Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUMMER REVIEW
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
CHAIN OF INFECTION
INFECTIOUS AGENT
Any microorganism capable of producing a disease
RESERVOIR
Environment or object on which an organism can survive and
multiply
PORTAL OF EXIT
The venue or way in which the organism leaves the reservoir
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The means by which the infectious agent passes from the portal of
exit from the reservoir to the susceptible host
PORTAL OF ENTRY
Permits the organism to gain entrance into the host
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
A person at risk for infection, whose defense mechanisms are
unable to withstand invasion of pathogens
STAGES OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS
Incubation Period acquisition of pathogen to the onset of signs
and symptoms
Prodromal Period patient feels bad but not yet experiencing
actual symptoms of the disease
Period of Illness onset of typical or specific signs and symptoms
of a disease
Convalescent Period signs and symptoms start to abate and
client returns to normal health
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
CONTACT TRANSMISSION
Direct contact involves immediate and direct transfer from
person-to-person (body surface-to-body surface)
Indirect contact occurs when a susceptible host is exposed to a
contaminated object
DROPLET TRANSMISSION
Occurs when the mucous membrane of the nose, mouth or
conjunctiva are exposed to secretions of an infected person within a
distance of three feet
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
Transfer of microorganisms by way of vehicles or contaminated
items that transmit pathogens
AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
Occurs when fine particles are suspended in the air for a long time
or when dust particles contain pathogens
VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
Transmitted by biologic vectors like rats, snails and mosquitoes
TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
ACTIVE antibodies produced by the body
NATURAL antibodies are formed in the presence of active
infection in the body; lifelong
ARTIFICIAL antigens are administered to stimulate antibody
production
PASSIVE antibodies are produced by another source
NATURAL transferred from mother to newborn through placenta
or colostrum
ARTIFICIAL immune serum (antibody) from an animal or human
is injected to a person
SEVEN CATEGORIES OF ISOLATION
STRICT- prevent highly contagious or virulent infections
Example: chickenpox, herpes zoster
CONTACT spread primarily by close or direct contact
Example: scabies, herpes simplex
RESPIRATORY prevent transmission of infectious distances
over short distances through the air
Example: measles, mumps, meningitis
TUBERCULOSIS indicated for patients with positive smear or
chest x-ray which strongly suggests tuberculosis
ENTERIC prevent transmission through direct contact with feces
Example: poliomyelitis, typhoid fever
DRAINAGE prevent transmission by direct or indirect contact
with purulent materials or discharge
CD-Bucud
Ex. Burns
UNIVERSAL prevent transmission of blood and body-fluid borne
pathogens
Example: AIDS, Hepatitis B
DIC
MENINGITIS
MENINGOCOCCEMIA
MAIN PROBLEM
- Inflammation of
the brain
- Inflammation of
the meninges
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
- Acute infection of
the bloodstream and
developing vasculitis
5-15 days
1-10 days
Hypotension
Shock
ENCEPHALITIS
MENINGITIS
Headache
Photophobia
Vomiting
Stiff neck
Inflammatory
reaction
Fever
Sore throat
Nuchal rigidity
Photophobia
Opisthotonus
Lethargy
Brudzinskis
Convulsions
Kernigs sign
WaterhouseFriderichsen
syndrome
Petechiae with
the development
of hemorrhage
INCIDENCE
6 months5
years old
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
Informed consent
After: bedrest
ENCEPHALITIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENINGITIS
Vasculitis
Stiff neck
Perivascular
congestion
MENINGOCOCCEMIA
3-4 days
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Lethargy
Convulsions
Seizures
Purpura
Death
- Neisseria meningitides
INCUBATION PERIOD
Disruption in
cellular
functioning
Microthrombosis
Vasculitis:
petechial
rash in the
trunk and
extremities
- Streptococcus
- Staphylococcus
- Pneumococcus
- Tubercle bacillus
- Arboviruses
Bite of infected
mosquito
URTI:
cough, sore
throat,
fever,
headache,
nausea and
vomiting
MENINGITIS
MENINGOCOCCEMIA
TREATMENT MODALITIES
Dexamethasone
Ceftriaxone
Mannitol
Penicillin
Anticonvulsants
Chloramphenicol
Antipyretics
PREVENTION
1. Japanese
encephalitis
VAX
ENCEPHALITIS
THREE SIGNS OF MENINGEAL IRRITATION
OPISTHOTONUS
State of severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individuals
head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete arching position
BRUDZINSKIS SIGN
Place the patient in a dorsal recumbent position and then put hands
behind the patients neck and bend it forward.
If the patient flexes the hips and knees in response to the
manipulation, positive for meningitis
KERNIGS SIGN
Place the patient in a supine position, flex his leg at the hip and knee
then straighten the knee; pain and resistance indicates meningitis
1. HiB vaccine
Ciprofloxacin
MENINGITIS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
1. Comfort: quiet,
well-ventilated
room
2. Skin care:
cleansing bath,
change in
position
3. Eliminate
mosquito
breeding sites:
CULEX
mosquito
Rifampicin
MENINGOCOCCEMIA
1. Side boards
1. Respiratory
isolation 24-72
hours after onset
of antibiotic
therapy
2. Close contacts
2. Room protected
against bright
lights
S ame daycare
center
3. Safety: side-lying
position and
raised side rails
H ouse
I nfected person
kissing
S hare mouth
instruments
3. Antibiotics as
prophylaxis
CD-Bucud
POLIOMYELITIS
RABIES
TETANUS
Acute infectious
disease with systemic
neuromuscular
effects
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Rhabdovirus
Clostridium tetani
Legio debilitans
Bullet-shaped
Anaerobic
Affinity to CNS
Gram positive
Killed by sunlight,
UV light, formalin
Drumstick
appearance
MAIN PROBLEM
Acute infection of
the CNS muscle
spasm, paresis and
paralysis
Resistant to
antibiotics
POLIOMYELITIS
RABIES
PRODROMAL/INVASION PHASE
Fever
Anorexia
Sore throat
Difficulty swallowing
EXCITEMENT OR NEUROLOGICAL PHASE
Hydrophobia (laryngospasm)
Aerophobia (bronchospasm)
Delirium
Maniacal behavior
Drooling
TERMINAL OR PARALYTIC PHASE
Progressive paralysis
Death
POLIOMYELITIS
RABIES
TETANUS
TETANUS
COMPLICATION
INCUBATION PERIOD
7-21 days
2-8 weeks
Distance of bite to
brain
Adult: 3 days-3
weeks
Extensiveness of the
bite
2. CSF culture
RABIES
Direct inoculation
through a broken
skin
Enteric isolation
Respiratory
isolation
POLIOMYELITIS
RABIES
R isus sardonicus
1. Analgesics
1. Prodromal /
invasion
phase
O pistothonus
2. Morphine
T rismus
3. Moist heat
application
2. Excitement /
neurological
phase
C onvulsions
4. Bed rest
H eadache
5. Rehabilitation
2. Pre-paralytic
or meningetic
type
3. Paralytic type
TETANUS
TETANUS
TREATMENT MODALITIES
1. Abortive type
1. Blood exam
2. Flourescent rabies
antibody (FRA)
ISOLATION PRECAUTION
Bite of an infected
animal
POLIOMYELITIS
1. Throat washings
3. Negri bodies
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
- Direct contact with
infected feces
DEATH
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
1. Stool culture
Resistance of the
host
RESPIRATORY
FAILURE
Paralysis of
respiratory muscles
I rritability
3. Terminal /
paralytic type
L aryngeal
spasm
2. Tetanus antitoxin
(TAT)
2. Active
immunization
3. Penicillin G
Lyssavac
5. Diazepam
Imovax
Antirabies vax
4. Tetracycline
6. Phenobarbital
7. Tracheostomy
8. NGT feeding
2. Passive
immunization
POLIOMYELITIS
POLIO
ABORTIVE TYPE
Headache
Sore throat
Transient paresis
CNS involvement
Flaccid paralysis
Asymmetric
1. Local
treatment of
wound
1. Tetanus immune
globulin (TIG)
RABIES
TETANUS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
1. Enteric isolation
1. Isolation
1. Adequate airway
2. Proper disposal
of secretions
2. Optimum
comfort
2. Quiet, semi-dark
environment
3. Restful
environment
3. Avoid sudden
stimuli and light
4. Firm /
nonsagging bed
5. Suitable body
alignment
6. Comfort and
safety
4. Emotional
support
5. Concurrent
and terminal
disinfection
RABIES
CD-Bucud
POLIOMYELITIS
PREVENTION
Salk vaccine
- Inactivated
polio vaccine
- Intramuscular
Sabin vaccine
- Oral polio
vaccine
- Per orem
RABIES
TETANUS
1. If the dog is
healthy
2. If the dog dies or
shows signs
suggestive of
rabies
1. Aseptic
handling of
umbilical cord
4. Have domestic
dog 3 months to
1 year old
immunized
TREATMENT MODALITIES
- Penicillin
- Erythromycin
2. Tetanus toxoid
immunization
- Tetracycline
BIRD FLU
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BIRD FLU
SARS
A new type of atypical pneumonia
that infects the lungs
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Corona virus
INCUBATION PERIOD
3-5 days
2-8 days
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Respiratory droplets
BIRD FLU
SARS
BIRD FLU
COMPLICATIONS
SARS
Severe viral
pneumonia
Hypoxemia
Respiratory failure
SARS
PREVENTION
MAIN PROBLEM
SARS
3. Antibiotic
prophylaxis
3. If dog is not
available for
observation
BIRD FLU
1.Culling killing of
sick or exposed
birds
1.Quarantine
2. Banning of
importation of
birds (Executive
order # 280)
3. WHO alert
on SARS
(March 12,
2003)
2. Isolation
3. Cook chicken
thoroughly
NURSING MANAGEMENT
BIRD FLU
WHAT TO DO WITH A PERSON SUSPECTED TO HAVE BIRD
FLU
Isolation
CD-Bucud
DIPHTHERIA
PERTUSSIS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
SCHICKS TESTS
- Susceptibility and immunity to
diphtheria
DIPHTHERIA
PERTUSSIS
MAIN PROBLEM
increase in
lymphocytes
CBC
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Corynebacterium diphtheriae or
Klebs-Loeffler bacillus
Bordetella pertussis
DIPHTHERIA
PERTUSSIS
COMPLICATIONS
INCUBATION PERIOD
7-14 days
2-5 days
Convulsions (brain
damage from
asphyxia)
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
1. Respiratory droplets
2. Direct contact with respiratory secretions
Myocarditis
(epigastric
or chest
pain)
DIPHTHERIA
PERTUSSIS
Types:
1.Nasal
2.Tonsilopharyngeal
3.Laryngeal
4.Wound or
cutaneous
Stages:
1. Catarrhal
2. Paroxysmal
3. Convalescent
NASAL DIPHTHERIA
Sore throat
Bull-neck appearance
Hoarseness
Croupy cough
Aphonia
Becomes cyanotic
Heart
failure
Peripheral
paralysis
(tingling,
numbness,
paresis)
Decreased
in
respiratory
rate
Bronchopneumonia
(fever,
cough)
Respirat
ory
arrest
Otitis media
(invading
organisms)
Bronchopneumonia
(most dangerous
complication)
DEATH
DIPHTHERIA
PERTUSSIS
TREATMENT MODALITIES
1. Diphtheria anti-toxin
- Requires skin testing
- Early administration
aimed at neutralizing the
toxin present in the
circulation before it is
absorbed by the tissues
2. Antibiotic therapy
- Penicillin G
- Erythromycin
DIPHTHERIA
1. Erythromycin drug of
choice
2. Ampicillin if resistant
to erythromycin
3. Betamethasone
(corticosteroid)
decrease severity and
length of paroxysms
4. Albuterol
(bronchodilator)
PERTUSSIS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
MUMPS
MAIN PROBLEM
An acute contagious disease, with swelling of one or both of the
parotid glands
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Filterable virus of paramyxovirus group
INCUBATION PERIOD
12-26 days
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Respiratory droplets
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY
6 days before and 9 days after onset of parotid swelling
CD-Bucud
AMOEBIASIS
PRODROMAL PHASE
F-ever (low grade)
H-eadache
M-alaise
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
1. Stool exam
2. Blood exam
PAROTITIS
F-ace pain
E-arache
S-welling of the parotid glands
3. Sigmoidoscopy
TREATMENT MODALITIES
COMPLICATIONS
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
AMOEBIASIS
SHIGELLOSIS
MAIN PROBLEM
Protozoal infection of the large
intestine
SHIGELLOSIS
1. Metronidazole drug
of choice
1. Cotrimoxazole drug
of choice
2. Tetracycline
3. Chloramphenicol
AMOEBIASIS
SHIGELLOSIS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
1.Enteric isolation
2. Boil water for
drinking
3. Handwashing
4. Sexual activity
5. Avoid eating
uncooked leafy
vegetables
CHOLERA
TYPHOID FEVER
MAIN PROBLEM
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Vibrio cholerae
Salmonella typhi
Entamoeba histolytica
Shigella group
-Acquired by swallowing
2. Shigella connei
3. Shigella boydii
1. Fecal-oral transmission
2. 5 Fs
INCUBATION PERIOD
1 to 3 days
1 to 3 weeks
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
CHOLERA
AMOEBIASIS
SHIGELLOSIS
Rice-water stool
TYPHOID FEVER
Fever (ladder-like)
Rose spots
Fever
Abdominal cramps
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
TYPHOID STATE
Diarrhea and
tenesmus
Intravascular
Dehydration
Sordes
Bloody mucoid
stool
Shock
Coma vigil
Diarrhea
Subsultus Tendinum
Carphologia
CD-Bucud
CHOLERA
TYPHOID FEVER
TREATMENT MODALITIES
1.Lactated Ringers
solution
1.Chloramphenicol
drug of choice
2. Ampicillin/
Amoxicillin for
typhoid carriers
2. Oral rehydration
therapy
3. Antibiotic therapy
- Tetracycline drug
of choice
3. Cotrimoxazole for
severe cases with
relapses
CHICKENPOX
Rashes
Rashes
: Centrifugal
distribution
Rash stages: macule
papule
vesicle
pustule
crust
Pruritus
- Chloramphenicol
TYPHOID FEVER
NURSING MANAGEMENT
CHICKENPOX
COMPLICATIONS
CHICKENPOX
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CHICKENPOX
HERPES ZOSTER
1. Antihistamines
symptomatic relief of itching
ENCEPHALITIS acute
inflammatory condition of the
brain
HERPES ZOSTER
4. Corticosteroids antiinflammatory and decreased
pain
Ex. Prednisone
13-17 days
1. Droplet method
GASSERIAN
GANGLIONITIS
Involvement of the optic nerve
resulting to corneal anesthesia
Ex. Acetaminophen
INCUBATION PERIOD
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
RAMSAY-HUNT
SYNDROME - Involvement of
the facial nerve in herpes zoster
with facial paralysis, hearing
loss, loss of taste in half of the
tongue
10-21 days
HERPES ZOSTER
TREATMENT MODALITIES
Ex. Diphenhydramine
(Benadryl)
MAIN PROBLEM
-Unilateral, band-like
distribution
-Dermatomal
- Erythematous base
- Vesicular, pustular or
crusting
Regional
lymphadenopathy
Pruritus
Pain stabbing or
burning
- Cotrimoxazole
CHOLERA
HERPES ZOSTER
CHICKENPOX
HERPES ZOSTER
2. Direct contact
3. Indirect contact
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Strict isolation
CHICKENPOX
HERPES ZOSTER
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY
- Headache
- Malaise
CD-Bucud
MEASLES
GERMAN MEASLES
MAIN PROBLEM
A contagious exanthematous
disease with chief symptoms to
the upper respiratory tract
Rubella virus
INCUBATION PERIOD
14-21 days
10-12 days
GERMAN MEASLES
TREATMENT MODALITIES
A benign communicable
exanthematous disease caused
by rubella virus
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Filterable virus of
paramyxoviridae
MEASLES
1.Vitamin A helps
prevent eye damage
and blindness
2. Antipyretics for
fever
3. Penicillin given
only when secondary
infection sets in
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
1. Droplet method
2. Direct contact with respiratory discharges
3. Indirect with soiled linens and articles
MEASLES
GERMAN MEASLES
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY
MEASLES
NURSING MANAGEMENT
PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE
PRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE
Cough
Coryza
Conjunctivitis
Fever (high-grade)
Photophobia
Fever
Headache
Malaise
Coryza
Conjunctivitis
MEASLES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
2. ERUPTIVE STAGE
Rashes
- Elevated papules
- Begin on the face and behind
the ears
- Spread to trunk and
extremities
Color: Dark red purplish hue
yellow brown
3. Stage of Convalescence
- Desquamation
- Rashes fade from the face
downwards
MEASLES
COMPLICATIONS
Pneumonia
Otitis media
Severe diarrhea (leading
to dehydration)
Encephalitis
GERMAN MEASLES
GERMAN MEASLES
ERUPTIVE STAGE
1. Rash
- pinkish, maculopapular
- Begins on the face
- Spread to trunk or limbs
- No pigmentation or
desquamation
2. Posterior auricular and
suboccipital
lymphadenopathy
GERMAN MEASLES
1. Encephalitis
2. Congenital rubella syndrome
- Spontaneous abortion
- Intrauterine growth retardation
(IUGR)
- Thrombocytopenia purpura
blueberry muffin skin
- Cleft lip, cleft palate, club foot
- Heart defects (PDA, VSD)
- Eye defects (Cataract,
glaucoma)
- Ear defects (Deafness)
- Neurologic (microcephaly,
mental retardation, behavioral
disturbances
SCABIES
MAIN PROBLEM
Infestation of the skin produced by the burrowing action of a parasite
mite resulting in skin irritation and formation of vesicles and pustules
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Sarcoptes scabiei
INCUBATION PERIOD
Within 24 hours
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Direct contact
Indirect contact
Sarcoptes scabiei
1. Yellowish white in color
2. Barely seen by the unaided eye
3. Female parasite burrows beneath the epidermis to lay eggs
4. Males are smaller and reside on the surface of the skin
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Topical steroids
Lindane Lotion
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Good handwashing
Terminal disinfection
CD-Bucud
AIDS
SYPHILIS
MAIN PROBLEM
Final and most serious stage
of HIV disease, which causes
severe damage to the immune
system
AIDS
SYPHILIS
2. SECONDARY SYPHILIS
- Skin rash
- Mucous patches
- Hair loss
- CONDYLOMATA LATA:
coalescing papules which
form a gray-white plaque
frequently in skin folds
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Retrovirus Human T-cell
lymphotropic virus III
(HTLV-3)
Treponema pallidum
INCUBATION PERIOD
3 to 6 months to 8 to 10 years
10-90 days
AIDS
SYPHILIS
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
AIDS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
3. TERTIARY SYPHILIS
- 1 to 10 years after infection
- Appear on the skin, bones,
mucus membrane, URT, liver
and stomach
Blood transfusion
Mother-to-child
AIDS
SYPHILIS
SYPHILIS
AIDS
SYPHILIS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
1. Pneumocystis carinni
pneumonia
1.ELISA
2. Oral candidiasis
2. Western blot
3. Toxoplasmosis
3. RIPA
4. Acute/chronic diarrhea
5. Pulmonary tuberculosis
4. PCR
MALIGNANCIES
1.Dark Field
Illumination test
2. Flourescent
Treponemal
Antibody
Absorption Test
1. Kaposis sarcoma
3. VDRL
2. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
AIDS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
SYPHILIS
1. PRIMARY SYPHILIS
- CHANCRE: small, painless,
pimple-like ulceration on the
penis, labia majora, minora
and lips
- May erupt in the genitalia,
anus, nipple, tonsils or eyelids
- Lymphadenopathy
AIDS
TREATMENT MODALITIES
1. Antivirals
- Shorten the clinical
course, prevent
complications, prevent
development of
latency, decrease
transmission
SYPHILIS
1. Penicillin G Benzathine
- Disease < 1 year: 2.4 M units
once in two injection sites
- Disease > 1 year: 2.4 M units
in 2 injection sites x 3 doses
2. Doxycycline if allergic to
penicillin
3. Tetracycline
- if allergic to penicillin
- Example: Zidovudine
(Retrovir)
- Contraindicated for
pregnant women
CD-Bucud
CHLAMYDIA
GONORRHEA
MAIN PROBLEM
CANDIDIASIS
MAIN PROBLEM
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria gonorrhea
INCUBATION PERIOD
A viral disease
characterized by the
appearance of sores and
blisters on the skin
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Candida albicans
HERPES SIMPLEX
2-10 days
INCUBATION PERIOD
Asymptomatic (females)
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
2-3 weeks
2-12 days
CHLAMYDIA
GONORRHEA
Women
Bleeding after intercourse
Men
Burning with urination
Swollen, painful testicles
Discharge from the penis
CHLAMYDIA
COMPLICATIONS
White, yellow or
green pus from the
penis
GONORRHEA
Women
Pelvic inflammatory
disease
Ectopic pregnancy
Sterility
Men
Epididymitis
Newborn
Sterility
Conjunctivitis
Newborn
Otitis media
Gonococcal ophthalmia
Pneumonia
CHLAMYDIA
HERPES SIMPLEX
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Women
CANDIDIASIS
GONORRHEA
1. Rise in glucose as in
diabetes mellitus
TYPE 1
2. Lowered body
resistance as in cancer
- Direct exposure to
infected saliva
3. Increase in estrogen
level in pregnant women
4. Broad-spectrum
antibiotics are used
TYPE 2
- Respiratory droplets
- Sexual or genital
contact
Purulent discharge
Pruritus
Local excoriation
CANDIDIASIS
HERPES SIMPLEX
TREATMENT MODALITIES
1. Cefixime
1. Azithromycin
(Zithromax)
- Drug of choice because
of single-dose treatment
effectiveness and lower
cost
2. Doxycycline
- Secondary drug of
choice
TREATMENT MODALITIES
- Drug of choice
because of oral
efficacy, single dose
1. Antifungals
1. Antivirals
- Fluconazole (Diflucan)
- Acyclovir (Zovirax)
2. Ciprofloxacin
- Imidazole (Nystatin)
3. Ceftriaxone
4. Erythromycin
- Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
CD-Bucud
10
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
DENGUE
DENGUE
MALARIA
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
1. TORNIQUET TEST
MAIN PROBLEM
An acute febrile disease
The most common arboviral
illness transmitted globally
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Plasmodium falciparum
2. PLATELET COUNT
Chikungunya virus
Plasmodium vivax
Onyongnyong virus
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
MALARIA
3-14 days
TREATMENT MODALITIES
P. Falciparum 12 days
- acetaminophen
P. Vivax 14 days
2. Volume expanders
P. Ovale 14 days
P. Malariae 30 days
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
2. BLOOD SMEAR
-
Uses immunochromatographic
methods to detect Plasmodiumspecific antigens
MALARIA
1. Chloroquine
2. Primaquine
3. Pyrimethamine
DENGUE
INCUBATION PERIOD
1. CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
DENGUE
MALARIA
4. Sulfadoxine
5. Quinine
6. Quinidine
4. Oxygen therapy
5. Sedatives
Trans-placentally
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
DENGUE
LEPTOSPIROSIS
MALARIA
MAIN PROBLEM
VECTOR
Aedes aegypti
Anopheles flavirostris
(Aedes albopictus)
1. SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
Brown in color
Urban-based
Rural-based
DENGUE
Leptospira interrogans
2. SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
-
Africa
3. SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM
- Middle East countries like Iran and Iraq
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
LEPTOSPIROSIS
MALARIA
INCUBATION PERIOD
At least 2 months
FEVER
FEVER
HEADACHE
CHILLS
MALAISE
RASH
PROFUSE SWEATING
7 to 19 days
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Ingestion
Skin penetration
Contact with the skin
EPISODES OF
BLEEDING
CD-Bucud
11
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
LEPTOSPIROSIS
VECTOR
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
LEPTOSPIROSIS
TREATMENT MODALITIES
Oncomelania quadrasi
1. Praziquantel (Biltricide)
3. Ampicillin
4. Amoxicillin
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Septic or Leptospiremic Stage
ACUTE STAGE
F ever (remittent
1. Cercarial dermatitis
(swimmers itch)
H eadache
2. Katayama syndrome
N ausea
C - ough
V omiting
M yalgia
C ough
C hest pain
R ash
M - yalgia
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
LEPTOSPIROSIS
4. Cardiopulmonary: palpitations,
dyspnea on exertion
5. CNS: seizures, headache, back
pain and paresthesia
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
1. Fecalysis
MAIN PROBLEM
A parasitic disease caused by an African eye worm
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Brugia timori
INCUBATION PERIOD
8 to 16 months
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Person-to-person by mosquito bites
ACUTE STAGE
CHRONIC STAGE
FILARIASIS
LEPTOSPIROSIS
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS
Screening of houses
2. Kato-Katz Technique
3. Cercum ova precipitin test
(COPT)
- Confirmatory test for
schistosomiasis
CD-Bucud
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