Chapter 6

6.1 Modelling of photovoltaic cell

Fig. 6.1 MATLAB modelling

This block can be parameterized in terms of the preceding equivalent circuit model parameters or in
terms of the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage the block uses to derive these parameters.
Below mentioned equation is applied the following simplifying assumptions: the impedance of the
parallel resistor is infinite and the saturation current of the second diode is zero. The model with 5
parameters allows optimization of this block according to the equivalent circuit model parameters or
by short circuit current and open circuit voltage The equivalent circuit of a PV cell is shown in Fig.
6.1 It includes a current source, a diode, a series resistance and a shunt resistance.

In this equation, Iph is the photocurrent, Is is the reverse saturation current of the diode, q is the
electron charge, V is the voltage across the diode, K is the Boltzmann's constant, T is the junction

temperature, N is the ideality factor of the diode, and Rs and Rsh are the series and shunt resistors of
the cell, respectively. As a result, the complete physical behaviour of the PV cell is in relation with
Iph, Is ,Rs and Rsh from one hand and with two environmental parameters as the temperature and
the solar radiation from the other hand. Based on equation (1), the Matlab/SIMULINK model was
developed.
The above model includes two subsystems: one that calculates the PV cell photocurrent which
depends on the radiation and the temperature according to equation (2) [3]

where Ki=2.2e-3 A/C is the cell's short circuit current temperature coefficient and is the solar
radiation (W/m2). The diode reverse saturation current varies as a cubic function of the temperature
and it can be expressed as:

where Is is the diode reverse saturation current, Tnom is the nominal temperature, Eg is the band
gap energy of the semiconductor and Vt is the thermal voltage. As previously mentioned, a PV
module is a connection of PV cells. The block diagram of Matlab/SIMULINK model of a PV
module. This model contains an external control block permitting an uncomplicated variation of the
models parameters. In this model, 36 PV cell are interconnected in series to form one module. As a
result, the module voltage is obtained by multiplying the cell voltage by the cells number while the
total module current is the same as the cells one

Io& Vo : Cell output current and voltage;

Irs : Cell reverse saturation current;
T : Cell temperature in Celsius;
k : Boltzmann's constant :1.38 * 10-19 J/K;
q : Electron charge: 1.6*10-23 C;
Ki : Short circuit current temperature coefficient at Iscr;
S : Solar radiation ;
Iscr : Short circuit current at 25 degree Celsius;
Iph : Light-generated current;
Eg : Band gap for silicon;
Tr : Reference temperature;
Rsh : Shunt resistance;
Rs : Series resistance;
The shunt resistance Rsh is inversely related with shunt leakage current to the ground .In general , the
PV efficiency is insensitive to variation in Rsh and the shunt -leakage resistance can be assumed to
approach infinity without leakage current to ground . on the other hand ,a small variation in Rs will
significantly affect the PV output power .
6.2 simulink model PV, MPP tracker and boost :

Fig.6.2 Solar energy conversion system

Here the solar cell is represented by a block named Photovoltaic cell. The MPPT and gating signal
generator are shown in a single unit called MPPT with Gating Signal. Other elements of the model
constitute the boost converter, which consists of a 0.01 H inductor and a 2 mF capacitor. This boost
converter is used to step up the voltage to the required value. The gating signal to the boost converter
is generated by comparing the signal generated by the MPPT algorithm to a repeating sequence
operating at a high frequency. The load is a 500 ohm resistance. The solar cell was modeled in the
single diode format. This consists of a 0.18 ohm series resistance and an 210 ohm parallel resistance.
6.3 MPP tracker[P and O Algorithm]

This is the most important unit of the system under consideration. This can be broken down into two
different units, namely
1. The MPPT unit
2. The gating signal generator unit
Both the units are composed of Simulink blocks, with the MPPT algorithm being designed using an
Embedded MATLAB function. The repeating sequence being utilized in the model has an operating
frequency of 10 KHz. This is also the frequency of the gating signal. Boost converter steps up the
input voltage magnitude to a required a output voltage magnitude without use of transformer. The
specific components are required to design boost converter consist inductor,a diode and a high
frequency switch. The control strategy lies in the manipulation of duty cycle of switch which cause
voltage change

Chapter 7
OBSERVATION TABLE AND WAVEFORMS
The proposed model is design with a user-friendly icon using Simpower of
Simulink block libraries. Taking the effect of irradiance and temperature into
consideration, the output current and power characteristic of PV model are
simulated using the proposed model. Detailed modeling procedure for the circuit
model with numerical values is presented. The simulator is verified by applying
the model to 36 W PV module of MXS 60 watt is taken as the reference module
for simulation and the data sheet details are given in Table-1. A block diagram of
the stage by stage model based upon the equations of PV model is represented
in Simulink environment as given in Figures. These models are developed in
moderate complexity to include the temperature dependence of the photo
current source, the saturation current through the diode, and a series resistance
is considered
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Irradiance
[w/m2]
1000
800
600
400
WAVFORMS:

Ppv [watt]
60
48
32
10

Voc[volts]
21.07
20.77
20.41
18.99

Isc[Amp]
3.75
3.1
2.3
0.8

Fig. 7.1 a) I-V curve b) P-V curve for irradiance level of 1000 w/m2

Fig. 7.2 a) I-V curve b) P-V curve for irradiance level of 800 w/m2

Fig. 7.3 a) I-V curve b) P-V curve for irradiance level of 600 w/m2

Fig. 7.4 a) I-V curve b) P-V curve for irradiance level of 200 w/m2
WAVEFORMS OF PV MPPT AND BOOST CONVERTER :

Fig 7.5 Solar output current

Fig. 7.6 Solar output voltage

Fig. 7.7 Boosted output current

Fig. 7.6 Boosted output voltage

Fig 7.7 Pin,Pout power