M&S Learning centre 0122026649

Problem statement:
How do lithium, sodium and potassium differ in reactivity with oxygen?
Hypothesis:
The reactivity of the alkali metals with oxygen increase the group.
Variables:
a)Manipulated variable: the alkali metals
b) Responding variable : Reactivity of metals with oxygen
c)Constant variable: Size of the metals used
Materials:
Small pieces of lithium, sodium, potassium, oxygen gas, filter paper
Apparatus:
Pen knife, tongs, gas jar with cover, gas jar spoon and Bunsen burner.
Procedure:
1. A piece of lithium metal is removed from the bottle with tongs.
2. A small piece of the metal is cut and the paraffin oil is absorbed.
3.The lithium is transferred onto a gas jar spoon and heated until it starts to
burn.
4.The gas jar spoon is then transferred to a gas jar containing oxygen gas.
5.The observation is recorded.
6.The experiment is repeated using sodium and potassium metals.
Tabulation of data:
Metal
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium

Observation

**** If Question ask for chlorine gas then all OXYGEN changed into
chlorine.*****

M&S Learning centre 0122026649

Problem statement:
How do lithium, sodium and potassium differ in reactivity with water?
Hypothesis:
The reactivity of the alkali metals with water increase the group.
Variables:
a)Manipulated variable: the alkali metals
b) Responding variable : Reactivity of metals with water
c)Constant variable: Size of the metals used
Materials:
Small pieces of lithium, sodium, potassium, basin filled with water, filter
paper
Apparatus:
Pen knife, tongs
Procedure:
1. A piece of lithium metal is removed from the bottle with tongs.
2. A small piece of the metal is cut and the paraffin oil is absorbed.
3. The lithium is dropped into a basin of water carefully.
4.The observation is recorded.
5.The experiment is repeated using sodium and potassium metals.
Tabulation of data:
Metal
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium

Observation

M&S Learning centre 0122026649

Problem statement:
How do chlorine, bromine and iodine differ in reactivity with water?
Hypothesis:
The reactivity of the halogens with water decrease the group.
Variables:
a)Manipulated variable: the type of halogens used
b) Responding variable : the rate halogen dissolves in water
c)Constant variable: temperature of water
Materials:
Chlorine, bromine and Iodine crystals,blue litmus paper
Apparatus:
Test tube, rubber stopper, test tube holder, delivery tube and teat pipette
Procedure:
1. Chlorine gas is passed into a test tube containing water.
2. The solution produced is tested with blue litmus paper.
3. A few drops of liquid bromine are added to some water in a test tube.
4. The test tube is tightly closed with a rubber stopper and then shaken.
5. The solution produced is tested with blue litmus paper.
6. Iodine crystals are added to some water in a test tube.
7. The test tube is tightly closed with a rubber stopper and then shaken.
8. The solution produced is tested with blue litmus paper.
9.
Tabulation of data:
Halogen
Observation
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
**** If question ask for reactivity with sodium Hydroxide then change
WATER into Sodium Hydroxide.***

M&S Learning centre 0122026649

Problem statement:
How do chlorine, bromine and iodine differ in reactivity with Iron?
Hypothesis:
The reactivity of the halogens with Iron decrease the group.
Variables:
a)Manipulated variable: the type of halogens used
b) Responding variable : the intensity of flame of halogen reacts with iron
c)Constant variable: Iron wool
Materials:
Chlorine, bromine and Iodine crystals,iron wool, soda lime
Apparatus:
Combustion tube, Bunsen burner, retort stand, clamp
Procedure:
1. A small roll of iron wool is placed in the middle of test tube.
2. The iron wools are then heated strongly.
3. Chlorine gas is allowed to pass through the heated iron wool.
4. The excess chlorine gas is absorbed by soda lime.
5. The experiment is repeated by heating the bromine water and iodine
crystals.
Tabulation of data:
Halogen
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine

Observation

Problem statement:
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M&S Learning centre 0122026649

How do the properties of the oxides of elements in period 3 change across
the period?
Hypothesis:
The oxide change from basic to amphoteric and then to acidic across period
3.
Variables:
a)Manipulated variable: the type of metal oxides across period 3 used
b) Responding variable : Reaction with acid or alkali
c)Constant variable:Concentration of acid or alkali used.
Materials:
Sodium oxide, magnesium oxide, Aluminium oxide, Silicon(IV) oxide,
phosphorus(V) Oxide, Sulphur dioxide,dichlorine heptoxide, Nitric acid,
sodium hydroxide solution, distilled water and universal indicator
Apparatus:
Test tube, test tube holder, Bunsen burner, rubber stopper, and glass rod
Procedure:
1. A little sodium oxide powder is added to some distilled water in 2 test
tube.
2. The test tube is tightly closed with a rubber stopper and the contents
are shaken.
3. 5cm3 of nitric acid and 5cm3 of Sodium Hydroxide solution are added
separately to the contents in each test tubes.
4. The solubility of sodium oxide in the two solutions are recorded.
5. The experiment is repeated with magnesium oxide, Aluminium oxide,
Silicon(IV) oxide, phosphorus(V) Oxide, Sulphur dioxide,dichlorine
heptoxide .

Tabulation of data:
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M&S Learning centre 0122026649

Metal oxide
Sodium oxide
Magnesium oxide
Aluminium Oxide
Silicon(IV) Oxide
Phosphorus (V) oxide
Sulphur Dioxide
Dichlorine Heptoxide

Observation

Problem statement:
How is the electrical conductivity of ionic compound and covalent
compound?
Hyothesis: Ionic compound conducts electricity in molten form and covalent
compound does not conduct electricity.
Variables:
Manipulated variable: Type of ionic compound and covalent compound
Responding variable: The brightness of the bulb
Constant variable: The type of electrodes used
Apparatus/materials:
Spatula, Lead (II) Bromide, Crucible, Naphthalene, Graphite rods, bulb,
connecting wire, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, switch, batteries
Procedure:
1. 3 spatula of lead(II) Bromide solid is placed in a crucible.
2.Two graphite rods are dipped in the lead(II) Bromide solid and the
circuit is completed.
3.The switch is turned on and the bulb is checked if it is lights up.
4.Lead(II) Bromide is heated strongly until it melts. The switch is turned
on again to check if the bulb lights up.
5.The experiment is repeated using Naphthalene.
Tabulation of data:
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M&S Learning centre 0122026649

Type of compound
Lead(II) Bromide
Naphthalene

Brightness of bulb

Problem statement:
How the concentration of ions do affect the products of electrolysis?
Hypothesis:
Ions of higher concentration will be selectively discharged during
electrolysis.
Manipulated variable: Concentration of Copper (II) Chloride solution
Responding Variable: The products of electrolysis at anode
Constant variable: the type of electrode
Apparatus/materials: batteries, electrolytic cell, carbon electrodes,
ammeter, switch, connecting wire with crocodile slips and test tubes,
2.0moldm-3 Copper(II) Chloride solution, 0.001moldm-3 Copper(II)
Chloride solution
Procedure:
1. 2.0moldm-3 Copper(II) Chloride solution is put into an electrolytic cell
with carbon electrodes.
2. A test tube filles with copper(II)Chloride solution is inverted over the
carbon anode.
3. The switch is turned on the electric current is allowed to flow for 15
minutes.
4. The changes in colour of the electrolyte and the other changes that
occur around the carbon electrodes are recoreded.
5. The experiment is repeated by using 0.001moldm-3 Copper(II)
Chloride solution.

Tabulation of data:
Electrolyte

Observation at anode
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M&S Learning centre 0122026649

2.0moldm-3 Copper(II) Chloride
solution
0.001moldm-3 Copper(II) Chloride
solution
Problem statement:
How the types of electrodes affects the products of electrolysis?
Hypothesis:
The products of anode of the electrolysis of copper(II)Chloride solution
with copper electrodes are different from that with carbon electrodes.
Manipulated variable: type of electrodes
Responding Variable: The products of electrolysis at anode
Constant variable: the concentration of electrolytes
Apparatus/materials: batteries, electrolytic cell, carbon electrodes,
ammeter, switch, connecting wire with crocodile slips and test tubes,
1.0moldm-3 Copper(II) Chloride solution, Rheostat
Procedure:
1. 1.0moldm-3 Copper(II) Chloride solution is put into an electrolytic cell
with carbon electrodes.
2. A test tube filles with copper(II)Chloride solution is inverted over the
carbon anode.
3. The switch is turned on the electric current is allowed to flow for 15
minutes.
4. The changes in colour of the electrolyte and the other changes that
occur around the carbon electrodes are recoreded.
5. The experiment is repeated using copper electrodes.

Tabulation of data:
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M&S Learning centre 0122026649

Electrolyte
Carbon Electrode
Copper Electrode

Observation at anode

Problem statement:

Hypothesis:
The greater the distance between 2 different metals in ECS, the larger the
potential difference.
Variables:

Apparatus and Materials

Procedure:

Tabulation of data:
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