphasise
theinherentmysteryofthepainting.

Painting:'CockSeller'byK.G.
Subramanyam

Acollageisanorganisationofanassortmentofmaterials,bothconventionalandunconventionaltoproduceanintegratedpictorialconcept.PirajiSagara
usesdismemberedoddsandbitsofoldwoodandcarvingstogetherwithpiecesofmetalandpaint.Theresultisparadoxicallybothmodernandtraditional.
Theworkrelatestoalegendonthesun.
A painting of F.N. Souza, of a landscape of a sprawling complex of buildings. It is highly individualised to suit the artist's structural consideration. It is
familiarbuthasanelementofstrangenessaboutit.
AvinashChandra's'Orchard'goesverymuchfurtherinthesamedirection,almostintotherealmoffantasy.Thesunlikeentitiesfloatinginthesky,the
shapeofthetrees,andtherhythmicclusterofpatternsthatinterplay,arepartofthisfantasy.

There are houses and houses. Most of them are nondescript. But some have character. And here is a house by N.S. Bendre, which has a remarkable
character,aportraitinitself.Bendreworksminutelyemphasisingeverydetailtoachievetheessentialspiritofthisstrangehouse.

For more than a decade and a half Shanti Dave has been painting in a style that is deceptively abstract, as one called 'Snow Shade'. It is no doubt a
pronouncedly nonobjective appearance which is brought about by diligent hard work and by unconventional use of materials, like wax and encaustic,
alongwithtimehonouredoilpaint.Heusesscript,blockswithfolkfiguresetc.toanimatethesurfaceandtocreatethetexture.Finallywhatonefeelsisa
worldwhichisbotholdandnew.
OneofGaitonde'searlyworksisunequivocallynonobjective.Thewidespaceinwhichthestripsofredandothercolouredareasfloathavenomeaning,
symbolicalorexplicitly.Thedimensionispurelyplasticinthiswork,althoughinhisrecentworkonenoticesapositivemetaphysicalelementcreepingin.

Ramkumar has painted a lively abstract landscape in subtle grey and green. The rhythm of the tones and the
crisscrosslinesmorethansuggestthebasicideaofflight.Ramkumarwasafigurativepaintertobeginwith,then
wenttolandscapeseriouslyfromwhichhenowdistilstheseabstracted,unpeopledflightsintotherealmofnon
objectivity.
Animportantmonumentalworkbytherenownedsculptor,D.P.RoyChowdhury,iscalledthe'TriumphofLabour'.
Thestrongmuscularbodiesofthemenhaulingthework,theirveryanimatedposturesmakethisanextremely
expressivework.InfactitmaybesaidthatMr.RoyChowdhurybelongstotheexpressionisticschool.

Sculpture,"Triumphoflabour'byD.P.
RoyChowdhury,Delhi

Altogetherinadifferentvein,butanequallyexpressiveworkisabustofabuoyantyoungwomanbyRamkinker
Baij. The radiant, youthful face and the ample bosom typify vitality. Sculpturally speaking the texture is highly
expressiveandfullofenergy.

TheinterpretationofaphilosopherbyB.VithalisofaheadwhichiseverythingandVithalresortstoanaccentuationofallphysiognomicaldetails,suchas
thenose,thehalfopeneyes,thelongearlobes,etc.toconveythebasicidea.
The sculptor, Sankho Choudhuri, emphasises the physical attributes in a most vital manner in the sculpture of a woman preening herself. The raised
arms,theflowinglines,theroundedgracefulformadduptotheimageofYouthagain.
Quiteoften,inthecaseofsculpture,thematerialdeterminesthefundamentalformalconceptasinhisbullbyRaghaveKaneria.Fullofenergyandbrute
strength,thebullispoisedtocharge.Thecontoursemphasisemovement.
Anelongatedsculptureof'AMan'byDavierwallacarriestheconceptoffigureinsculpturetoanaltogetherdifferentlevel.Theanimatedfaceandraised
armsgiveitaweird,unearthlycharacter.Thereisanattempttoreducetheessentialstotheminimum.Thecharacterofthemetalisemphasised.

MahendraPandyaconceivesinasculpturethestoneasasolidmasswiththebarestsuggestionofthetwofigures,justenough.Theemphasis,asitshould
beinthecaseofstone,isonmassandvolumeinthisuprightsculpture.
Asimple,pastoralsceneofacoupleanglingbytheriversideisanearlyworkbyHarenDas,whichisratherconventional,unambiguousandexpressively
illustrative.Averycompetentworkinitsstyle.

SunirmalChatterji's'ManaliVillage'isastraightforward,conventionallandscape.Itexploits,withinlimitations,thespecificcharactersoftextureofthe
woodcutmedium.
SomnathHore's'Birth'springsoutofadream.Therefore,theemphasisisonthecombinationofunusualpictorialelements.Theroseitselfisthemost
prominent.Itisanetchingandtheartistexploitsallthepossibilitiesofthemediumsuitabletohistheme.
In'Study3'DipakBanerjimakestheetchingmediumyieldevenmorespecificeffectsinthisprincipallynonobjectivework.Thesharpline,thevariegated
texture,theincision,therelief,havealltheexcellenceofanetching.

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