Induction Motor Introduction

and Equivalent Circuit

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Induction Machine - Introduction

A machine with only armortisseur windings is called an

induction machine.
No DC field current is required to run the machine. Rotor
voltage is induced in the rotor windings rather than being
physically connected by wires.
Induction machine has the same physical stator as a
synchronous machine with a different rotor construction.
Induction machines can be operated as either motors and
generator. However, they are primarily used as induction motors.
Induction machines are by far the most common type of motor
used in industrial, commercial or residential settings.

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IM Stator

Stator for a 2hp induction machine

http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~knight/ee332/induction/basics/construction.html

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IM Rotor
Two types of rotors for induction machine:
Cage Rotor
Wound Rotor

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Cage Rotor
A cage (or squirrel-cage) rotor consists of a series of conducting bars
laid into slots carved in the face of the rotor and shorted at either end
by large shorting rings.

skewed

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Wound Rotor (1)

A wound rotor has a complete set of three phase windings usually Y-connected.
The ends of three rotor wires are tied up to slip rings on the rotors shaft, where
extra resistance can be inserted into rotor circuits for control.

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Wound Rotor (2)

skewed

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IM Basic Concepts

fe : electrical frequency on stator

fe
f sync
synchronous speed in revolution/second
P/2
f sync 120 fe
nsync

synchronous speed in rpm

P
60
nm : mechanical speed or speed of the rotor
BS : stator's magnetic field, rotates at synchronous speed
B R : rotor's induced magnetic field, rotates at synchronous
speed, follows BS at steady state
But the rotor will not follow BS.

Concept of Rotor Slip

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f syn

n sync

n sync

fe
60
P/2
120 f e

n m (1 s ) n sync

f sync f m
f sync

m (1 s ) sync
100 %

f m (1 s ) f sync

Rotor Electrical Frequency

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f r : rotor electrical frequency

f slip

fr

: speed (rev/s) of B R relative to the rotor

P/2

Since BR follows BS, we have:

f sync f m f slip

f slip

f slip f sync f m sf sync

P
P
f r f slip sf sync sfe
2
2
nslip
nslip P
P

f r f slip
60
2 120

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Example 1

details in im1.m

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Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor (1)

stator copper loss
leakage

From Bnet
IR

E 1 4 . 44 f e N eff m
E R 4.44 f r N effR m
4.44 sf e N effR m sE R 0
E R 0 4.44 f e N effR m
n eff

N eff
E1

ER0
N effR

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Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor (2)

X R r L R 2 f r L R 2 sf e L R sX

R0

X R 0 2 f e L R

ER
IR
R R jX

ER

R R jsX

R0

E R0

R R / s jX

R0

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Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor (3)

n eff : 1

per phase equivalent circuit

2
R 2 n eff
RR
2
X 2 n eff
X R0

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Thevinin Equivalent Circuit

Thevinin equivalent circuit

Z M R c // jX

jR c X M
R c jX M

Z TH Z M //( R1 jX 1 )
ZTH RTH jXTH

V TH

Z M ( R1 jX 1 )

Z M R1 jX 1
ZM
V

Z M R1 jX 1

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Induction Motor Power Flow

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Example 2

details in im2.m

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Power and Torque (1)

2
R 2 n eff
RR

I R n eff I 2

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Power and Torque (2)

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Power and Torque (3)

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Per Phase Equivalent Circuit with Rotor Loss and

Converted Power Separated

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Example 3

details in im3.m