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the maximum exterior earth pressure without considering that one load could
minimize the effect of the other (1).
Base Fixity
Behavior of circular concrete tanks is based on the wall to footing connection. The
two main types of connections are; continuous connection and hinged connection
Figure 2.
Continuous connection#
Hinged connection#
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Table 1 - Tension in circular rings Triangular load Fixed base Free top
H2/Dt
0.0H
0.1H
T = Coefficient wHR
Positive sign indicate tension
w = liquide density
H = wall height
R tank radius
0.2H 0.3H 0.4H 0.5H
0.6H
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.149
0.263
0.283
0.265
0.234
0.134
0.067
0.025
0.018
0.134
0.239
0.271
0.268
0.251
0.203
0.164
0.137
0.119
0.12
0.215
0.254
0.268
0.273
0.267
0.256
0.245
0.234
8.0
0.0037
0.0063
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
-0.011
-0.005
-0.002
0
0.098
0.097
0.098
0.099
0.7H
0.8H
0.9H
0.101
0.19
0.234
0.266
0.285
0.322
0.339
0.346
0.344
0.082
0.16
0.209
0.25
0.285
0.357
0.403
0.428
0.441
0.066
0.13
0.18
0.226
0.274
0.362
0.429
0.477
0.504
0.049
0.096
0.142
0.185
0.232
0.33
0.409
0.469
0.514
0.029
0.063
0.099
0.134
0.172
0.262
0.334
0.398
0.447
0.014
0.034
0.054
0.075
0.104
0.157
0.21
0.259
0.301
0.004
0.01
0.016
0.023
0.031
0.052
0.073
0.092
0.112
0.008
0.007
0.0023
-0.0068
-0.0224
-0.0465
-0.0795
0.001
0.208
0.202
0.2
0.199
0.323
0.312
0.306
0.304
0.437
0.429
0.42
0.412
0.542
0.543
0.539
0.531
0.608
0.628
0.639
0.641
0.589
0.633
0.666
0.687
0.44
0.494
0.541
0.582
0.179
0.211
0.241
0.265
Table 2 - Moment in Cantilever Wall -Triangular load Fixed base Free top
H2/Dt
0.1H
0.2H
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
0.005
0.001
0.0012
0.0011
0.001
0.0006
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0.0014
0.0037
0.0042
0.0041
0.0035
0.0024
0.0015
0.0008
0.0003
0.0001
0
0
0
0
M = Coefficient wH3
Positive sign indicate tension
w = liquide density
H = wall height
R tank radius
0.3H
0.4H
0.5H 0.6H 0.7H
0.0021
0.0063
0.0077
0.0075
0.0068
0.0047
0.0028
0.0016
0.0008
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0
-0.0001
0.0007
0.008
0.0103
0.0107
0.0099
0.0071
0.0047
0.0029
0.0019
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0
-0.0002
-0.0042
0.007
0.0112
0.0121
0.012
0.009
0.0066
0.0046
0.0032
0.0016
0.0007
0.0003
0.0001
-0.0001
-0.015
0.0023
0.009
0.0111
0.0115
0.0097
0.0077
0.0059
0.0046
0.0028
0.0019
0.0013
0.0008
0.0004
-0.0302
-0.0068
0.0022
0.0058
0.0075
0.0077
0.0069
0.0059
0.0051
0.0038
0.0029
0.0023
0.0019
0.0013
0.8H
0.9H
1.0H
-0.0529
-0.0224
-0.0108
-0.0051
-0.0021
0.0012
0.0023
0.0028
0.0029
0.0029
0.0028
0.0026
0.0023
0.0019
-0.0816
-0.0465
-0.0311
-0.0232
-0.0185
-0.0119
-0.008
-0.0058
-0.0041
-0.0022
-0.0012
-0.0005
-0.0001
0.0001
-0.1205
-0.0795
-0.0602
-0.0505
-0.0436
-0.0333
-0.0268
-0.0222
-0.0187
-0.0146
-0.0122
-0.0104
-0.009
-0.0079
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Coefficients
H2/Dt
Coefficients
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.436
0.374
0.339
0.317
0.299
0.262
0.236
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
0.213
0.197
0.174
0.158
0.145
0.135
0.127
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Radial Moment
Coeffecients
0.075
0.073
0.067
0.057
0.043
0.025
0.003
-0.023
-0.053
-0.087
-0.125
Tangential Moment
Coefficients
0.075
0.074
0.071
0.066
0.059
0.050
0.039
0.026
0.011
-0.006
-0.025
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Coefficients
0.139
0.270
0.345
0.399
0.445
0.548
0.635
H2/Dt
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Coefficients
0.713
0.783
0.903
1.010
1.108
1.198
1.281
0.20
0.358
0.25
0.387
= strength reduction factor defined in ACI 350 Chapter 9 ( = 0.9 for axial tension)
fs = permissible tensile stress in the reinforcement as given below:
fs = 20,000 psi, Direct and hoop tensile stress in normal environmental exposures
fs = 17,000 psi, Direct and hoop tensile stress in severe environmental exposures
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Steel reinforcement
For members in axial tension, the ACI 350 limits the allowable stress for steel
reinforcement for service load design to fs = 20,000 psi. Allowable stresses for
flexural and shear reinforcement depend on the bar size, steel grade and expouser
conditions and are given in ACI 350-06 Section I.3.2.
In addition ACI 350 provides rules for distribution of flexural reinforcement and the
allowable stresses used to control flexural cracking in all members that are not
compression controlled sections. The calculated stress fs in reinforcement closest to a
surface in tension at service loads must not exceed the following:
In normal environmental exposure areas
36,000
fs need not be less than 20,000 psi for one-way and 24,000 psi for two-way members
In sever environmental exposure areas
36,000
fs need not be less than 17,000 psi for one-way and 20,000 psi for two-way members
as a simplification the value of 4(2+db/2)2 may be taken as 25.
= strain gradient amplification factor =
and may be assumed equal to 1.2 for
members with h 16 in. and 1.35 for members with h< 16 in.
Where:
C = coefficient for shrinkage for reinforced concrete (C ranges between 0.0002 and
0.0004)
Es = modulus of elasticity for steel = 29,000 ksi
n = modular ratio = Es/Ec
Ec = modulus of elasticity for concrete = 57000
, psi for normalweight concrete
= compressive strength of concrete in psi
T = the axial tensile force
As and Ac are the areas for steel reinforcement and concrete section respectively
Considering one foot width of a wall having a thickness = t (Ac = 12 t) and inserting
the value of As in the above equation, the thickness can be calculated from the
following equation:
12
Where T is the ring tension per foot length, fc and fs are the allowable stresses for
service loads for concrete and steel respectivly.
Design procedure
The usual procedure for tank design is to provide horizontal reinforcement As for all
ring tension at certain allowable stress fs neglecting the contribution of concrete (As =
T/fs). After determining As, the concrete tensile stress in the uncracked section is
checked due the combined ring tension and shrinkage. If the strength design approach
is used, factored forces from different load combinations must be multiplied by the
associated environmental durability factor Sd. According to ACI 350, the minimum
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thickness of conventionally cast-in-place concrete wall that are in contact with liquids
and are at least 10 ft high must be 12 in.
The required vertical reinforcement for the cantilever moment is calculated using the
strength design approach for flexural members. In selecting the size of reinforcing
bars it should be noticed that cracking can be better controlled by using a larger
number of small diameter bars rather than fewer larger diameter bars. Spacing of
reinforcing bars must be limited to 12 in., and the minimum cover for reinforcement
in the tank wall must be at least 2in.
Base design
The tank base design varies depends on the supporting condition. For ground tanks
supported directly on soil, the base is designed as a circular slab accounting for the
continuity with the wall. Different loading conditions need to be considered for this
case. For circular elevated tanks, moments calculations in the base will depend on
whether the base, is supported only around the perimeter or central supports are used.
Reference (1) contains detailed examples covering different conditions for base
design.
Conclusion
With the versatility of concrete and new emerging technologies, reinforced concrete
circular tanks are being used extensively in municipal and industrial facilities. A
properly designed tank must be able to withstand the applied loads without cracking
that may cause leakage. Methods for calculating the forces in tank wall and base are
presented. Effect of shrinkage on concrete resistance is discussed. The current
provisions of ACI 350-06 are explained and discussed.
References
1. ACI Committee 350, Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering
Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI 350-06), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2006
2. ACI Committee 350, Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering
Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI 350-06), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2006
3. PCA, Circular Concrete Tanks without Prestressing, IS072.01D, Portland
Cement Association, Skokie, IL 1992
4. ACI Committee 350, Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering
Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI 350-06), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2006
5. ACI Committee 318, Code Requirements for Structural Concrete(ACI 318-02 and
Commentary (ACI 318R-0206), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
MI, 2002
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