1.

/6 = 1/3 1/3(3)3 + + (1)n 1/(2n+1)(3)2n+1+

2. 2 =7/5(1+1/100 + 1 3/100 200 +1 3 5/100 200 300+
3. Cauchys Condensation Criterion. Suppose that a 1 a2 0. Then the

series

n=1

an is convergent if and only if the series

2n a
n=0

2n

= a1 + 2a2 + 4a4

+ 8a8 +
4. n=1 1/n(logn)p converge if and only if p > 1. With similar arguments we can
show that the series n=31/nlognloglogn diverges, whereas n=3
1/nlogn(loglogn)2 convergents .
5. An infinite product (1+x n) is convergent if and only ifn=n0 log(1+xn) is
convergent for some n0N.
6. Cauchys Criterion for Infinite Products. Let x n > 1 for all n .If limnn k=1 xk
exists then so does limnn k= 1(1 + xk). Moreover, the limit is zero if and only if
n=1 x2n= .
7. Suppose that the series of positive real numbers n=1 an converges. Prove
that the series n=1 anlogn/(1+logn) also converges .
8. Prove that the series p=prime1/p diverges.
9. Heines Criterion. Let f : IR be a function defined on an interval I and let x 0 be
an accumulation point of I. Then f (x)l new as xx0 if and only if f (xn)lnew as
n, for any sequence (xn)n1 in I converging to x0.
10. Riemann (1854) found the following example of a function that is
discontinuousin every interval:
f (x) =n=1B(nx)/n2 , with B(x) =x<x> if x k/2,0 if x = k/2, where k Z and
<x> denotes the nearest integer to x. This function is discontinuous at x = 1/2,
1/4, 3/4, 1/6, 3/6, 5/6, . . . .
11. Weierstrasss Theorem. Every real-valued continuous function on a closed
and bounded interval attains its maximum and its minimum.
12. Hillams fixed-point theorem, 1976. Let f : [a,b][a,b] be a continuous
function. Consider the sequence (xn)n0 defined by x0 [a,b] and, for any
positive integer n, xn = f (xn1). Prove that (xn)n0 converges if and only if
(xn+1xn)converges to zero.
13. A function f : RR that is everywhere continuous but nowhere differentiable
is
f (x) =n=1 2n sinn^2x for all x R.In fact, it is a example of a continuous
function that is nowhere differentiable is due to Weierstrass (1872) .
14. Let f : RR be a function of class C 3. Prove that there exists a R such that
f (a) f (a) f (a) f (a) 0.
15. The French mathematician Arnaud Denjoy (18841974) proved the following
result related to the set of points at which a function is differentiable.
Denjoys Theorem. Let f : IR be a function that admits one-sided derivativesat

any point of I \A, where A is at most countable. Then f admits a derivative at

anypoint of I, excepting a set that is at most countable .
16. (Landaus Inequality). Let f : RR be a function of class C 2. Assume that both
f and f are bounded and set M0 = supxR| f (x)|, M2 = sup xR| f (x)|.Prove that f
is bounded and, moreover supxR| f (x)| 2M0M2.

13.

|f ' ( x )| dx

f ( x )| dx

f ' ' ( x )| dx

14. Banach Fixed Point Theorem(Contraction Principle). If Dis closed and f is a

contraction (that is, there exists (0,1) such that | f (x) f (y)| |xy| for all
x, y D), then f has a unique fixed point ,and any Picard sequence converges to
this fixed point. Give an example to show that if f is a contraction but D is not
closed, then f need not have a fixed point.(ii) If D is closed and bounded, and f is
contractive (that is, | f (x) f (y)| < |xy| for all x, y D, x =y), then f has a
unique fixed point, and any Picard sequence converges to this fixed point. Give
an example to show that if f is a contractive function but D is not closed and
bounded, then f need not have a fixed point.
(iii) If D is a closed and bounded interval, and f is non expansive (that is, | f (x)f
(y)| |xy| for all x, y D), then f has a fixed point in D but it may not be
unique. Give an example to show that if f is non expansive but D is not a closed
and bounded interval, then f need not have a fixed point.
15. Exercise. Assume that f is continuous in [a,b], and is k times differentiable
at a
with f

(i)

(a+) = 0 (i = 1,2, . . . ,k1) and f

(k)

(a+) 0. If cx (a,x) is such that x

f ( t ) dt
a

= f (cx)(xa), thenlim

x a

(cxa)/(xa) = 1/

k k +1