Electromagnet 8.4

CHAPTER 8: Electromagnet
8.4 Transformer
FORM 5 COPYRIGHT BY
SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JO
8.4: Transformers
240 V
1. In Malaysia, our electricity for domestic supplied at a voltage of
a.c.
2. However, most of home appliances at home use lower than or higher than 240V.
mobile
laptops
television .,
3. Transformers are found in many devices such as .,
..
phones
and etc.
larger
small
4. The main use of transformer is to convert .
AC Voltage to .
one or vice-
versa.
A transformer is a device which step ups or steps down alternating current voltage
Operating principle of a transformer
Laminated soft-iron
core
INPUT
OUTPUT
Primary coil
Secondary
coil
Symbol of
transformer
5. Based on the electromagnetic induction, the a.c voltage is applied to the primary coil of a transformer,
an alternating current flow through the circuit.
6. When an alternating current flows in primary coil, and magnetic field is produced in the soft iron core.
7. Magnetic flux linkage to secondary coil and will cut the magnetic fields lines.
8. The secondary coil experiences the rate of change of magnetic field and current is induced in secondary
coil. (induced e.m.f)
9. When the current in primary coil decreases, the magnetic field will collapse and again cut the secondary
coil.
10. An e.mf acting in the opposite direction is induced in the secondary coil.
11. Hence, an alternating e.m.f of the same frequency is induced in the secondary coil.
12. The output voltage is depends on the ratio of number of turns of primary and secondary coils.
PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 1
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)
Step-up and step-down transformers

1. The relationship between the voltages and the ratio of the turns in primary and secondary coils can be
Primary voltage
Secondary
voltage
Vp
Vs
=
=
Number of turns in primary coil

Number of turns in secondary
coil
Np
Vp
Ns
OR
Np
Vs
Ns
If Ns is greater than Np, then Vs is than Vp. The type of transformer is

step-up
.
transformer
greater
less
If Ns is less than Np, then Vs is
than Vp. The type of transformer is
step-down
.
transformer
For example, if the turns ratio is 1:50, the output voltage is stepped up .. times.
50
Step-down
transformer
Step-up
transformer
Page 2
Page 3
Power supplied
to the primary
coil
VpI
p
Is
Ip
Power used in
the secondary
coil
VsIs
Is
Ip
Np
Ns
Vp
Vs
Comparing with the

transformer equation
Energy losses in a transformer

100%
As we know, an ideal transformer has ..
effiency.
But in practice, the efficiency of a tranformer is ..
less than 100%.
The effiency of a transformer is expressed as follows:
Pout
100%
Pin
VsIs
100%
VpIp
Page 4
13. Complete the table below:
Type of losses
Eddy current
Causes
Way to reduce
current induced in the core due to
Use laminated core
electromagnetic induction.
higher resistance to reduce eddy
Changing of magnetic field induced
current
current in soft iron core
Eddy current produced and generate

heat
Heat loss
As the number of turn increases, the
Use low resistance copper
resistance of conductor also increases.
/aluminium wires
Heat produced by electrical energy to
Thick wire to reduce resistance
oppose the resistance
Hysterisis loss
The core is magnetized and
Use soft-iron core
/magnetism and
demagnetized alternately due to a.c
It is able to be magnetized and
demagnetizatio
current in primary coil
demagnetized easily
n of the core
Energy loss as heat
Flux leakage
Leakage of magnetic flux in the
Proper core design
primary coil
wind the primary coil on the top of

the secondary coils
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
My house
8.5: Generation and Transmission of Electricity
Sources of Energy
1. The generation of electricity comes from many sources such as :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Hydro 240 V
Gases
Nuclear
Diesel
Coal
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Buildings
National Grid Network

pylons
2. National Grid Network is a network of underground cables or which connect all the power
stations and substations for the whole country.
3. This network starts at electrical power plant like Chenderoh Lake Power Station which is hydroelectric
power station, and end at our houses.
11 kV
4. Complete the diagram below by showing the cables of transmission and suitable users.
Light industry
Heavy industry
5. Electrical energy is transmitted from the power station to the consumer using long transmission cables.
heat energy. Power loss can be calculate as follow:
6. This will bring to power loss as
Page 8
Pheat I R
2
I = current flows in the cable

R = resistance of the cable
7. The power loss can reduce by:

resistance
i. Reducing the
of the cables
increasing
ii. Reducing the current or . the voltage in the cable.

Advantages of use national grid network
1. easy to manage
132 kV
2. Less interruptions and continuously
Regional control and switching centres enable power to

be sent where and when it is needed.
Regional control and switching centres allow some
stations and lines to be shut down for maintenance work
3. Reducing cost of generation
without cutting off the supply to the consumers

High voltage transmission can reduce the power loss in
4. Easy to control and regulates
transmission cables. The cost production is reduced.

When at peak periods of electricity usage, more
generator can be switched on. During periods of low
demand, some generators can be turned off.
Renewable energy
Renewable energy sources are continually replenished naturally means they are sustainable.
5. Give the example of renewable energy:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
Wave
Tidal
6. Give the example of non-renewable energy:

fuel such
i. Fossil
..
a) as:
Oil
b) Gas
c) Coal
7. Give the benefits of using the renewable energy to our nation:

Page 9
a.
b.
c.
d.
Avoid depletion of fossil fuels

Cleaner sources for little pollution
Avoid harming flora and fauna
Avoid the disruption of ecological balance
transmission
33 kV
Page 10

Electromagnet 8.4

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CHAPTER 8: Electromagnet

SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JO

Step-up and step-down transformers

Number of turns in primary coil

If Ns is greater than Np, then Vs is than Vp. The type of transformer is

Comparing with the

Energy losses in a transformer

current induced in the core due to

Use laminated core

higher resistance to reduce eddy

Changing of magnetic field induced

current in soft iron core

Eddy current produced and generate

As the number of turn increases, the

Use low resistance copper

resistance of conductor also increases.

Heat produced by electrical energy to

Thick wire to reduce resistance

oppose the resistance

The core is magnetized and

Use soft-iron core

demagnetized alternately due to a.c

It is able to be magnetized and

current in primary coil

Energy loss as heat

Leakage of magnetic flux in the

Proper core design

wind the primary coil on the top of

National Grid Network

I = current flows in the cable

7. The power loss can reduce by:

ii. Reducing the current or . the voltage in the cable.

2. Less interruptions and continuously

Regional control and switching centres enable power to

3. Reducing cost of generation

without cutting off the supply to the consumers

4. Easy to control and regulates

transmission cables. The cost production is reduced.

6. Give the example of non-renewable energy:

7. Give the benefits of using the renewable energy to our nation:

Avoid depletion of fossil fuels

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